Mineralogical Chemistry

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426 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.

Mineralogical Chemistry.

Silver Amalgam from the Sala Mines. By T. NORDSTR~M (Jahrb. f. Mi%.,1882, 2, Ref., 361-362).-The silver amalgam found at Sala, in dolomite with quartz and blende, has the following composition :- Zn. Pb. Insol. Ag- Hg- Fe. CaCO,. gangue. Total. 46.30 51.12 0.81 trace 0.21 1.01 99.45 Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. With this exception, silver amalgam has never been found in Sweden. B. H. B. A Remarkable Platinum Nugget. By P. COLLIER(Jahrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 27).-This was found near Plattsburg,'New Pork. It was 4 cm. long, 3 wide, and 2 high, and weighed 104.4 grm. ; it consisted of a mixture of 46 per cent. Pt with 54 per cent. chrome-iron. The former had a sp. gr. 17.35, whilst that of the mixture was only 10.446. The analysis of the chrome-iron gave the following result :- Cr,03. FeO. Also3. SiO,. CaO. MgO. Total. 54.944 31.567 5.690 3.731 3-405 0.941 100.278 The platinum had the following composition :- Pt. Fe. Pd. Ir. Rh. Cu. 81,03. CaO. Mg. 82.814 11.040 3.105 0.627 0.286 0.397 1.953 0.062 0.030 Total = 100.314. Osmium was present, but the amount could not be estimated. The nugget was somewhat magnetic. B. H. B. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 42 7 Substance Resembling Dopplerite from a Peat Bog near Scranton, Pa. By H. C. LEWIS(Jukrb. f. Nin., 1883, 1, Ref., 31- %?).-This substance occurs in irregular veins. When exposed to the air, it becomes more elastic. It is black, and burns slowly without flame. It is soluble only in caustic potash, and gives a dark brown solution. From this solution it is thrown down by acids as a reddish- brown precipitate. When completely dried, the substance is brittle and almost as hard as coal (H. = 2.5) ; it also acquires the lustre and concholdnl fracture of genuine coal. It burns with a yellow flame. Sp. gr: = 1.032. Streak dark-brown. The dried substance has the following composit'ion Y C. H. 0 + N. Total. 30.971 5.526 63.503 100 corresponding with the formula C,O'EE&,. It resembles dopplerite in irs physical characters, but differs from the latter by the small percentage of carbon and the large amount of oxygen it contains. The author is of opinion that it is an intermediate product between peat and coal, and proposes the general name Phytocollite for all similar substances of variable composition. B. H. B. Idrialite. By R, SCHARIZER(Jahrh. f. Milz., 1883, 1, Ref., 31).- In the quicksilver mines of Idria a green resin has been found ; this consists of idrialite in a tolerably pure state. It is a massive, pista- chio-peen mineral containing idrialin, C,0H5602. Its sp. gr. is greater than 1, but less than 1.85. It has a hardness of 1-2, and an uneven fracture. When dissolved in hot concentrated sulphuric acid, it gives a deep indigo-blue solution, and on distillation gives a straw-yellow product which is pure idrialine. The dark-coloured mineral formerly hescribed as idridite contains only a very small amount of idrialin. "

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. B. H. B. Artificial Production of Mellite. By C. FRIEDRLand M. BALSOHN(Jahrb. f. Nin., 1882, 2, Ref., 3O--Sl).-By allowing solu- tions of mellitate of sodium and of an aluminium salt to mix very slowly for about a fortnight, crystals may be obtained of sufficient size to examine crystallographically ; they had all the properties of the natural crystals. H. B.

Cryolite, Pachnolite, and Thomsenolite. By C. ELEIN(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, 89-90).-Brandl, in a recent paper before the Bavarian Academy, described the analyses of specimens of the above minerals, which had been crystallographically determined by Groth. Their formula: are A1F3,3NaP; AlP3,CaPz,NaF,and A1F3,CaF2,NaF,H20 respectively. The author, whilst admitticg the service done by Brand1 in determining the tque composition of pachnolite, points out that the composition of cryolite and of thomsenolite was already determined with certainty, as in 1877 he showed that the crystals examined by Wohler were in reality cryolite, that the crystals of thomsenolite also examined by Wohler-who then called it pachnolite-had all the properties ascribed to it by Kreuner, and re-analysed 292 View Article Online

428 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. gave the formula adopted by Wohler, which is the same as that given by Brandl. H. B.

Minerals Found near Massa in the Apuanian Alps. By-A. D'ARCHIARDI (Juhrb. f. &Fin., 1882, 2, Ref., 353-354).-1n the Frigida valley, near Massa, not far from the celebrated Carrara marble quarries, a lode comes to the surface. It consists of iron spar with quartz and copper pyrites, together with magnetic pyrites and a dark- grey metallic mineral, which the author believes to be coppite. Blende is also occasionally found, and a grey fibrous mheral not yet investi- gated. The copper pyrites contains 26-30 per scent. Cu, and has a sp. gr. of 4.1. The magnetic pyrites consists of S. Fe . Ni. 39.65 58.18 2.17 per cent., thus indicating the formula (FeNi)&. To the grey mineral, the author gives the name af Frigidite. It rarely occurs crystallised, being usually in granular masses. Sp. Fr. = 4.8. H. = 4. Before the blowpipe, it acts,like tetrahedrite, which it very much resembles in appearance. The analysis gave the numbers under 1 : the results obtained, after subtracting lthe impurities and reducing to 100, are shown under II- S. Sb. Cu. Fe. Ni. Ag. Zn. SiO,. Total. I. 29-60 25.59 19.32 12.67 7.55 0.83 trace 2.20 96.96 11. 31.23 27-00 20.39 13.37 7.9'7 0.04 trace - 100*00 111. 27.01 29.61 30.10 13.08 - - - - 99.80 It is, therefore, not Becchi's coppite, the composition of which is given under 111. The above composition may be interpreted in various ways, and all

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. the interpretations agree equally well with the analysis. The mineral may 'be regarded as a mixture of nickel tetrahedrite with copper pyrites, as absomewhett different tetrahedrite with ullman- nite and imn pyrites, or 1astly.as.a mixture of tetrahedrite with anti- mony-nickel. There is, however, no doubt that €rigidite is an impure tetra hed r i t e. B. H. B. Galena with Sctohedral Cleavage. By A. BRDN(J~hl-6. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 9--10).-1n the Glacier de Lmbant (Chaine du Mt. Blanc) the mthor found a fine twin crystal of galena; t,he twin face was 0, and thecrystal was formed the faces of the octohedron and the cube. The ocrtohedral cleavage was very distinct. Sp. gr. = 7.67. It contained sow Ibimkh and a little iron. This is the third known example of galena with an ochhedral clea,vage; the other two are from the Habach valley and from Perpsylvania respectively. B. H. B. Analysis of Miargyrite from Pribram. By J. RUMPF(Jahrb. f. Mivi., 1882, 2, Ref., 17).-The analysis gives 21.68 S, 41.15 Sb, 36.71 Ag, agreeing well with the accepted formula, Ag,S.Sb&. H. B. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEXISTRY. 429

