Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2019) 43: 403-406 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Short Communication doi:10.3906/zoo-1808-50

Breeding density of European Turtle Dove ( turtur) on Sakar Mountain (SE Bulgaria)

Gradimir GRUYCHEV*, Hristo MIHAYLOV Department of Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria

Received: 31.08.2018 Accepted/Published Online: 30.05.2019 Final Version: 01.07.2019

Abstract: This study was conducted in the period of 2014–2016. The breeding density of the European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) was determined in the MG-14 (35T) square of the Universal Transverse Mercator system. The maximum number of breeding pairs/100 ha was 4.4 in 2014, 2.4 in 2015, and 1.6 in 2016. The peaks of singing Turtle Doves occurred in the second half of May and at the end of June. The number of singing males in riparian and oak forests was higher compared to other habitats.

Key words: Breeding density, population decline, singing activity

The European Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) is a Jerusalem thorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill.) amid pastures valuable game found throughout Europe. Its breeding and hay meadows (34.8%); strips of deciduous trees and population is declining, and that is why it falls in the shrubs amid vineyards (11.07%); strips of deciduous trees category of vulnerable species. Species representatives have and shrubs amid arable lands (37%); populated locations fallen to a mere 49% in only three generations (Birdlife (mainly small settlements) (3.8%); and water surfaces International, 2017). Bulgaria falls within the natural (1.8%) (Figure 1; Google Earth Pro, a tool by Google Earth, nesting range of the Turtle Dove, which was reported as a map base Image Landsat/Copernicus). common and widespread species in the middle of the 20th In the period of 2014–2016, each square with sides of century (Patev, 1950). The size of the population varied 1 km constituting MG-14 (35T) was visited 7 times a year. between 25,000 and 80,000 breeding pairs for the period The breeding density of the Turtle Dove was determined by of 1996–2005 (Stoychev and Mitev, 2007) and 35,000 and point-count methods (details: Bibby et al., 1992). Within 100,000 breeding pairs between 2005 and 2012 (Birdlife the territory studied, 100 points were placed at the centers International, 2017). At present, the Turtle Dove is one of of the 100 one-kilometer squares of MG-14. Another 6 the primary game species. it is permitted from points were placed at locations where the ’ song was the second Saturday of August until 30 November. heard less clearly (Figure 1). The study area is the MG-14 (35T) square of the Universal All the data used for determining the density were Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, with an area of 100 km2. collected in clear and quiet weather, with no rainfall, It is characterized by a continental Mediterranean climate. between 0400 and 0830 hours from the middle of April The average annual temperatures are between 8 and 13.5 °C, to the end of August 2014–2016. The objective was to and the annual amount of precipitation is between 500 and determine the times of the first Turtle Doves’ arrival in 900 mm, reaching a maximum in winter and a minimum the study territory and the first birds singing; reports to in summer/autumn. The duration of the snow cover is determine the breeding density were conducted in the shorter compared to all other areas in Bulgaria (Kopralev, period of May–August. The number of singing Turtle 2002). The following nesting habitats were categorized Doves was estimated over the course of 10 min, after a in the study area: black pine cultures (3.8%); oak forests, 2-min wait on the part of the observer before the onset of represented by Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto Tenn.), the measurement of each point. Austrian oak (Quercus cerris L.), and downy oak (Quercus The differences in the numbers of singing birds in pubescens Willd.) (1.27%); mixed deciduous forests with a different reports and habitats were tested with a chi-square predominant presence of downy oak (4.92%); riparian wet test with the software product STATISTICA, version 8.0 forests (1.54%); shrubs with a predominant presence of (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). * Correspondence: [email protected] 403

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. GRUYCHEV and MIHAYLOV / Turk J Zool

Figure 1. Location of the points to determine the breeding density of Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) in MG-14 (35T) and distribution of habitat types. On left - every square has sides of 1 km; in the black outline are the boundaries of the settlements, with their names in capital letters; the boundaries of the two nature zones are in gray contour – Natura 1 (Reka Maritsa BG 0000578) and Natura 2 (Radinchevo BG0002020); to the right, different habitat types:black pine cultures - 1; oak forest - 2; deciduous forest - 3; riparian forests - 4; shrubs by Paliurus - 5; strips of trees and shrubs by vineyards - 6; strips of trees and shrubs amid arable land - 7.

