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Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse. an Annotated Bibliography NATIONAL BUREAU of STANDARDS AlllDQ NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. A1 11 00992794 /Abnormal loading on buildings and proar TA435 .U58 V67:ll76 C.I NBg-PUB-C 1876 BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse. An Annotated Bibliography NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards^ was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics ' — Cryogenics " — Electromagnetics ^ — Time and Frequency THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor Radiation — Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Insti- tute consists of the following divisions and Centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building Technology: Structures, Materials, and Life Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evalua- tion and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Informa- tion Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards. 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington, D.C. 20234. a Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302. *ATiONAL «U«r.AM LOlBJkUr hot OicC Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse. An Annotated Bibliography E. V. Leyendecker Center for Building Technology Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 J. E. Breen Department of Civil Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78712 N. F. Somes Office of the Director Institute for Applied Technology National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 M. Swatta Bechtel Corporation San Francisco, California 94105 Sponsored by Office of Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development Washington, D.C. 20410 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretory James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistaryt Secretary for Science and Technology NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued January 1976 — Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse. (National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series; 67) Includes Indexes. Supt. of Docs. No.: C 13.29/2:67 1. Structural Stability—Bibliography. 2. Building Failures Bibliography. 3. Structural Design—Bibliography. I. Leyendecker, E. V. II. United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Building Science Series; 67. TA435.U58 No. 67 [Z5853.S86 TA656] 690'.08s [016.691 75-619098 National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 67 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Bldg. Sci. Ser. 67, 60 pages (Jan. 1976) CODEN: BSSNBV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1976 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13. 29:2/67). Price $1.20 cents. (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing) Stock Number 003-003-01468-1 SI Conversion Units In view of present accepted practice in this technological area, U.S. customary units of meas- urement have been used throughout this report. It should be noted that the U.S. is a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures which gave official status to the metric SI system of units in 1960. Readers interested in making use of the coherent system of SI units will find conversion factors in ASTM Standard Metric Practice Guide, ASTM Designation E 380-72 (available from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103). Conversion factors for units used in this paper are: Length 1 in = 0.0254* meter 1 ft =0.304S* meter Area 1 in- = 6.4516* X 10-' meter- 1 ft^ =9.2903X10-2 meter- Force lib (Ibf) =4.448 newton 1 kip =4448 newton Pressure, Stress 1 psi = 6895 pascal (N/m-) 1 psf = 47.88 pascal (N/m^) Moment 1 lbf-ft= 1.3558 newton-meter Exact value i I i j I i Contents Page SI Conversion Units iii Introduction 1 Chronological Bibliography, 1948 through 1973 3 Author Index 51 Subject Index 53 V Abnormal Loading on Buildings and Progressive Collapse. An Annotated Bibliography Edgar V. Leyendecker, John E. Breen,* Norman F. Somes, and M. Swatta ** This bibliography on the subjects of abnormal loading and progressive collapse is an anno- tated listing of articles that have appeared in the technical literature from 1948 through 1973. The entries have been arranged chronologically by year and alphabetically within years. Both subject and author indexes have been included. The references listed have been selected as most rep- resentative of the historical background and best representing the origin and present state-of-the- art of current practice without undue repetition of data. References pertaining to characteristics, frequencies, incidents, tests, design procedures, and regulations for many types of abnormal loadings are included. Among these are various types of accidental impacts, construction loads, explosions, faulty practices, and extreme atmospheric loads. Heavy emphasis was placed on referencing applicable building codes and regulations pertaining to the subjects of progressive collapse and abnormal loadings. This bibliography also contains numerous references to contemporary professional opinion as expressed in editorials and discus- sions of the subject and, particularly, on the various regulations proposed. A large number of proposed analysis and design procedures, as well as applicable test results, are referenced. In addition to the general reference material, a careful search was made of the ten most recent years (1%4-1973) of Engineering News Record to identiy and annotate possible progressive col- lapse examples from building failures reported by that publication. Key words: Abnormal loading; alternate path; annotated bibliography;
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