Alaskaite, a New Bismuth Mineral. By G. A. KONIG(Juhrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 25-26).-Alaskaite occurs with tetrahedrite and copper pyrites in Colorado. The colour is lead-grey to white; the lustre metallic. The mineral is soft and has a sp. gr. of 6.878. It decrepitates on being heated, and melts without the formation of a sublimate. It is decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid, leaving n residue of silver chloride with copper pyrites and heavy spar. The analysis gave the following results :- Sb. Bi. Pb. Ag. Cu. Zn. S. I. - 51.49 12-02 8-08 3-00 0-26 15.72 11. 0.51 46.87 9.70 7-10 2.85 0-64 1507 111. - 51-35 17.51 3-00 3-74 0.20 16.21 The ratio of R : Bi : S is here 1: 2 : 4 ; the formula is then RBizS4, or (PbZnAgzCu,)S + BiA. B. H. B. Compact Magnetic Iron Ore from Cogne, Valley of Aosta. By M. ZECCHINI(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 386).-With this ore, a small quantity (about 6 per cent.) of an apparently rhombic mineral is found. Analysis I gave the composition of the magnetic iron ore; Analysis I1 that of the accompanying mineral :- Insoluble silicates H20. and free Si02. Fe,O,. FeO. MgO. CaO. I. 0.60 5-54 18.09 73.47 1.65 0.55 11. 11.19 SiOz 4315 410 - 40.31 trace

Nickel and chromium coo. oxides. Total. I. 0.21 trace 100*11

11. - I 98-75 Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. B. H. B. Occurrence of Iron Ores at Taberg in Smaaland (Sweden). By A. E. TORNEBOHM(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 66-67).-The ore is associated with a variety of hyperite, rich in olivine and magnetite, and the whole forms together an immense lense-shaped mass. Its period of formation is more remote than that of most other Swedish ores. A somewhat similar mass occurs at Launghult (Kronoberg). Analyses of the ores from these localities are given, and also that of a similar ore from Rhode Island. H. B.

A Manganese Mineral from Upsala. By G. DE GEER(Juhrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 361).-This mineral has the following composition :- Gangue. CUO. Mn203. HZO. Total. 7.24 1.17 73.19 16.27 97-87 The formula is then Mn,04,4H,0, and the author suggests for it tlie name rnangnnese-ochre. B. H. B. View Article Online

430 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Pseudomorphic Senarmontite Crystals. By C. HINTZE(Jah,rb. f. Min. 1883, 1, Ref., 32).-Several senarmontite crystals from South Ham, in Canada, have a dark rough surface. On closer investigation, it was found that only the kernel of the crystals consisted of senarmontite, whilst the outer layer was antimonite; so that the crystal is a pseudomorph of anfimonite after senarmontite. The kernel has, however, not been converted directly into antimonite, but first into ail aggregate of valentinite fibres, which were afterwwds converted into antimonite. B. H. B. Artificial and Natural Gay-Lussite. By A. ARZRUNI(Aahrb. f. Miw, 1882, 2, Ref., 17, 18) ; and Reproduction of Gay-Lussite. By A. FAVREaiid C. SORET(ibid., 18, 19).--From the clarified soda liquors there are deposited crystals of gay-lussite at a temperature of 40” on the bottom of the vessel, and also in the carbonising tower, where the gases from burning coke are passed through the solution ; these crystals were examined and compared with natural crystals. They contain from 32-36 per cent. Na2C03, while the formula Na2C03 + CaC03 -)- 5H20 requires 35% per cent. The predominating faces are cmP and gem, QP and OP being more subsidiary. All faces in the zone wP,. Sen, iP are striated parallel to the zonal axis. A table em- bracing all published and also new measurements is given ; those of the artificial crystals agree very well with those of the natural crystals. Their optical behaviour agrees with Des Cloizeaux’s obser- vations. A sriail and a piece of wood, after being immersed in a solution of sodium silicate for 27 years, were examined. The shell was eaten away and the wood covered with a crust containing silica, soda, water, and alumina, and with a thin skin of organic: matter ; between the two were small crystals of gay-lussite. They had the chemical and physical properties of this mineral. Measurement showed the following Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. forms to possess almost the interfacial angles of the native mineral :- COP.$P . so3 ; COT, is probably also present. H. B. Composition of Dawsonite. By C. FRIEDEL,M. CHAPER,and J. HARRINGTON (Jalzrb. f. $!k,1883, 1, Ref., 15-16) .-This Canadian mineral was discovered by J. Harrington in 1874, and a mineral of similar chemical composition has now been observed by Chaper in Tuscany. It occurs there in small, white, finely fibrous bundles in crevices in a dolomitic marl. When the substance is heated strongly in a closed tube, it gives up water; it is infusible before $he blowpipe, and is coloured blue by cobalt solution. Friedel’s analyses gave the following results (I) :- C02. A1,03. Na.@. HzO. CaO. MgO. Total. I. 29.09 35.b9 19-13 12.00 0.42 1.39 97-92 thus indicating the composition A1,03,NazO, 2 C02,2H20. Friedel regards the compound as an alumininm hydroxide, in which one atom of hydroxyl is replaced by the monad radicle NaC03, thus leading to the formula A1(OH),(NaCO3). I1 and 111 are Harrington’s original analyses. He has also analysed View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHXMISTRY. 431

the mineral which he recently found, together with calcspar, dolomite, iron pyrites, galena, and a small quantity of a manganese mineral, in the Montreal Reservoir (IV). C03. A120,. Na20. H20. CaO. MgO. 11. 29.88 32.84 20.80 11.91 5.95 trace 111. 30.72 32-68 20.17 (10.33) 5.65 0.45 IV. 32.23 24-71 15.64 9.06 16.85 trace K20. MnOP Si02. Total. 11. 0.38 0.40 101.56 111. - - - 100.00 IV. - 0.23 0.84 99.56 On subtracting the accidental impurities, the analyses correspond very well with the composition demanded by the formula: I. 11. 111. IT. Calculated. CO,...... 29.27 27-96 29.06 27.78 30.49 A1,03 ...... 37.88 36.42 36.70 36.19 35-35 Na,O ...... 20.19 22.41 22.65 22.86 21.48 H&...... 12.66 13.21 11.59 13-24 12.47 Harrington determined the specific gravity to be 2.40. The Tuscan dawsonite is accompanied by dolomite, cinnabar, calcspar, iron pyrites, fluorspar, and bitumen. B. H. B. Strontianite in Westphalia. By E. VENATOR(Juhrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 28).-"umerous veins of strontianite occur in the Senonian marl between Hamm and Miinster ; and in order to obtain the mineral, more than 1200 miners are employed. The minerals filling the veins consist of strontianite, calcspar, marls, and sometimes

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. iron pyrites. The thickness of the veins is very variable, the maximum being three metres. Faults are exceedingly rare. B. H. B. Turquoise of New Mexico. By B. SILLIMAN(Jahrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 27).--The paper gives an account of the occurrence of turquoise in the augite trachyte of the Cerillo Mts. The rook is quite altered by hot springs, and in the yellowish-white product of this action small concretions of bluish-green kalaite are found which occasionally pass into the azure-blue Fariety valued as a precious stone. B. H. B. Artificial Production of Phosgenite. By C. FRIEDELand E. SARASIN(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 31).-By heating a mixture of lead carbonate and chloride in a closed fiask at 180" in presence of water, small quadratic crystals were obtained ; they always contained much of the ingredients and were not suitable for analysis, but the author believes that the optical behaviour demonstrates it to be phosgenite. H. B. Natural Barium Nitrate. By P. GROTH(Juhrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 14).--This new mineral mas found in an old collec,cioll of View Article Online