The first Turtle Doves observed in the study area were forests was significantly higher than in the other studied seen on 18 April, 15 April, and 17 April in 2014, 2015, and habitats (chi-square = 32.650; P < 0.001; Figure 2). 2016, respectively. The first singing birds were heard on The observed times of the Turtle Doves’ arrival within 28 April, 25 April, and 23 April in 2014, 2015, and 2016, the present study align with previously reported ones respectively. They started singing after 0800 hours in the (Simeonov et al., 1990; Milchev, 1991; Baptista et al., 2015). period specified above. The earliest reported song was Results show two peaks in the number of singing Turtle on 18 June 2016 at 0410 hours at a temperature of 18.8 Doves. The second peak probably marks the onset of the °C. For the most part, the onset of singing was between second nesting. Although there is no conclusive evidence 0430 and 0445 hours. The last singing Turtle Doves were on the matter, Turtle Doves normally raise two broods a reported on 21 August, 16 August, and 29 July in 2014, year (Simeonov et al., 1990; Baptista et al., 2015). 2015, and 2016, respectively. The present study established higher numbers of The breeding density in the study area varied from singing Turtle Doves in riparian and oak forests than in 0 to 4.4 breeding pairs per 100 ha (Table). The density other habitats. Previous surveys of the density of Turtle decreased from 4.4 to 2.4 to 1.6 pairs per 100 ha from Doves in Bulgaria also indicated that riparian and oak 2014 to 2016, respectively (chi-square = 46.391, P < forests constitute some of the most populated habitats 0.001). (Simeonov et al., 1990; Nankinov, 1994). The results Two peaks were reported in the number of singing obtained confirm the lower density of the species in open Turtle Doves, at the end of May and at the end of June. A areas with arable land and the birds’ preference for forest considerable difference between the numbers of observed nesting habitats (Figure 2), similar to the results of other singing birds is reflected in the reports (chi-square = studies (Santos et al., 2002; Camprodon and Brotons, 2006; 47.371, P < 0.001) (Figure 2). Bakaloudis et al., 2009; Yahiaoui et al., 2014; Buruaga et The breeding density started its decrease at the end of al., 2012). May and reached its lowest point in the middle of August. The present study found a decrease in the Turtle Dove It varied within the territory studied and the study period. breeding density within the study area. The period was too The number of singing males in the riparian and oak short for trends to be determined, but a definite decline

404 GRUYCHEV and MIHAYLOV / Turk J Zool

Table. Breeding density of Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) in 2014–2016 by months/observations and by different habitat types (breeding pairs/100 ha).

Density in study territory by year Density by habitat in year Reports Habitat type 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016 May 1 3.5 1.5 0.7 Black pine cultures - 1 5.3 3.2 4.5 May 2 4.4 1.9 1.6 Oak forest - 2 5.4 5.4 7.4 June 1 2.8 1.1 1.4 Deciduous forest - 3 8.1 3.4 2.7 June 2 2.1 2.4 1.4 Riparian forests - 4 2.8 10.8 7.6 July 1 0.6 1.9 1.3 Shrubs by Paliurus - 5 4.1 12.8 4.4 July 2 0.4 1.7 0.7 Strips of trees and shrubs by vineyards - 6 6.4 3.1 3.1 August 1 0.1 0.2 0 Strips of trees and shrubs amid arable land - 7 5.6 10 1.3

Months May 1 to August 1 are the number of observations 1–7 in Figure 2; the numbers of habitat types (1, 2, etc.) are used in Figure 2. May 1 designates the first 2 weeks of May; May 2 is the second 2 weeks of May, etc.

