DOCSLIB.ORG

Classification of Weathering in Rocks and Its Engineering Implications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Classification of Weathering in Rocks and Its Engineering Implications Review Article Civil Eng Res J Volume 2 Issue 3 - September 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by A Patel DOI: 10.19080/CERJ.2017.02.555589 Classification of Weathering in Rocks and Its Engineering Implications A Patel* Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, India Submission: September 06, 2017; Published: September 22, 2017 *Corresponding author: A Patel, Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur-440010, India, Email: Abstract description on several factors causing weathering in rocks followed by the weathering mechanism and the description of weathering in rocks. A reviewA critical of existing review codes on theand description guidelines onand weathering classification and of its weathering implications in rocks to describe has been the presented engineering in thisproperties paper. Thisof rocks paper has starts been with presented. a brief From the point of view that weathering process modify the mass engineering properties of rocks which are quite unpredictable, this type of review work becomes necessary. The present paper forms a useful source of information for geologists and geotechnical engineers working on weathered rocks. Keyword: Rock; Weathering; Classification; Guidelines; Engineering properties Introduction after the construction has been over. Efforts have been made by the researchers, engineers and geologists to classify weathered differently by different authors [1-4]. However, weathering Weathering of rocks is a purely subjective term and is defined rocks and its effects on various engineering properties of rock in general is the process which brings about several changes mass. Moreover, codes and guidelines have been formulated to the properties of rock mass due to its exposure to changing by the individuals (Table 1) and the international societies environmental (physical, chemical and biological) conditions and like International Society for Rock Mechanics [17] and the hence from the engineering point of view, grading of weathering Engineering Group of Geological Society Working Party. In this becomes very important. The alteration in the engineering paper, a review on various aspects of these guidelines and its properties of rocks due to weathering may occur at the engineering implications has been highlighted. material scale (rock strength, swelling potential, slaking index, compressibility, consolidation characteristics etc.) and/or mass Weathering of Rocks scale (discontinuities, fracture, joint, settlement, permeability Weathering in rocks is a very complex phenomenon that can etc.), as reported in the literature [4-12]. Moreover, behavior of be presented in a matrix form in (Figure 1). It is not only the the weathered rocks depends upon the environmental conditions, environmental conditions and the rock properties on which the which it is further exposed to. For example, weathered rocks in rate of weathering will depend but also the combination of these dry condition may swell or start disintegrating, when coming in factors, duration of exposure and the types of environmental contact with water [13]. Similarly, different applications place cycles (like wetting-drying, freeze-thaw etc.) that matters the emphasis on different attributes of the weathered rocks [14]. most. Moreover, it is the distribution and concentration of the When constructing a building on weathered rocks, the engineer weather-resistant (e.g., quartz, feldspar etc.) and weather prone will be interested more on its bearing capacity; whereas in case minerals (e.g., biotitic, muscovite, hornblende etc.), that will of slopes and embankments he is more concerned with changes affect the grade of weathering [4,18-20]. in permeability as a result of weathering [15]. However, grading In spite of these limitations, some of the researchers [16,20- 23] have tried to correlate the rate of weathering through weathered rocks is a very difficult task and as a result, the rock is quite unpredictable and can’t follow any calculation various laboratory tests including X-ray diffraction (XRD) modification in various engineering properties of a weathered technique [4,16]. In addition, engineering may expose the rock analysis; study of minerals using Scanning electron microscope mass to a new environment and weathering may continue even (SEM); measurement of specific surface area (SSA), total cation Civil Eng Res J 2(3): CERJ.MS.ID.555589 (2017) 0053 Civil Engineering Research Journal exchange capacity (TCEC), type of exchangeable cations and the such as basalt but is less on white rocks like chalk [4]. On the pH value. These relationships are very helpful for understanding the weathering mechanism in different types of rocks. For be more on chalks than basalt. other hand, weathering due to the effects of chemical fluids will example, weathering due to temperature is more on dark rocks Figure 1: A matrix of various parameters causing weathering in rocks. Rocks of sedimentary and metamorphic origin (such as clay through oxidation