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Birdlife International (2015) European Red List of Birds. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union European Red List of Birds Compiled by BirdLife International European Red List of Birds Compiled by BirdLife International Published by the European Commission. opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Commission or BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, Citation: Publications of the European Communities. Design and layout by: Imre Sebestyén jr. / UNITgraphics.com Printed by: Pannónia Nyomda Picture credits on cover page: Fratercula arctica to continue into the future. © Ondrej Pelánek All photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Available from: to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed Published by the European Commission. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN: 978-92-79-47450-7 DOI: 10.2779/975810 © European Union, 2015 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Printed in Hungary. European Red List of Birds Consortium iii Table of contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................1 Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................................5 1. Background ..........................................................................................................................................................6 1.1 The European context ....................................................................................................................................6 1.2 European birds, distribution and threat status ................................................................................................6 1.3 Objectives of the assessment ...........................................................................................................................9 2. Assessment Methodology .................................................................................................................................10 2.1 Global and regional assessment ....................................................................................................................10 2.2 Data sources .................................................................................................................................................10 2.3 Geographic scope .........................................................................................................................................11 2.4 Preliminary assessments ................................................................................................................................11 2.5 Production of population sizes and trends ....................................................................................................12 3. Results .................................................................................................................................................................13 3.1 Threatened status of birds .............................................................................................................................13 3.2 Status by taxonomic group ...........................................................................................................................19 3.3 Spatial distribution of species .......................................................................................................................20 3.4 Major threats to birds in Europe ..................................................................................................................24 3.5 Demographic trends .....................................................................................................................................25 3.6 Gaps in Knowledge ......................................................................................................................................26 4. Biodiversity protection in Europe and the EU ..................................................................................................27 4.1 European protection of bird species ..............................................................................................................27 4.2 Natura 2000 network ...................................................................................................................................28 4.3 Conservation management of birds in the EU ..............................................................................................31 4.4 Extinction risk versus conservation status in the EU .....................................................................................32 4.5 Red List versus priority for conservation action ............................................................................................33 5. Recommendations and future work ...................................................................................................................34 5.1 Policy recommendations ..............................................................................................................................34 5.2 Application of project outputs ......................................................................................................................35 5.3 Future work .................................................................................................................................................35 References ...............................................................................................................................................................36 Appendix 1. .............................................................................................................................................................38 Appendix 2. .............................................................................................................................................................59 Appendix 3. .............................................................................................................................................................60 iv Introduction We would like to say we are happy to be introducing the 3. The psychological and emotional value to humans. As European Red List of Birds, an exhaustive compendium more work is done on the negative effect of “nature of threatened species, but we are not happy. There should deficit disorder” and the positive effects of exposure not have to be a Red List. One of the reasons for having to nature – even on blood pressure, heart rate, and one is to make future Red Lists unnecessary by saving white cell count – someone may put a value on this and protecting the species involved. role soon. Meanwhile, we know that birds have been around for at least 150 million years, and that, for us, But why should WE bother to do that? you might ask. they are symbols of hope and of our connection to Here are a few reasons. the numinous. Imagine a world without birdsong, without birdflight, without the return of the birds in 1. Obvious economic value. For forest industries, avian spring. Now calculate the cost of the depression and pest control is estimated at billions of dollars annually. hopelessness that would ensue. Fruit farmers and crop farmers also benefit: such pests as codling moths and rats and mice are effectively Perhaps it is time to rewrite John Donne’s famous sermon: controlled by birds. Restoring seabird colonies adds markedly to the supply of fish, as bird excrement No bird is an island, entire of itself; every bird is a piece feeds the phytoplankton necessary for small fish. The of nature, a part of the ecosystem; if a single species be removal of birds from economic systems would have a extinguished, mankind is the less, as well as if a whole family catastrophic impact. were, as well as any manner of thy friends were; any bird species’ death diminishes me, because I am involved in the 2. Hidden economic value. Many, many bird species re- natural world. And therefore never send to know for whom plant forests by distributing nuts and seeds, hiding the Red List is compiled; it is compiled for thee. them in the ground and then failing to collect. Re- growing forests is one of the crucial elements in any First the birds, then us. Unless we pay attention, we’ll be overall carbon-uptake plan; here the role of birds is on the Red List next. Take note. essential. The jay and the nutcracker are veteran forest- planters. Margaret Atwood and Graeme Gibson. Honourary Presidents, Rare Bird Club, BirdLife International. v Foreword Wild birds, many of which This has been achieved through very important collaboration are migratory, represent an between Member States authorities,
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