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Visual Rhetoric in Environmental Documentaries

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VISUAL RHETORIC IN ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTARIES by Claire Ahn BEd The University of Alberta, 2002 MEd The University of British Columbia, 2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Language and Literacy Education) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (VANCOUVER) June 2018 © Claire Ahn, 2018 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: Visual rhetoric in environmental documentaries submitted by Claire Ahn in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Faculty of Education, Department of Language and Literacy Education Examining Committee: Teresa Dobson, Department of Language and Literacy Education Co-supervisor Kedrick James, Department of Language and Literacy Education Co-supervisor Carl Leggo, Department of Language and Literacy Education Supervisory Committee Member Margaret Early, Department of Language and Literacy Education University Examiner Michael Marker, Department of Educational Studies University Examiner ii Abstract Environmental issues are a growing, global concern. UNESCO (1997) notes the significant role media has in appealing to audiences to act in sustainable ways. Cox (2013) specifically remarks upon the powerful role images play in how viewers can perceive the environment. As we contemplate how best to engage people in reflecting on what it means to live in a sustainable fashion, it is important that we consider the merits of particular rhetorical modes in environmental communication and how those approaches may engender concern or hopelessness, engagement or disengagement. One form of environmental communication that relies heavily on images, and that is growing in popularity, is documentary film. My study examines visual rhetorical modes in environmental documentaries and the types of impact they have on viewers. This study first identifies some dominant visual rhetorical modes through an extensive literature review and discussion of a variety of environmental documentary films. The resulting taxonomy of dominant visual rhetorical modes include: apocalyptic, jeremiad, hopeful, environmental nostalgia, sublime, and environmental melodrama. To explore how viewers react to visual rhetoric, eleven research participants were asked to view a sixty-minute compilation of video clips from various environmental documentaries that employed, to varying degrees, each of the dominant visual rhetorical modes. Using video annotation software, participants were asked to comment at points they felt to be particular striking or evocative. Follow-up interviews were conducted for clarification of participants’ annotations. The data collected and analyzed from participants’ annotations and transcribed interviews revealed that viewers were disengaged with messages of ecological doom. The most powerful rhetorical effect was observed when participants drew personal connections to content of particular video clips, which raised their awareness about certain environmental issues. iii Lay Summary Environmental issues are a growing global concern. UNESCO (1997) notes the significant role media has in appealing to audiences to act in sustainable ways. Cox (2013) also comments on the increase in environmental communication and, more specifically, the powerful role images play in how viewers perceive the environment. One form of environmental communication that is growing in popularity is the documentary film. This study identifies some dominant visual rhetorical modes used in environmental documentaries and describes which visual modes most affect the viewers’ awareness and willingness to act in sustainable ways. iv Preface This dissertation is the original intellectual property of the author, Claire Ahn. The photographs are the property of Claire Ahn, unless otherwise stated. This study was approved by the University of British Columbia’s Behavioural Research Ethics Board (UBC BREB Number: H16-00408). v Table of Contents Abstract .........................................................................................................................................iii Lay Summary................................................................................................................................iv Preface.............................................................................................................................................v Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................................ix List of Figures.................................................................................................................................x Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: An Introduction to Environmental Communication ............................................13 2.1 Defining “nature” and “environment” ..............................................................................13 2.2 Silent Spring (1962) and An Inconvenient Truth (2006) ..................................................14 2.3 Environmental issues and perspectives ............................................................................16 2.4 Environmental documentaries and visual imagery...........................................................18 2.5 Literature review...............................................................................................................21 2.6 Research questions and dissertation overview .................................................................26 Chapter 3: The Documentary Film Genre ................................................................................28 3.1 Defining documentary ......................................................................................................28 3.2 “Reality” in documentary film..........................................................................................30 3.3 History of the documentary ..............................................................................................34 3.4 Documentary modes .........................................................................................................42 3.5 Environmental documentaries ..........................................................................................44 3.5.1 Classic nature documentaries ....................................................................................44 3.5.2 The companion environmental documentary ............................................................46 3.5.3 The eco-disaster documentary ...................................................................................48 Chapter 4: Rhetorical Genre Studies.........................................................................................51 4.1 Genre study: Literary approaches.....................................................................................52 4.2 Genre study: Linguistic approaches..................................................................................53 4.3 Rhetorical genre studies....................................................................................................54 vi 4.4 Implications for environmental documentaries ................................................................56 Chapter 5: Visual Rhetoric in Environmental Documentaries ...............................................61 5.1 Visual rhetoric and the rhetorical tradition.......................................................................62 5.2 The effect(s) of the visual.................................................................................................66 5.3 Visual rhetoric and environmental documentaries ...........................................................67 5.4 Visual rhetorical modes in environmental documentary films.........................................68 5.4.1 The apocalyptic mode................................................................................................68 5.4.2 The jeremiad mode ....................................................................................................69 5.4.3 The hopeful mode......................................................................................................71 5.4.4 The environmental nostalgia and sublime modes......................................................71 5.4.5 The environmental melodrama mode ........................................................................73 Chapter 6: A Study with Viewers of Environmental Documentaries.....................................75 6.1 Participant recruitment......................................................................................................75 6.2 Procedure ..........................................................................................................................79 6.3 Environmental documentary clips ....................................................................................80 6.3.1 Chasing Ice (2012), Director Jeff Orlowski, 75 minutes...........................................84
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