and reduction, hydration and dehydration, shale’s, poorly to moderately cemented sandstones, marl, and ion exchange and leaching process [23]. Higgs [24] has reported anhydrite) are very moisture-sensitive and hence get weathered due to reaction with water [14]. Basic and ultra basic igneous resistant as compared to the coarse-grained types. Moreover, that igneous rocks with fine-grain sizes are more weather rocks, metamorphic rocks, limestone, sandstone and mudshale, the deterioration in some of the rocks like basalt increase which contain plenty of silicate minerals, easily convert into clay minerals such as montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite itself are product of weathering of the fresh rocks [13,24,25,]. significantly due to the presence of secondary minerals which Table 1: Some classification systems for weathered rocks. References Major Descriptive Terms Origin/Applicability Joints strain, Rock and soil material strain, Feldspar decomposition, Strength of NX core samples, Weathering of granites in the Snowy Moye [26] Disintegration in water, Biotitic decomposition and Mountains, Australia presence or absence of original texture Ruxton & Berry [27] Concept of rock : soil ratio Weathered granite in Hongkong Little [28] Concept of rock : soil ratio Weathered granite Discoloration, decompositions, disintegration and Dearman [6], Anon [29]: BS 5930 Mass weathering grade freshness condition-terms combined with descriptive terms Wide range of rock types in varying structural Stapledon [30] for rock material strength conditions, Australia granitic residual soil and sedimentary Dames & Moore [31] residual soil, Singapore MaterialModification fabric (texture), to BS discoloration, 5930 Metamorphic rock (Clastic Metasediment) in Komoo & Mogana [32] discontinuity surface, Peninsular Malaysia Uniformity or regularity and style of weathering Price [4] (uniform, complex, core stone and solution Mass weathering for engineering purposes weathered) Changes in color; Changes in fracture state; Engineering Group of Geological Society Reduction in strength; and Presence, character and Engineering purpose Working Party [38] extent of weathering products How to cite this article: A Patel.Classification of Weathering in Rocks and Its Engineering Implications. Civil Eng Res J. 2017; 2(3): 555589. DOI: 0054 10.19080/CERJ.2017.02.555589 Civil Engineering Research Journal Cluster analysis combining several tests (water absorption, magnesium sulphate, petro graphic number, rock expansion, High-Low T-cycles, Freeze- Hudec [16] Engineering purpose thaw cycles, wetting-drying cycles, absorption SSD, Impact strength, Los Angle abrasion, bulk density) with similar results into groups. disintegration of dolomitic components, Lempe et al. [12] Decalcification and associated browning, carbonate northern Alpine foreland (Bavaria/ Pleistocene glaciofluvialGermany) gravel rich in of volume/mass acidification and an increase of the clay content, loss Description of weathering in rocks of environmental and rock conditions have been made. Due to the effect of weathering, there occurs an overall With these limitations, different classifications for different sets change in the engineering properties of rock mass. Hence, from However, it is observed that the descriptive terms used for the engineering point of view, it becomes very important to classifying weathered rocks are purely subjective. For example, classify the weathering state of a rock mass. Various researchers, the color seen by one person will depend on the type of light engineers and geologists [4,6,12,16,26-32] have tried to do source, the background, the size of the object and the colors that so in the past (Table 1). It might be easy to understand the have been seen immediately before [14]. Moreover, many times mechanism or process of weathering in rocks through various it has been seen that there is a mismatch of these descriptive terms (e.g. colors, decomposition, disintegration, discontinuities, earlier, weathering is a purely subject term and there is no fracture spacing etc.) in the core logs and core photographs due laboratory tests, but very difficult to quantify it. As mentioned such calculation technique or laboratory tests available, that to their subjective in nature. The color of the rock samples just can quantify the amount of weathering in rock mass. Moreover, or nearly after drilling will vary from that taken after few hours depending upon the types of engineering works, the rock mass
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Weathering, Erosion, and Susceptibility to Weathering Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack
    Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack To cite this version: Henri Robert George Kenneth Hack. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering. Kanji, Milton; He, Manchao; Ribeira e Sousa, Luis. Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Springer Inter- national Publishing, pp.291-333, 2020, 9783030294779. 10.1007/978-3-030-29477-9. hal-03096505 HAL Id: hal-03096505 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03096505 Submitted on 5 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published in: Hack, H.R.G.K., 2020. Weathering, erosion and susceptibility to weathering. 1 In: Kanji, M., He, M., Ribeira E Sousa, L. (Eds), Soft Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 1 ed, Ch. 11. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, Switzerland. ISBN: 9783030294779. DOI: 10.1007/978303029477-9_11. pp. 291-333. Weathering, erosion, and susceptibility to weathering H. Robert G.K. Hack Engineering Geology, ESA, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] phone: +31624505442 Abstract: Soft grounds are often the result of weathering. Weathering is the chemical and physical change in time of ground under influence of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and nuclear radiation (temperature, rain, circulating groundwater, vegetation, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California
    The Resources Agency California Geological Survey Michael Chrisman, Secretary for Resources Dr. John G. Parrish, State Geologist Engineering Geology and Seismology for Public Schools and Hospitals in California to accompany California Geological Survey Note 48 Checklist by Robert H. Sydnor, Senior Engineering Geologist California Geological Survey www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs July 1, 2005 316 pages Engineering Geology and Seismology performance–based analysis, diligent subsurface for Public Schools and Hospitals sampling, careful reading of the extensive geologic in California literature, thorough knowledge of the California Building Code, combined with competent professional geological work. by Robert H. Sydnor Engineering geology aspects of hospital and public California Geological Survey school sites include: regional geology, regional fault July 1, 2005 316 pages maps, site-specific geologic mapping, geologic cross- sections, active faulting, official zones of investigation Abstract for liquefaction and landslides, geotechnical laboratory The 446+ hospitals, 1,400+ skilled nursing facilities testing of samples, expansive soils, soluble sulfate ±9,221 public schools, and 109 community college evaluation for Type II or V Portland-cement selection, campuses in California are regulated under California and flooding. Code of Regulations, Title 24, California Building Code. Seismology aspects include: evaluation of historic These facilities are plan–checked by senior–level seismicity, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Registered Structural Engineers within the Office of earthquake ground–motion, use of proper code terms Statewide Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) (Upper–Bound Earthquake ground–motion and Design– for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, and the Basis ground–motion), classification of the geologic Division of the State Architect (DSA) for public schools, subgrade by shear–wave velocity to select the correct community colleges, and essential services buildings.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Engineering Geology Principles of Engineering Geology
    PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY P. B. ATTEWELL and I. W. FARMER University of Durham LONDON CHAPMAN AND HALL A Halsted Press Book JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK First published 1976 by Chapman and Hall Ltd 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE © 1976 J. E. Attewell and L. C. Attewell Sriftcover reprillt rifthe hardcover 1ft editiolt 1976 Typeset by Preface Ltd, Salisbury, Wilts Fletcher & Son Ltd, Norwich ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5709-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5707-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-5707-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Distributed in the U.S.A. by Halsted Press, a Division of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Attewell, P B Principles of engineering geology. 1. Engineering geology. I. Farmer, Ian William, joint author. II. Title. TA705.A87 1975 624'151 75-20012 Contents Preface xi Symbols xvii Composition of Rocks 1 1.1 Origin and geological classification of rocks 1 1.2 Rock forming minerals 7 1.3 Clay minerals 16 1.4 Base exchange and water adsorption in clay minerals 20 1.5 Mineralogical identification 25 2 Rock Particles and Particle Systems 30 2.1 Rock particle classification 30 2.2 Typical rock particle systems 33 2.3 Physical properties of particulate systems
    [Show full text]
  • Popularizing Geological Education Among Civil Engineering Students Chen Xiang-Jun1,A and Zhou Ying2
    JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCE EDUCATION 60, 228–233 (2012) Popularizing Geological Education Among Civil Engineering Students Chen Xiang-jun1,a and Zhou Ying2 ABSTRACT The sustainable development of an economy and a society cannot be realized without the help of modern geoscience. Engineering geology knowledge is necessary on a civil engineering construction site to ensure the construction work goes smoothly. This paper first discusses the importance of geoscience, especially the study of engineering geology. Then, the current Chinese engineering geology course for civil engineering students is summarized. The engineering geology course at Shijiazhuang Tiedao University is described in detail, including its history, its content, and some teaching tactics for the course. The paper closes with an evaluation of the effects of the teaching tactics. Ó 2012 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. [DOI: 10.5408/10-207.1] Key words: engineering geology, civil engineering IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGICAL STUDY geological science can tell humans how to exploit and utilize On 19 June 2007, Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jia-bao, resources reasonably, reduce consumption of resources, who is also a geologist, expounded on the importance of reduce environmental damage, and prevent geological geological study when he talked with officials of the hazards. The harmony between Earth and humans funda- International Union of Geological Sciences. The prime mentally depends on the progress of geology. Improving the minister said he believes that the tasks of modern geoscience, level of geological research can help humans face the which is closely connected with the economy, society, and challenges of energy scarcity, environment destruction, environment, are to support the sustainable development of natural disasters, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology the University of Toledo Department of Environmental Sciences EEES-3250, (43488)
    Engineering Geology The University of Toledo Department of Environmental Sciences EEES-3250, (43488) Instructor: James Martin-Hayden Term: Fall 2015 Email: [email protected] Class Location: BO-1006 Office Hours: M-Th, 11:30am-12:45pm Class Day/Time: TR 3:45-5:25pm Office Location: BO-3051A (in back of lab BO-3051) Credit Hours: 3 Office Phone: 419-530-2634 (use email if no answer) COURSE/CATALOG DESCRIPTION Application of geologic principles to engineering practices (dams, tunnels, drainage, foundations and water supply). Labs stress rock and mineral identification, quality control tests in engineering design and construction using rock. COURSE OVERVIEW This class introduces the application of geologic principles to engineering practices through a series of readings, laboratory exercises and practical problems. The first portion of the class covers the fundamentals of geology including: plate tectonics and the resulting distributions of geologic materials and phenomena; mineral, rock and soil characterization; geologic structures; and construction and use of geologic maps. The remainder of the course investigates specific geologic processes and applications to engineering practices. STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completing this course, the student will be able to: 1. Assess plate tectonic settings for geologic hazards and rock types expected, 2. Identify common rock-forming minerals as hand specimens and in rock samples, 3. Classify three types of rocks based on texture and composition, 4. Decipher geologic setting of sediment and rock formation, 5. Perform rock mechanic analyses including stress-strain relationships and rock mass classification, 6. Use strike/dip data to analyze and map dipping, folded, and faulted strata, 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology in Washington, Volume I Washington Diviaion of Geology and Euth Resources Bulletin 78
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN WASHINGTON Volume I RICHARD W. GALSTER, Chairman Centennial Volume Committee Washington State Section, Association of Engineering Geologists WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES BULLETIN 78 1989 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Section of the A~ociation or Engineering Geologists ''WNatural ASHINGTON STATE Resources DEPARTMENT OF Brian Boyle • Commlssloner 01 Public Lands Ari Stearns - Sup,,rvuor Division of Geology and Earth Resources Raymond LcumanJs. Slate Geologist The use of brand or trade names in this publication is for pur­ poses of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources or the Association of Engineering Geologists. This report is for sale (as the set of two volumes only) by: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-12 Olympia, WA 98504 Price $ 27.83 Tax 2.17 Total $ 30.00 Mail orders must be prepaid; please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks or money orders payable to the Department of Natural Resources. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. ii VOLUME I DEDICATION . ................ .. .. ...... ............ .......................... X FOREWORD ........... .. ............ ................... ..... ................. xii LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION Engineering Geology in Washington: Introduction Richard W. Galster, Howard A. Coombs, and Howard H. Waldron ................... 3 PART I: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND ITS PRACTICE IN WASHINGTON Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities Richard W. Galster, Chapter Editor Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities: Introduction Richard W. Galster ................. ... ...................................... 17 Geotechnical Properties of Geologic Materials Jon W. Koloski, Sigmund D. Schwarz, and Donald W.