432 ABSTRACTS 03' CHEMICAL PAF'ERS.

Chilian minerals. The crystals are 4 mrn. in size ; they are colourless and consist of octohedra. Twin crystals similar to those of spinelle also occur. B. H. B. Examination of the Ores from Amberger and of the accompanying Phosphates. By J. B. SCHOBER(Jahrb. f. En., 1882, 2, Ref., 20--21).-The bulk of this paper is of technical interest. The sparingly occurring phosphates, wavellite, vivianite, and cacoxene are described in an appendix; analyses of the last two are given ; the last one has been much changed, and has lost most of the phosphoric acid. H. B. Existence of Apatite in the Pegmatite of Lyons. By P. GON- NARD (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 352).-Apa.tite occurs in the eruptive rocks in the neighbourhood of Lyons, partly in microscopic, partly in macroscopic crystals. It occurs in gneiss at Beauman with dumortierite, a mineral recently discovered there, also with garnet, near Greillon, and in pegmatite in the Roche Cardon and Sainte Foy. B. EL. B. Mineralogical Notes. By A. WEISBACH(Jahrb f. &Fin., 1882, 2, Mem., 249-259) .-1. Apatite.-In the collection of the School of Mines in Freiberg is a short columnar crystal of apatite from the tin lodes of Ehrenfriedersdorf. It appears to be a combination of the pyramid, &P,with the hexagonal prism and the basal plane. It has, however, been found that the latter is not a true basal plane, but an extremely flat pyramid having the symbol &P+. The middle edges form an angle of 1" 23', the polar edges 179" 18'. It is the flattest pyramid which has yet been observed in any mineral species. 2. Lautite.-Under this name a mineral from Lauta, near Marien- berg in Saxony, has recently been introduced. It is composed of Cu,

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. As, and sulphur, and its chemical formula was asserted to be CuAsS. The author is of opinion that it is not a true mineral species, but a mixture of native arsenic and a copper sulpho-salt. The latter he determines to be Cu,AsS,. The so-called lautite is a mixture of 71 per cent. of this sulpho-salt and 29 per cent. arsenic. 3. Bronzite.-The crystals of this mineral, which was found in-the me_teorite-of Ri_llersg@n, +ad the f$lowing form :--I?, OP, mPo3, mPm, mP3, mP2, OOPS, pm, P%,P2, P4, *P2, $P, iP+. 4. KerarnohaZite.-By many dealers a mineral from Schwarzenberg in Saxony, is frequently sold under the name of tectizite. This is, however, not an iron but an aluminium sulphate, as the analysis proves- A1,03. FeO. CaO. H2S04. H,O. Total. 12-69 5.46 0.14 34.26 46.70 99-25 The formula is thus A1,S,O,,48H2O, which differs but very slightly from that of keramohalite. 5. Bismuth carbonate, from Guanajuato in Mexico, contained 91.68 per cent. bismuth oxide and 8.29 per cent. CO,. Total 99.97. This corresponds exactly with the composition of the Schneeberg variety. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 433

6. Dorneykite, from Zurickan, gave on analysis the following results :- cu. Fe . Ni. As. 0. Residue. Total. 65.08 0.64 0.44 26-45 2-49 3-84 98.94 The presence of oxygen is owing to a copper arsenate, a product of the decomposition of the domeykite. The “ residue ’’ consists of porphyry. 7. EuZytin,e.-Among the colours assigned in the text-books on mineralogy to this mineral (bismuth silicate), black is not mentioned. A series of examples possessing this characteristic exist, however, in the Werner Museum at ltc’reiberg. 8. Winklerite.-Analysis of this mineral from Almeria in south Spain gave the following results :- H,O. 0. SiO,. BiO. CuO. AsnO3. FeO. 12.12 4.11 0.29 1.70 15.01 20.50 0.71 Co203. Ni,O,. CaO. Total. 23-80 12.98 9-27 100.49 The mineral analysed was associated with olivenite in such a way that it was impossible to separate them perfectly. On subtracting the constituents which may be regarded as impurities in the above analpes, we obtain- HzO. 0. Co203. Ni203. Total. 10.6 41 23.8 13.0 51.5 or 20.6 8.0 46.2 25.2 100.0 a composition which may be represented by the general formula- R203,2H20,or CoaNi200,2Hz0. Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. 9. Uranimz Ochre.-This was found at Johanngeorgenstadt. It gave on analysis the following result (sp. gr. = 3.953) :- CaO. UO. H,SO,. H2O. Residue. Total. 2.08 77.17 3.18 .16*59 0.39 99.41 This leads to the formula CaU1GSz031+ 25Hzo. B. H. B. Relation between the Chemical Composition and Optical Characters in the Group of Pyrornorphites and Mimetesites. By C. JANNETTAZand L. MICHEL(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 347- 348) .-Pure pyromorphite is uniaxal, pure mimetesite biaxal. Crystals occur in which the centre is pyromorphite and the exterior is mimetesite, and chemical analysis now shows that crystals occur with uniaxal centre and biaxal exterior, which contain no As203. For such cases the authors suggest that the apparently biaxal interference figure is caused by non-parallel aggregation of uniaxal individuals. B. H. B. Dietrichite. By A. ARZRUNI(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 19).- The author considers the formula to be ZnO,AJ,O3,4SO3 + 22H20, View Article Online

434 ABSTRACTS OP CHEXICAL PAPERS. instead of +23H20, as given by Dietrich. The analysis by Dietrich gives RO : H,O =. 1 : 20.3, R,O, : H,O = 1 : 23.0, SO, : H,O = 4 : 21.9, and hence the point cannot be considered as definitely settled. This mineral is doubly refractive, the depolarising direction being parallel to the length of the fibres. H. B. Thenardite from Aguas Blancas. By C. BAERWALD(Jahrb, f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 19-20).-The crystals are clear and t,ransparent, but in the air soon become covered with a white crust. Measurements gave the axial relations a : b : c = 0.4771 : 1 : 0.7984. Plane of the optical axis is wP&, the axis a is acute bisectrix ; double refraction + ; dispersion weak p >v ; 2V = 89" 59' for Li, 90" for Na, and 90" 0;' for T1 light. Analysis gave- Na,O . so,. CaO. HzO . 41.91 53.34 2.66 0.93 = 99-84! The author supposes the calcium to be present in some unknown form, and not as glauberite. H. B. Arsenates from Laangban. By W. LINDGREN(Jalwb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 362-363) .-1. BerzeZiite.-Honey-yellow colour, waxy lustre, translucent, fracture imperfectly concholdal, brittle, H. = 5, sp. gr. = 4-09-4.07. It melts before the blowpipe to a brown globule. Soluble in hydrochloric and in nitric acids. It occurs as small granules in limestone. 2. Doubly-refracting Beweliite.-No distinct cleavage, doubly refracting, crystdine system unknown, yellowish colour, H. = 5, sp. g~. = 3.89-4.04. The analysis gave- PbO. FeO. Insol. As,03. CaO. MgO. MnzOB. residue. Tot,al.