Figure 2. Dynamics of singing Turtle Doves during the study period by observation and in different habitats according to the Table (observation weighted marginal means chi-square = 47.371; P < 0.001; mean ± std. error; observations 1–7 are censuses by months in the Table; habitat weighted marginal means chi-square = 32.650, P = 0.00001). in density was reported in comparison to previous studies The limited study area (100 km2) does not demonstrate a dealing with oak forests (Simeonov and Petrov, 1978). decrease in overall breeding density in Bulgaria, but the Turtle Dove populations have declined in many parts of its results indicate a probable decline in comparison with range (Wassink and Oreel, 2008; Kleemann and Quillfeldt, previous periods. Further studies are needed to confirm 2014; Harris et al., 2015; Birdlife International, 2017). the decline in density.

References

Bakaloudis D, Vlachos C, Chatzinikos E, Bontzorlos V, Papacosta Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM, Boesman P, Sharpe CJ (2015). M (2009). Breeding habitats preferences of the turtledove European Turtle-dove (Streptopelia turtur). In: del Hoyo J, Elliott (Streptopelia turtur) in the Dadia-Soufli National Park and its A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E (editors). Handbook of implications for management. European Journal of Wildlife the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. Research 55: 597-602. Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA (1992). Bird Census Techniques. San Diego, CA, USA: Academic Press.

405 GRUYCHEV and MIHAYLOV / Turk J Zool

BirdLife International (2017). Streptopelia turtur (Amended Version Patev P (1950). Birds of Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: Marin Drinov (in Published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Bulgarian). 2017: e.T22690419A110502346. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife Santos T, Telleria J, Carbonell R (2002). Bird conservation in International. fragmented Mediterranean forest of Spain: effects of Buruaga M, Onrubia A, Fernandez-Garcia J, Campos M, Canales F, geographical location, habitat and landscape degradation. Unamuno J (2012). Breeding habitat use and conservation of Biological Conservation 105: 113-125. the turtle dove Streptopelia turtur in Northern Spain. Ardeola Simeonov S, Mitchev T, Nankinov D (1990). Fauna of Bulgaria. Vol. 59: 291-300. 20. Aves, Part I. Sofia, Bulgaria: Marin Drinov (in Bulgarian Camprodon J, Brotons L (2006). Effects of undergrowth clearing with English summary). on the bird communities of the Northwestern Mediterranean Simeonov S, Petrov TZ (1978). Ornithocenological analysis of the coppice holm oak forests. Forest Ecology and Management nest ornithofauna in some deciduous forests in Bulgaria. 221: 72-82. Annual of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Faculty of Harris S, Massimino D, Newson S, Eaton M, Balmer D et al. (2015). Biology 1: 39-47 (in Bulgarian with English summary). The Breeding Bird Survey 2014. BTO Research Report 673. Stoychev S, Mitev I (2007). Turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur). In: Thetford, UK: British Trust for Ornithology. Iankov P (editor). Atlas of Breeding Birds in Bulgaria. BSPB Kleemann L, Quillfeldt P (2014). Habitatpäferenzen der Turteltuube Book 10. Conservation Series. Sofia, Bulgaria: Bulgarian Streptopelia turtur am Beispiel des hessischen Wetteraukreises. Society of the Protection of Birds, pp. 310-311. Vogelwarte 52: 1-11 (in German). Wassink A, Oreel GJ (2008). Birds of Kazakhstan: new and interesting Kopralev I (2002). Geographia na Bulgaria. Sofia, Bulgaria: For Kom data. Dutch Birding 30: 93-100. (in Bulgarian). Yahiaoui K, Arab K, Belhamra M, Browne S, Boutin JM (2014). Milchev B (1991). Bird survey of the Strandzha Mountains in Habitat occupancy by European Turtle Doves (Streptopelia Bulgaria. PhD, Sofia University “Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, turtur) in the Isser valley, Algeria. Revue d’Ecologie (La Terre Bulgaria (in Bulgarian with English summary). et la Vie) 69: 234-246. Nankinov D (1994). The breeding biology of the Turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) in Bulgaria. Gibier Faune Sauvage, Game & Wildlife 11: 155-165.

406