    [Show full text]
  • Ce8393-Engineering-Geology
    CE6301 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY VTHT VELTECH HIGH TECH Dr.RANGARAJAN Dr.SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE AVADI, CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LECTURER NOTES YEAR/SEM :II/III SUBJECT CODE/TITLE :CE6301/ ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FACULTY NAME :ANJALA.D UNIT I PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Geology in civil engineering – branches of geology – structure of earth and its composition – weathering of rocks – scale of weathering – soils - landforms and processes associated with river, wind, groundwater and sea – relevance to civil engineering. Plate tectonics SCOPE OF GEOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINERRING: It is defined as that of applied science which deal with the application of geology for a safe, stable and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project. Engineering geology is almost universally considered as essential as that of soil mechanics, strength of material, or theory of structures. The application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of big civil engineering projects. The basic objects of a course in engineering geology are two folds. It enables a civil engineer to understand the engineering implications of certain condition should relate to the area of construction which is essentially geological in nature. It enables a geologist to understand the nature of the geological information that is absolutely essentially for a safe design and construction of a civil engineering projects. The scope of geology can be studied is best studied with reference to major activities of the profession of a civil engineer which are Construction Water resources development Town and regional planning GEOLOGY IN CONSTUCTION FIELD PLANNING Topographic Maps: It’s gives details of relief features and understands the relative merits and demerits of all the possible sides of proposed structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology As an Interdisciplinary Field
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD Introduction The Association of Engineering and Environmental Geologists (AEG; www.aegweb.org) defines engineering geology as "[The] application of geologic data, techniques, and principles to the study of naturally occurring rock and soil materials or subsurface fluids. The purpose is to assure that geologic factors affecting the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of engineering structures and the development of groundwater resources are recognized, adequately interpreted, and presented for use in engineering practice". "Engineering Geology is the science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of the engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works and activities of man as well as to the prediction and of the development of measures for prevention or remediation of geological hazards." (International Association of Engineering Geologists, https://www.iaeg.info/ IAEG statutes, 1992). See also several definitions of engineering geology on the web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology. What are engineering geologists? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologists Ignorance of geology (or a poor assessment of geology), and of geologic hazards (floods, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.) cannot be tolerated in civil and environmental engineering projects. Failure to characterize the geological site and geological setting has too often resulted in needless structural damage, environmental disasters, or loss of life. In almost all cases, proper consultation with engineering geologists or geological engineers could have prevented such problems. You should be aware that an adequate geological site evaluation and exploration program is vital to a project and represents only a small percent of its overall cost.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines on Meeting the Professional Education Requirements
    Attachment C Guidelines on Meeting the Professional Education Requirements 1. Candidate must hold a BA or BS degree in geology or related geoscience (e.g., engineering geology, geophysics, geochemistry, earth science, environmental geoscience, etc.), from an accredited college or university; and 2. Candidates for geology licensure must possess a broad understanding of college-level mathematics, physical sciences and geological sciences. Evidence for such competency must include: a. At least six (6) semester hours in mathematics beyond college algebra and trigonometry such as calculus, statistics, linear algebra, differential equations or their equivalent and fifteen (15) additional semester hours in a combination of at least two of the following sciences: physics, chemistry, or biology or their equivalent; and b. a minimum of thirty (30) semester hours, or the equivalent, of approved geological sciences courses**. Twenty-four (24) of the thirty semester hours, or the equivalent, must be from the following subject areas, and must include at least one course from four of eight different areas; i. Earth Materials: The study of the structure, composition and origins of naturally occurring geological materials. Subjects that fall within this subarea include, but are not limited to: mineralogy, optical mineralogy, igneous and metamorphic petrology, petrography, geochemistry, and isotope geochemistry. ii. Sedimentary Geology: The study of sedimentary rocks, sedimentary basins and paleoenvironments. Subjects in this subarea include, but are not