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. 62.00 20.00 12-81 4-18 trace 0.68 99.67 The formula is therefore 3( Ca,Mg,Mn) 0,As,05. 3. Karyinite.-Doubly refracting, not pleochroic. The analyses are not trustworthy, as it is never free from berzeljite. 4. A calcite occurring with the karyinite gave on analysis the following results :- CaC03. MgC03. MnCO,. ZnCO,. Total. 92.64 4.18 2.80 1.09 100.71 B. H. B. Analysis of Columbite. By E. D. HALLOCK(Jahrb. f. Mirt,., 1883, 1, Ref., 26).-Columbite from Middletown, Conn., with the ~p. gr. 6-13, gave on analysis- Acids. FeO. MnO. CaO. 82.64 11.77 4.95 4.93 = 10429 82-56 22-08 0.50 0.45 = 95.59 The high ~p.gr. of the fused precipitate of the mixed acids indicates a large percentage of TiOz. B. H. B. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 435 Crystalline Form of Sipylite. By J. W. MALLET(Juhr6.f. Min., 1883, 1, 28).-This mineral has already been described by the author (Amer. J. Xci., 1877, 15, 397). He now determines the crystalline form to be a tetragonal pyramid, the polar edges of which form an angle of 100" 45', and the middle edge 127". Cleavage is parallel to the pyramid faces. Sp. gr. = 4.883 at 18". B. H. B. Wulfenite. By S. KOCH(Juhrh. f. Mirt., 1883, 1, Ref., 11-13).- The author examined a large series of crystals of wulfenite from Juma County, Arizona : from Utah, Mexico, Phenixville, Bleiberg, and Rucksberg in Banat. From the angular measurements he calculated for wulfenite a general ratio of the axes, a : c = 1 : 1.57767. Twenty-nine crystal forms altogether occur in wulfenite, of which seven were first observed by the author (+P, +P, &Pm, &Pm, +Pm, -Pi, &P:-). Pyramids of the second order, and prisms form the majority of the faces. Hemimorphism was never observed. B. H. B. Anatase and Xenotime from Burke Co., N. Carolina. By W. E. HIDDEN(Juhr6.f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 14).-Anatase occurs in the form of greenish-yellow crystals, in the gold sands near Brindle- town, together with monazite, xenotime, fergusonite, samarskite, zircon, and brookit,e. The crystals have the combination OP . P. The xenotime is yellowish-grey, and is combined with zircon in such a way that the two minerals have the same principal axis. B. H. B. Pseudobrookite. By A. SCEMIDT(Jahrb. f. Mirt., 1882, 2, Ref., 24-23).-To the already known forms the author adds mP2, accept- ing the first proposals of Groth (.Zeitschl f. Kryst., 3, 306). New measurements gave the angles 03P5 : cnP2 = 153" 23'-153" 51', and mP5 : P& = 138" 30'-138" 57', from which Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. a : b : c = 0.992 : 1 : 1.130. A discussion follows on Groth's proposal to interchange the a and b axes, whereby the form approaches much more nearly to that of brookite. This alteration the author does not accept. No fresh analysis is, however, given. H. B. Tin Ores, Aventurine Glass, and Green Aventurine Quartz, from Asia, and Krokydolite Quartz, from Greenland. By H. FISCHER(Juhrb. f. Mi%.,1882, 2, 90--98).-The author discusses the interest attaching to a correct knowledge of the localities whence the ancients obtained their minerals, whether ornamental stones, as the turquoise and lapis lazuli, or as metallic ores. Besides the localities mentioned in mineralogical lists, a number have been collectjed together, and appeared in Gurlt's Bergbuu-zcnd Huttenkunde, 1877, 9 ; the knowledge of these localities of the East is of great historic interest, and the author by drawing attention to them wishes to make t.hem better known. The aventurine glass offered for sale in Allahabad and North India generally, is not of Venetian origin: the articles are brought in by the Afghans (Cabulis), who are practised in the production of View Article Online

436 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.

artificial stones ; it is, however possible that they are only middlemen, fbr Badakschan is the only known locality where this glass is made. In Delhi the Venetian product is used. The author suggests that Marco Polo, who visited Central Asia in the 13th century, learnt the art of making this glass from some native tribes, and brought it to Venice ; in these districts chalcedony and agates are still cut, polished, and bored, and it is possible that this is the source of the Assyrian and Babylonian cylinders and talismans, and of the agate and other beads, &c., found in ancient Roman and German tombs. Sections of the cut aventurine quartz ornaments showed the presence of a number of thin plates, with their long axes for the most part parallel ; they are beautifully dichroic, varying from emerald-green to blue-green ; they are chromium mica. In a collection of stone axe-heads from Athens, some were found made of a remarkable rock; its section showed a ground-mass of red quartz, in which groups of fine needles of a pure blue were thickly imbedded ; they are probably glaucophane. Other specimens appeared to have come from the emery districts of Asia Minor, but no satisfactory sections could be obtained. H. B. Composition of Minerals of the Chondrodite Group. By H. SJOGREN(Jahrb. f. Miiz., 1883, 1, Ref., 23--24).-The author accepts the opinion of Rammelsberg and Groth, hhat water is present in the three members of the chondrodite group, and being of the opinion that the differences in the analyses prove them not to have the same composition, he adopts the following formulae :-

Clinohumite = Mg.[Mg(HFO)lZ( SiO,),.

Humite = Mgs[ Mg( 2 (SiO,) 2.

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. Chondrodite = Mg4[Mg( HO)]4(Si04)r. B. H. B. Iron Glance and Augite, from Ascension. By G. v. RATH (Jahrb. f. i!ia., 1883, 1, Ref., 16--17).--0n a plate of iron glance, 90 mm. in diameter, witb the faces OR, + R, -JR, $P2,mP2, and -iR, small reddish-yellow crystals of augite, 1 mm. long, were developed. The augite had the following faces :- + P, + $95, -P, wP, -a€%,+ Ps, mPm, mPa. From this it is proved that the augite was formed by sublimation. B. H. R.

Nephrite or Jade of Siberia. By E. JAmETrAz and L. MICHEL (Jahrb.f. &!in., 1883, 1, Ref., 29-30).-1n the bed of a stream in the Bagoutal Mountains, near the Chinese frontier, Alibert found loose blocks of a jade-like substance. They were greenish-white to emerald- green, had a greasy lustre, and were more or less translucent, according to t4hecolour. Fracture splintery. Hardness, 6.5. Sp. gr. 3.08- 3.2. Before the blowpipe, it melted easily to a light-green globule. The chemical analysis gave- View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 437

Si02. MgO. CaO. Fe,O,. Al2O3. H2O. Total. I. 56.60 23.04 13-45 2.38 1.37 3.03 99.87 --v--J 11. 55.13 19-67 14.13 8.5 3.1 100.53 I. Analysis of the light-coloured variety. 11. The green variety. B. H. B. Jadeite Axe from Rabber, Hanover. By A. ARZRUNI(Juhrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 30).-The axe in question is 12 em. long, has a cutting edge 5 em. broad, and on the. opposite side has a somewhat flattened conieal point, 2 cm. in diameter. Under the microscope a thin section showed the confused fibres, characteristic both of nephrite and of jadeite, but in places rhomb-shaped cryst'al sections could be seen, with cleavage planes cutting each other at angles of 87-89", and 93-91'. As this angle agrees with the results obtained by Descloieeaux with jadeite from Thibet, the author concluded that the axe was made of the same mineral, and that this belonged to the pyroxene group: consequently jadeite must belong to the monoclinic syshem. B. H. B. Danburite, from the Scopi, in Graubundten. By E. LUDWIG (Monutsh. Clhem., 3, $19-821) .-This mineral occurring, surrounded by earthy chlorite, in a rock-cleft on the Scopi, agrees in composition, chemical characters, primary form, and optical properties, with danburite, from Russel, in New Pork (Chem. J., Abstr., 150-151), but differs from the latter in the mode of development of its crystals. Sp. gr., 9.85. Analysis gave- SiOP B20, CaO. MgO. A.I,03,Fe203,Mn203. 48.52 28-77 23.03 0.310 traces The mineral may be regarded as the calcium salt of a borosilicic acid, SisE2H20, H. W. Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. Helvite, from Virginia. By R. HAINES(Chern. News, 1883, 6).- The mineral is found mixed with orthoclase, with pale-red topazolite, and 5t variety of garnet. The helvite crystals were shown to be isometric by the polariscope, but were not sufficiently perfect for angular measurements. H, is about 6 ; colour sulphur-yellow ; liistre somewhat resinous, partially translucent ; fusibility about 4, to a brown glass. The mineral gives no water in closed tubes ; with fluxes, it gives the reactions for manganese ; is soluble in hydrochloric acid, with evolu- tion of hydrogen sulphide, and separation of gelatinous silica. Sp. gr. 3.29. Analysis yields the following results :- Silica insoluble in acid and in sodium carbonate, 9.22. Total SiO,. BeO. A1203. MnO. FeO. CaO. K20. Na20. 5. Moisture. 32-33 11.47 2.68 45.38 1.85 0.64 0-39 0.92 4.50 0.30 Second deter.

32.49 I .- - - A - - - 2.25 is to be deducted for oxygen replaced by the sulphur. D. A. L. View Article Online

438 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Melanite from Lantigne (Rhdne). By A. LACROIX(Jahrb. f. illin., 1882, 2, Ref., 352--353).-1n a bed of magnetic iron ore near Ilantignh the author found specimens of two different varieties of garnet. Both occur in crj-stals and in compact aggregates. In both cases the forms 202 and m0 occur. Sp. gr. 3-66 for the first, and 3-62 for the second variety. The garnet gives up water when heated in a closed tube, and melts before the blowpipe to a magnetic globule. The second variety gives the manganese reaction when melted with borax, and when treated with soda and nitre on platinum foil. From the analysis, the formula 3Ca0,Fe203,3Si02is deduced. Marcasite, quartz, galena, cerussite, malachite, and iron glance also occur in the same locality, B. H. B. Change of Colour in Felspar under the Influence of Light. By E. EBDMANN(Jahrb. f. Jfin., 1882, 2, Ref., 363).-Green felspar (Amazon stone) from pegmatite veins at Ammeberg, when first taken from the miue, is of a greenish-grey colour, but after exposure to the air for some time, it. assumes a bright emerald-green colour. By placing fragments in variously coloured glasu tubes, and submitting them to the action of light for 11 months, the author came to the conclusion that light alone effects the change, air and moisture having no influence. When the dark-green felspar is heated, it again loses its colour. B. H. B. Bechi's so-called Picranalcime from the Monte Catini Mine, Monte Caporciano. By E. BAMBERGER(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref ., 22) .-Crystals of this picranalcime were examined crystallo- graphicdly, optically, and chemically. In all these properties it agrees with analcime ; it is nothing but analcime, and " picranalcime " must be removed from mineralogical lists. Magnesia is not contained in it. Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. SiO2. A1203. Na&. H20. H,O. 5T.08 21.51 13.63 0.32 8-32 = 100.86 H. I3. Spodumene and the Products of its Alteration. By G. J. BRUSHand E. S. DANA(Jahrb. f. Uh., 1882, 2, Ref., 355-358).- This paper gives the results obtained in a study of the spodumene f roin Branchville, Connecticut, and of the various minerals derived from its alteration. The unaltered spodumene occurs in crystalline masses, with albite, a little quartz and mica, apatite, lithiophilite, columbite, gnrnet, urani- nite, &c. In addition to this massive variety, spodumene also occurs, unaltered, as nuclei of distinct pseudomorphous crystals. The fresh spodumene is perfectly transparent, sometimes colourless, sometimes pink. It shows the prismatic cleavage with unusual perfection. The anrtlysis gave the following results :- Si02. A1,03. Fe,O,. Li20. N%O. E20. LOSS. Total. 64-25 27.20 0.20 7-62 0.39 trace 0.24 99.90 Sp. gr. 3.193. The formula is then Li2A12Si40L2. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 439

Alteratinn of the Spodurnene.-As the results of the alteration, 6- spodumene and cgmatolite were found. The following independent minerals were also found : albite, microcline, muscovite, and killinite. The P-spodumene is compact, apparently homogeneous, having a rather indistinct fibrous structure. H. = 5.3-6. Sp. gr. = 2,644- 2.649. Colour, white to greenish-white. The results of the analysis were as follows :- SiO,. Al,O,. Li,O. Na,O. K20. LOR~. Total. 61.51 26.56 3.50 8.14 0.15 0.29 100.15

The ratio obtained, RzO : KOz : SiO, = 1 : 1 : 4, is the same as that of spodumene, in which, however, half of the lithium has been removed and its place taken by sodium. The formula is then (LiNa)zA13Si4012. It is not entirely decomposed by treatment with hydrochloric acid, 67.56 per cent. remaining insoluble. The analysis gave the following results, I being the soluble, I1 the insoluble part :-

SiO,. Al,O,. Li,O. N%O. K20. Total. I. 48.13 40.50 10.90 - 0.47 100.00 11. 68.18 20.07 - 11.74 - 100-00 The insoluble part closely resembles albite, Na2A1zSi,016,while the soluble part has the composition LizAlzSiz0,. This the author calls Eacryptite. The /3-spodumene is therefore a mechanical mixture of eucryptite and albite. The microscopical examination of thin sections confirms this view. Eucryptite crystallises in the hexagonal system with basal cleavage. Sp. gr. = 2.647. In form and composition, it resembles nepheline.

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. Cyrnatolite has a fibrous structure. Sp. gr. = 2.692-2-699. Colour white to pink. Chemical analysis gave-

SiO,. A1203. CaO. N%O. K20. H20. Total. 59.38 26.67 0.62 7.68 3-51 2.01 99.87

The ratio obtained is RaO : 81203 : SiOz = 1 : 1 : 4. The formula is therefore (Na.,K,H),AIzSi4Ol,. It is derived from the p-spodumene, and is also a mechanical mixture. Albite occurs pseudomorphous after spodumene. An analysia gave-

SiO,. Al2O3. MgO. Na,O. E20. Loss. Total. 67.60 20.09 0.15 11.69 0.11 0.14 90.78 thus corresponding to the formula NazAlzSi,Ol8. MicrocZiiie arises from the alteration of the spodumene. The composition is shown by the following analysis :-

SiO,. A120,. Na,O. K20. Loss. Total. 64.55 19.70 0.58 15.62 0.12 100.57 View Article Online

440 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.