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT Lecture proposed by visiting Professor Vyacheslav Iegupov, Kharkiv National University for Civil Engineering and Architecture, March 2020. Target audience: Civil Engineering Students, Lecturers and practising professionals ____________________________________________________________________ Geology is one of the oldest areas of human activity and one of the most ancient sciences. The study of rocks, minerals, ores of various metals has been conducted for many centuries. Modern civilization on Earth is based on the use of rocks and minerals. From the first primitive tools made of flint, the extraction of fire with it, to the most advanced microcircuits, also made on a silicon basis. All metal products are made from ore minerals mined at different times from the earth's crust. All stone buildings and structures are built from materials made from mineral raw materials. The basis of modern artificial materials is also made up of natural minerals and substances. Using the complex approach of geological sciences, the history of the development of planet Earth and life on it was studied. According to modern scientific ideas, the Earth was formed 4.54 ± 0.04 billion years ago from a primary gas-dust cloud, together with other planets of the solar system. As a result of gravitational compression, heating and melting of the matter inside the Earth took place and a core was formed, surrounded by a series of concentric shells - the mantle, the earth's crust (lithosphere); hydrosphere and atmosphere formed later (fig. 1). In the center of the Earth is a metal core, consisting mainly of iron, with an admixture of silicon and nickel.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology Office Manual
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGY .Collection of data; operation of the feature and also the issues' impact .Collation, analysis, and interpretation of data; on the cost of the design, construction, and operation and and maintenance. Critical issuesshould be emphasized .Preparation of findings. to make certain they are thoroughly scrutinized and evaluated. ENGINEERING GEOLOG,y EVALUATIONS Throughout the entire process of arriving at a deci- The impact of the geologic considerations and their sion or conclusion, the engineering geologist must ex- specific issuesupon the propo~ied engineering works ercise sound judgment. A discussion of each issue and must be evaluated throughout the engineering geol- its evaluation, including the data required to reach ogy program. Conclusions, decisions, and recommen- the conclusion should be documented in the "Geo- dations to address these issues must be provided technical Considerations" portions of any geologic re- during interim data submittals and in the final engi- port. The amount of detail of the discussion of ally neering geology report. To accomplish this, those rel- issue generally will depend upon its criticality and the evant geologic issueswhich must be addressed during type of the engineering geology report under prep- the engineering geology progr:im must be identified. aration. Individual discussion of each issue will ensure A convenient way to approach the identification and that relevant issues have been identified and ad- selection of issuesis to consider :separatelythe geologic dressed, are subsequently given proper consideration considerations groups on a site'-by-siteand structure- for design concepts and constructability, and are ap- by-structure basis. This should be done by: (I) refer- propriately monitored during construction and ring to the checklist of common issues in chapter 6; (2) discussing the program with involved parties; (3) operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Course Description and Tentative Outline Spring 2018 CE: 644 – Geology in Engineering Instructor: Rafal Wojcik, PE Email: [email protected] [email protected] *Format for Emails – Always put “CE-644-102” in the subject line of the email.* Office Hours: By appointment Prerequisites: Undergraduate courses in soil mechanics and geology or permission of instructor. Course Texts: A. Gonzalles de Vallejo, Ferrer, and de Freitas, Geological Engineering, 1st Edition, ISBN 978- 0415413527 B. Waltham, T., Foundations of Engineering Geology, 3rd Edition, Spon Press, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-415-25449-3 Optional Text for General Geology Background: Hamblin, W.K. and Christiansen, E.H., Dynamic Earth, 1st Edition, Jones and Bartlett, 2014, ISBN-13: 9781449659844 *In addition, hand-outs will be distributed.* Course Description: Geology has a significant influence on how we plan, design, and construct engineering works. This course examines how the geologic formations underlying a locale will ultimately determine land use, control structure design, and affect construction material availability. Included is a study of the various rock-forming processes and geologic agents that have shaped Earth's surface. The course also explores the engineering impacts of natural geologic hazards including landslides, sinkholes, earthquakes, and subsiding soils. In addition, classic land forms will be analyzed on topographic maps to determine the engineering and environmental consequences. Each student is required to assemble a personal rock collection as a capstone project. A self-guided field trip is required. Course Format: Weekly lectures will be followed by “laboratory” exercises. The exercises will require analysis both during class time and for homework.
    [Show full text]