KiZEiwite probably consists of very finely divided mica, impregnated with more or less amorphous silica. The want of homogeneity renders the analysis very variable. The cymatolite is often further changed into an impure kaolin, and associated with this is a pink clay-like mineral resembling mont- morillonite. The analysis of which gave- SiO,. A1203. FeO. MnO. CaO. Me. Li20. Na20. K,O. 51.20 22-14 trace 0.18 3.53 3-72 trace 0.18 0.38 Loss. p205. Total. 17.08 1.42 99-83 The authors suggest that this is the result of the further alteration of the cymatolite. B. H. B. Hiddenite, an Emerald-green Variety of Spodnmene. By J. L. SMITH,E. S. DANA,and L. SMITH(Juh~b. f. Nhz., 1882, 2, Ref., 345-346) .-This mineral occurs, together with quartz, mica, rutile, beryl, and orthoclase in the gneiss and mica slates of L41exanrlerGo., N. Carolina. The following 18 crystalline forms occur: cmPc;j, OP, mP$, mP, mP2, mP3, 2P, P, mP&, 4P, %P, -6P3, -8P4, -4P2, %PZ, 4P2, 3Pz, 6Pj. Among these, the last 10 are new for the species. Twin crystals are more frequent than simple ones. The cleavage is parallel to mP. Sp. gr. = 3.152-3*189. The analysis gave the following result :- SiO,. A1203. Fe203. LizO. N%O. Loss. Total. 64.35 28.10 0.25 7.05 0.50 0-15 100.40 B. H. B. Analysis of Petalite from Uc6. By K. SOND~N(Jahrb. f. Him., 1882, 2, Ref., 363-364) .-The following analytical results were Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. obtained :- SiO,. Al,03. Li,O. Na20. CaO. P2OP Loss. Total. 76.91 16.85 4.15 0.73 0.27 0.31 0.84 100.06 From this the formula Li20,A1,03,8Si02 was calculated. B. H. B. Analysis of Scspolite. By L. SIPOCZ(Jakrb. f. Min., 1822, 2, Ref., 22).-1, from Malsjo ; 2, from Arendal; 3, Gouverneur. SiO,. Al,03. FeO. MgO. CaO. Na20. K20. I. 52.48 25.56 0.39 - 12-44 6.52 0-79 11. 52.57 24.24 0.26 - 11.57 7-19 0.42 111. 52.65 25.32 0.11 G.23 11.30 6-64 1.58 H20. COz. SO3. c1. I. 0.61 0.14 0.58 0.27 = 99.78 ‘11. 0.69 0.39 0.90 0.23 = 98.46 111. 0.42 - 0.14 0.33 = 98.72 Scapolite fr*om Rossie gave 0.10 per cent. SO3, and that from Vesuvius 0.22 per cent. H. I3. View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 441 New Face on Stilbite (Desmin). By M. F. HEDDLE(JaArb. f. itfin., 1882, 2, Ref., 25).-The face is 3P3 (rhombic) or 0093 (rnono- symmetrical), as shown by approximative measurement and zonal relationships. The localities are Loch Humphrey and Long Gray in Dumbartonshire, and also Farrugaric-Wuardi in Australia. H. B. Crystalline Form of Idocrase (VeSUVian). By G. DOLTER (Jal1rb.f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 8).-The author examined a series of idocrase crystals from Ala, Vesuvius, the Banat, Maine, and Pfitsch, in order to determine whether the mineral really belonged to the tetragonal system. The results he obtained agreed very satisfactorily with those obtained by Zepharovich : OP : P = 142” 45’ 29” Y : P = 12Y0 19’ 39” Several of the best measurements agree also with the values obtained by v. Kokscharoff : 142” 463’ and 129” 21’. Crystals occiir, however, in which the results differ by several minutes from the above normal values, but the author arrives at the conclusion that the deviation is not of such a character as to support the theory that idocrase does not belong to the tetragonal system. B. H. B. Minerals from Fritz Island, Pennsylvania. By B. SADTLEE; Jounr. (Amer. Chem. J., 4, 356-357).-These minerals were found associated with thomsenite and calcite, and more rarely with a zeolite which has been analysed by Geiith (Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, p. 110). (1.) Chabazzite forming well-developed rhombohedra1 crystals, colourless, having a vitreous lustre. Sp. gr. = 2.3 and hardness = 4. (2.) Mesolite, in globular concretions or tufts of fine white Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. fibres. Hardness = 2.5 and sp. g~.2.4. The analytical numbers show the composition of the mineral after dedaction of about 0.2 per cent. of calcite, which could not be completely removed. (3.) ApophyZZite occurring in tetragonal tablets, modified by octohedral planes. The crystals are colourless with pearly lustre. The analytical results are as follows :- Si02. Al,O,. Fe20,. CaO. MgO. K20. NeO. (1.) 30.28 17.83 trace 6.96 0.22 2.40 2.43 (2.) 43.29 24.02 trace 12.15 - - 3.40 (3.) 51.02 - 1.49 24.40 - 5.87 - H20. F. (1.) 20.21 - = 100.33 (2.) 16.01 - = 99.87 (3.) 16-75 0.40 = 99-93 H. W. Prehnite from Tuscany, &c. By A. CORSIand E. BECHI(Jahrh. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 26-29).-Prehnite from Impruneta.-The form and behaviour of the specimen was normal ; the analysis of Corsi (I) and of Bechi (11) gave- VOL. XLIV. 2h View Article Online

442 ABSTHACTS OF CKEMICAL PAPERS.

SiO,. A120,. Fe203. CaO. MgO. Na20,K20. H,O. I. 42.35 24.67 0.92 25.77 0.45 - 4.81 = 98.97 11. 43.80 23.90 0.70 24-60 1.70 3.8 0.30 = 98.80 Corsi's analysis leads to the generally accepted formula H2CazAlzSi3012, and he believes that Bechi's analysis is for some reason incorrect. Specimens from Impruneta are pseudomarphs of prehnite after an alcite. An analysis of specimens from Figline (Prato) is given under 111. Bechi has described and analysed a mineral resembling prehnite from Monte Catini, but the analysis (IV) of Corsi shows it to be nothing but prehnite. No. V is the analysis of a sample from Monte Perrone, Elba. Bechi, in replying, gives three analyses of prehnite from Monie Catini, which agree with those of other observem ; they are Nos. VI, VII, VIII ; his analysis No. I1 is therefore incorrect. SiO,. A1203. Fe20a. CaO. MgO. H,O. Mn,O,. N. 111. 42.36 24.14 1.10 26.87 0.30 4.85 - - = 99.62 IT. 42.86 24.20 0.99 '27.03 - 4.96 - - = 100*04 V. 44.03 23-20 2.05 26-24 - 4.90 - - = 100.42 VI. 43.41 23.64 1.03 24.54 - 5.09 1.87 0.22 = 99.80 VII. 44.00 24.79 1.53 23.98 - 5.06 1.03 0.20 = 100.59 VIII. 43.63 23.39 2.40 26.08 - 4.30 - - = 99.80 H. B. Prehnite and Laumontite from monte Catini. By E. BECHT (Jahrb. f. Min., 4882, '2, Ref., 29-30).-The following analysis is given of small globules of a zeolite supposed to be 1aumontite:- SiOB. Al&. Fe203. CaO. MgO. H,O. Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. 53.78 19.28 3.13 8.54 0.52 15.00 = 100.05 H. B. Epistilbite. By C.'0. TRECHMANN (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Mem., 260-268). - This mineral was found in basalt near Hartlepool among the fragments of " whinstone," used as road metal. As there is no rock in the neighbourhood resembling this basalt, it seems probable that it was originally brought there by ship as ballast, and afterwards latilised for road-making. The analysis gave the following results :- SiOp Al,03. CaO. Na,O. H20. Total. I. 56.54 19.17 8.75 1-25 15.68 101.39 IT. 56.76 18.20 8-61 1-69 15.52 100.78 Sp. gr. = 2.247.; ~hardness,4 to 4.5. The following forms occur in the crystals :--03P, OP, -PA, PA, + +P. B. H. B.

Epistilbite and Heulandite. By P. JANNASCH(Jahrh f. Mi%., 1882, 2, Mem., 269-280).-This paper gives the results of analyses of heulandite and epistilbite from Iceland :- View Article Online

MINERALOQICAL CHEMISTRY. 443

Analysis of Heulandite (Berufjord). Si02. Al2O3. CaO. SrO. Li20. K20. Na,O. H20. Total, 57-72 16-47 7-00 0-49 trace 0.44 1.63 16.91 100.66 Sp. gr. = 2.216.

An0 lysis of Epistilbite (Beruf jord). Si02. A1,03. CsO. Li20. K20. Na20. H,O. Total. 57.57 17.49 7-98 trace trace 1.69 15.29 100.02 Sp. gr. = 2.255. B. H. B.

Zinc Aluminite, a New Mineral Species. By E. BERTRAND and DAMOUR(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 351-352).-This mineral occurs, with other. zinc minerals, at Laurinm, in the form of greenish-. white hexagonal tablets. The angle does not always measure 120", 123" and 124" having been observed. The sp. gr. is 2.26 ; the hardness is less than 3. Heated in a closed tube, it gives up water. It is soluble in nitric acid, leaving- 5 to 7 per cent. of clay as residue. The analysis gave Si02. Al,O,. ZnO. CuO. H20. Total. 12.94 25-48 34.69 1.85 25.04 100.00 from which the formula 6Zn0,3A1,03,2S03 + 18H20 is deduced. B. H. B. Chlorophyllite from Loquidy, near Nantes. By BARET (Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 30).--Notice of and mode of occurrence at the above locality. H. €3.

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. Chemical Composition of Epidote. By E. LUDWIG(Juhrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 22-23) ; Chemical Composition of Epidote from Quenast. By A. RENARD(ibid., 23).-Ludwig, in criticising the work of Laspeyres, upholds the correctness of previous analyses of epidote, and refers more especially to one of his previous analyses of Sulzbach epidote (Juhrb. f. Min., 18T3, SS), showing that it is perfectly free from quartz and giving fresh analyses of it. The mean o€ two analyses agrees well with the formula Si(Al,Fe)6Ca4H2026,calcu- lating €or 70 per cent. Al-epidote and 30 per cent. Fe-epidote. He further holds that most other analyses agree with this formula, and considers it unnecessary to have resource to Laspeyres's hypothesis, that the iron existed originally as ferrous oxide, and became converted in course of time into the ferric condition. Renard gives the following analysis made on microscopically tested material :- Si02. AlaO3. Fe303. FeO. CaO. H20. 38-26 24.75 11.07 0.56 23.63 2.26 = 100.53 Considering the ferrous oxide as isomorphous with the lime, the formula given by Tschermak a,nd Ludwig is deduced. The miiirtral is 2h2 View Article Online

444 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. easily decomposed by heating it in a sealed tube with hydrochloric acid at 125-130'. H. B. Hornblende and Anthophyllite after Olivine. By BECKE (Jahrb. f. Min., 1883, 1, Ref., 32--53).--Near Rosswein, in Saxony, the author found blocks of a, rock containing green patches, with R radial structure. These patches contain a hard black kernel of olivine, which is surrounded by a radiated layer, 5-6 mm. thick. This cover consisted of two zones ; an inner one, which is of a brown colour, con- fiisting of anthophyllite with grains of magnetic iron ore, and an outer one, which is leek-green, formed by hornblende together with granules of a spinel-like mineral. Clinochlore ocours as a secondary constituent in the hornblende zone, and serpentine in the olivine kernel. The author is of the opinion that the formations described above result from a reciprocal action of the silicate of the felspar and the olivine. B. H. B.

Gedrite in the Gneiss of Beaunan, near Lyons. By F. GONNARD(Jahrb. f. Xin., 1883, 1, Ref., 27).-This mineral occurs in gneiss in almond-shaped masses, which have a lamellar or fibrous structure. The colour is straw-yellow to brown ; the other distinctive characters coincide with those of an anthophyllite containing alumina. B. H. B. Bole from Steinkirchen, near Budweis, in Bohemia. By G. STARKL(Juhrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 21).-After drying at 100", it contained-

H20. Si02. AI2O3. FezO,. CaO. MgO. KZO. MnO. 10.53 46.734 26.166 12.345 1.641 1.315 0978 0.280 = 99.989

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. It fills clefts in granite. H. B. Polyhydrite from St. Christoph Mine, Breitenbrunn, in Saxony. By G. STARKL(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 21-22).- Colour chestnnt-brown, streak ochreous yellow ; britt,le when fresh ; lustre glassy. H. = 2-3, 0. = 2.127'2-2.2012. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. The amount of water contained varies with the moisture of the air; but when fresh, it is 34.604 per cent. After drying at loo", it gave :- H,O. Si02. CaO. Al,O,. Fe203. MnO. MgO. 16.749 34.131 4.236 8.867 32.656 3.308 0.422 = 100.369 whence the formula C&Mn8i3O9 + F~Al,Si,O, + 18H20. Further examination is necessary, and it is especially necessary to show that the mineral is homogeneous. H. B.

Chromic Tourmalin and the Deposits of Chrome-iron in the Urals. By A. Coss~and A. ARZRLJNI(Gazzetta, 12, 520-535).- The chrome-iron ore of the Ural mountains occurs most frequently in View Article Online

MIXERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 445 Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55.

Fluorine ...... 0.65 FeO, with trace of MnO.. 2.91 SiOz ...... 36.79 MgO ...... 4.47 B203...... 9.51 CaO ...... 0.72 A1,03 ...... 30.56 N%O, with trace of KzO . 1.36 CrzO3...... 10.86 Water...... 2.25 100.08 View Article Online

446 ABSTRAUTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. chromic tourmalin of the Urals may be placed in Rammelsberg’s third group (LTandbuch der Mineralchemie, 2te Auflage, p. 544). The chromates of the Urals occur in talcose and chloritic schists, amongst which may be specially mentioned a variety of talcose schist (called by the miners Zitwyanite), distinguished by the green colour of its talc, and including spathic fragments of mesitine, together with iron pyrites and magnetite. The most abundant chromate of the Urals is crocoite, or chromate of lead. H. W. Dioptase from the Corderillas of Chili. By M. BATJER(Jahrb. f. Mzn., 1882, 2, Ref., 24).-The crystals obt,ained were small and transparent, and were recognised by their characteristic form, mP2.-2R. Sp. gr. 3.325; H. = 5. Qnalitative analysis showed only copper, Rilica, and water. The statement of Daua, “ reported as found in the Duchy of Nassau, between Oberlahnstein and Braubach,” is due to a confusion between “ smaragdochalcite” and dioptase. H. B. Chemical and Microscopical Researches on Italian Rocks and Minerals. By A. COSSA(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 47-49). -This publication is a collection of the author’s papers, arranged chronologically. The description of the lherzolite, from Piedmont, is very complete; many analyses of the rocks and of the contained minerals are given. The examination of rocks from many localities is fully detailed. H. 13. The Granite Hills of Kbnigshain,in Oberlansitz,with especial regard to the Minerals found therein. By G. WOITSCHACH(J(1h-b. f. Min, 1882, 2, Ref., 12--17).-The granite makes its appearance at many points, but is otherwise covered with diluvial deposits or clay schists. The texture of the granite varies from porphyritic to coarsely Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. granular, and to granite of normal appearance. Potash mica is absent. The upper layers contain cavities, in which are the crystals of various minerals, either attached or broken, and imbedded in a clay-like material. These various minerals amount to 31 in number. MicrocZine, crystals composed of albite and microcline laminae, after the manner of perthite. Crystals of pure microcline were also identified optically. The crystals are either simple or twins, according to oneor more of the well known laws. Albite, crystals or shapeless masseR. Quartz, mostly darkly coloured. Mica, meroxene and zinnwaldite of Tschermak. Chlorite, small plates. Aphrosiderite. The analysis gave-

Si02. A1,03. Fe20s. FeO. MgO. CaO. P,O,. H20. 27.06 19-56 11.71 28.91 1.18 0.38 trace 9.73 = 98-73 whence (Fe,Ca.Mg),( l?e)2Si501, + 2A12H606. Diaspore, probable. Cassiterite occurs in the felspar. HEmatite, in small amount. Anns- tase, one crystal, Pyrite, uiolfi-anite, at Mengelsdorf, in large quantity, as veins. Moly bdenite, in small quantity. Magnetite, in usual forms, and also pseudorn orph ous after mica. Fergusonite, amli ynite, zircon, View Article Online

MINERALOGICAL CKEMISTRY. 447

and rneZacon, OCCUF in various conditions ; analysis of partially decomposed crystals is given; water 5.024 per cent. Thorite, zenotime, jhorite, bet yl, epidote, all in small quantities only. Tourmalin, hyalite, psilome- larie, frequent. Calcite, rare. H. B. The Rapakiwi Granite, from Finland. By T. v. UNGERN- STERMBERG(Jslirb. f. Min., 2, Ref., 382---383).-This rock is an amphibole-biotite-granite, with accessory zircon, magnetite, ilmenite, apatite, and triphyline. The analysis gave the following results :-

Si02. Ti02. A120,. Fe,03. FeO. MnO, CaO. MgO. I. 70.329, 1.030 11.828 3.730 2.376 trace 2.547 0.200 11. 71.008 - 11.861 3.921 2.312 - 1.235 0.257 K20. N%O. H20, CO,, P20,. Ca. 3’- Total. I. 3.083 2.410 1.377 0-135 0.515 0.144 0.136 99.842 11. 3020 2-585 0.929 0.092 0.848 0.882 0.928 99.818 B. H. B. Phyllite from Rimogens, in the Ardennes. By E. GENITZ (Jahrb.f. Min., 1882,2, Ref., 67-68).-This rock is a crystalline mixture of quartz, green mica, tourmalin, and yellowish-brown microli ths. These microliths were regarded as zircon, but the author shows that this is erroneous, the form being that of rutile, and further, of the isolated particles, 76.3 per cent. is made soluble by fusion with hydrogen potassium sulphate, and then yields 59.64 per cent. titanic acid. Small lense-shaped collections of biotite (?) around a magnetite or pyrites crystal occur in the phyllite; they are not a secondary product. H. B. Micaceous Porphyrite of Morvan. By A. MTCHEL-L~VY(Jahrb. f. Mirz., 1883, 1, Ref., 37-41).-The chemical analysis of a rock from “

Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. Goie, in Morvan, which the author describes as micaceous andesite porphyrite,” in which the augite has become converted into chalcedony, gave the following results :- Si02. A1203. Fe203, CaO. MgO. NqO. K20. H20. P20,. Total. 67.55 15-00 5.00 3.00 1-10 1.40 6-10 0.60 trace = 99.75 This analysis would indicate an orthophyr rather than a porphyrite. B. H. B. The Melaphyres of the Little Carpathians. By G.. E. STEIN (Jahrh. f. illin.) 1882, 2, Ref., 59).-The rack occurs in isolated or connected bosses, in the red sandstone. The predominating constituents a.re plagioclase, augite, and augite microliths, arid decomposed olivine. There are also present magnetite, picolite, apatite, and occasionally bronzite and orthoclase in the varieties rich in augite. Secondary products are delessite, quartz, calcite, iron oxides, and silica. The magma is partially or completely devitrified. The structure varies from irregular to fluidal porphyritic or mandelstein. A variety from Peterklin contains globules 3 -30 mm., formed by the decomposition of the rock. H. B. View Article Online

448 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. The so-called Andesites of South and Central America. By C. W. G~MBEL(Jahrb. f.Mim, 1882,2, Ref,, 59-63) .-These eruptive rocks, generally classified according to the amounts of augite, or hornblende and quartz they contain, are to be divided into two groups ; those of the first, are lighter coloured trachytic rocks, containing much silica (over 57 per cent.), those of the second group being darker, more resembling basalt, and contain leas silica-under 57 per cent. when quartd particles are absent; the rocks of the second group are also the older. If this division is supported by an examination of the rocks in situ, the author would propose to retain the name andesite for the lighter more acid rocks, while he would class the others as olivine-free felspar basalts. Detailed descriptions are given, together with the analyses of specimens collected by Wagner, in 1870. H. B. Examination of Ophites from the Pyrenees. By J. K~HN (Juhrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 63-64).-The examination of specimens from over 100 localities has resulted in the harmonising of various results obtained by other authors, whose examinations have not been so extended. Tbe essential constituents of an ophite are ordinary augite, “ diallage-like-augite,” diallage, uralite, viridite, felspar, epidote, titanic iron ; as accessories are magnetite, pyrites, hEmatite, apatite, hornblende, quartz, calcite, and biotite. By the expression ‘‘ diallage-like augite ” is to be understood ordinary augite, which has become fibrous by decomposition. H. B. The Clay Ironstone of Rheinhesse. By TECKLENBUKG(Jahrb. f. illin., 1882, 2, Ref., 50).-These deposits lie directly on tertiary lime- stqne ; they are accompanied by various clays and marls. The author supposes them to have been formed from, and by the disintegration of, a superincumbent bed of limestone containigg 1-2 per cent. mag- nesium carbonate, and 0.3-2.5 per cent. iron and manganese carbonates and hydrates. By the percolation of water, this upper layer was actled Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55. upon, and the solution penetrating further, gave rise to the formation of numerous cavities. Those cavities lying above the general water level became filled with air, and when again the solution found its way into them, the irm and manganese were deposited its hydrates, and the liberated carbonic acid, acting on the wells of the cavities, enlarged them, thus allowing of the further growth of the contained nodules by the periodic recurrence of these processes. H. B. The Lake Deposits of Kolsnaren, Viren, and HSgsjon, Stjder- manland, Sweden, By A. W. CRONQUIST(Juhrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref., 51).-The result of the author’s examination is that these deposits are of no technical value. The deposit lies 2-3 meters or more below the lowest water level, and either forms a band 3-300 meters wide following the shore, or else is more generally deposited; the thickness does not exceed a few millimeters. The mean percentage of ferric oxide is 52-4-54 ; sulphur, 0*07-0*06 ; and phosphorus, 0.012-0.93. H. B. Artificial Formation of Various Rocks, By F. FOUQU~and A.. MICHEL-L~VY(Juhrb.f. Miiz., 1882,2,Ref., 64--65).--The authors View Article Online

ORQANIC CHEMISTRY. 449

in continuing their researches have succeeded in preeparing samples having all the characteristics of basalt and diabase. A mixture of 2 parts olivine, 1 augite, and 2 of labradorite, fused for 48 hours at a white heat, deposited well-defined olivine and magnetite crystals ; after another 48 hours at a bright red heat, there were formed lense- shaped labradorite crystals, augite microliths, a second generation of magnetite, and picotite octahedra; but little of the glassy magma remained, the whole exactly resembling many natural basalts. Employ- ing a mixture of anorthite and augite, lense-shaped plagioclase was obtained at a white heat, and after several days at a bright red heat, irregular augite crystals cementing the felspars together had formed, the characteristic structural appearance of the ophites. On replacing the aiiorthite by labradorite, the augite separated in microliths, owing to the small difference in fusibility of the ingredients; the sections resembled those of a trachyte. H. B. Meteorite of Louans (Indre-et-Loire). By A. DAUBRBE(Jahrb. f. Mi.n., 1882, 2, Ref., 30).-The stone fell 25th January, 1843, and buried itself half a meter in the soil. It weighed 3 kilos. H. B. Analysis of a Spring Water from RindG, near Stockholm. By A. W, CROXQUIST(Jahrb. f. Min., 1882, 2, Ref. 51).-The water contains in 100,000 parts :- cop FeO. CaO. MgO. SO,. a. 26.5 19.5 2.4 2.2 6.5 1-7 H. B. Published on 01 January 1883. Downloaded 27/10/2014 16:48:55.