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Vol. 10 (1) 2016 Editorial (p. 3) Focus Section: Introduction: Extremely Violent Societies Susanne Karstedt (pp. 4 – 9) Extremely Violent Societies Cascades Across An “Extremely Violent Society”: Sri Lanka John Braithwaite / Bina D’Costa (pp. 10 – 24) Political and Ethnic Identity in Violent Conflict: The Case of Central African Republic Wendy Isaacs-Martin (pp. 25 – 39) Violent Mexico: Participatory and Multipolar Violence Associated with Organised Crime Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira (pp. 40 – 60) Violent Caracas: Understanding Violence and Homicide in Contemporary Venezuela Stiven Tremaria (pp. 61 – 76) Torture as Theatre in Papua Budi Hernawan (pp. 77 – 92) Open Section The “Secret Islamization” of Europe: Exploring Integrated Threat Theory for Predicting Islamophobic Conspiracy Stereotypes< Fatih Uenal (pp. 93 – 108) Explaining Prejudice toward Americans and Europeans in Egypt: Closed-mindedness and Conservatism Mediate Effects of Religious Fundamentalism Friederike Sadowski / Gerd Bohner (pp. 109 – 126) A Gender Perspective on State Support for Crime Victims in Switzerland Anne Kersten / Monica Budowski (pp. 127 – 140) urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2016189 ISSN: 1864–1385 IJCV: Vol. 10 (1) 2016, p. 2 2 Copyright Page International Journal of Conflict and Violence – IJCV The International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) is a peer-reviewed periodical for scientific exchange and public dissemination of the latest academic research on conflict and violence. It was included in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) in March 2011. The subjects on which the IJCV concentrates have always been the subject of interest in many different areas of academic life. Con- sequently, the journal encompasses contributions from a wide range of disci- plines including sociology, political science, education, social psychology, crimi- nology, ethnology, history, political philosophy, urban studies, economics, and the study of religions. The IJCV is open-access: All text of the IJCV is subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License. The IJCV is published twice a year, in spring and in fall. Each issue will focus on one specific topic while also including articles on other issues. Editors Editorial Staff (University of Bielefeld) Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick, Editor-in-Chief (University of Bielefeld) Dipl.-Soz. Julia Marth Prof. Gary LaFree, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) Dr. Kurt Salentin Prof. Steven F. Messner, Ph.D. (University at Albany, NY) Dr. Peter Sitzer Dr. Ekaterina Stepanova (Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) Managing Editor Advisory Board Julia Marth Prof. Tore Bjørgo, Ph.D. (Norwegian Police University College, Oslo) University of Bielefeld Prof. Ronald Crelinsten, Ph.D. (University of Victoria) Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence Prof. Robert D. Crutchfield, Ph.D. (University of Washington, Seattle) P.O. Box 100131 Prof. Donatella della Porta, Ph.D. (European University Institute, Florence) 33501 Bielefeld Prof. Dr. Julia Eckert (University of Bern) Germany Prof. Dr. Manuel Eisner (University of Cambridge) [email protected] Prof. Richard B. Felson, Ph.D. (Pennsylvania State University) www.ijcv.org Prof. Gideon Fishman, Ph.D. (University of Haifa) Prof. Ted Robert Gurr, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) Copy-Editing Prof. Dr. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (University of Bielefeld) Meredith Dale, Berlin Prof. Miles Hewstone, Ph.D. (University of Oxford) [email protected] Prof. Rowell Huesmann, Ph.D. (University of Michigan) Prof. Dr. Barbara Krahé (University of Potsdam) Typesetting Prof. Jianhong Liu, Ph.D. (University of Macau) Florian Rudt, Bielefeld Prof. Dr. Jitka Male ková (Charles University Prague) [email protected] Dr. Nonna Mayer (Centre de Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po, Paris) Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Neidhardt (Social Science Research Center Berlin) Design by Prof. Thomas Pettigrew, Ph.D. (University of California Santa Cruz) meier stracke gbr, büro für gestaltung Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schneckener (University of Osnabrück) Ernst-Rein-Str. 40 Prof. Dr. Rashmi Singh (The Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais) 33613 Bielefeld Prof. Nandini Sundar (University of Delhi) Germany Prof. Dr. Helmut Thome (Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg) [email protected] Prof. Jorge Vala (Universidade de Lisboa) www.meier-stracke.de Prof. Dr. Ulrich Wagner (Philipps-University of Marburg) IJCV : Vol. 10 (1) 2016, p. 3 Editorial: Letter from the Editors 3 Editorial Letter from the Editors Dear Reader, We are delighted to present to you the latest issue of the International Journal of Conflict and Violence. In its focus section the issue is engaged with sharpening our understanding of what characterizes extremely violent societies. The assembled contributions on mass atrocities in several national contexts exemplify that extremely violent societies are by no means to be seen as pure results of state actors’ repression but find their roots in a complex interplay of individual and group roles and their demands, often embedded in long-term conflicts in the context of civil wars and ethnic conflicts. Our sincere thanks are given to Susanne Karstedt who has taken the challenge to collect different insights into this fairly new under- standing of mass violence and genocide that was firstly introduced by Christian Gerlach. The journals open section this time opens with an article by Fatih Uenal who takes a deeper look into the nature and origin of islamophobic conspiracy stereo- types. Following, Friederike Sadowski and Gerd Bohner investigate prejudices toward Americans and Europeans in Egypt. The issue closes with a gender- orientated analysis of state support for crime victims in Switzerland by Anne Kersten and Monika Budowski. Enjoy reading! October 2016 Andreas Zick Steven F. Messner Gary LaFree Ekaterina Stepanova urn:nbn:de:0070-ijcv-2016117 IJCV: Vol. 10 (1) 2016 Introduction: Extremely Violent Societies Susanne Karstedt, Griffith University, Australia Vol. 10 (1) 2016 Editorial (p. 3) Focus Section: Introduction: Extremely Violent Societies Susanne Karstedt (pp. 4 – 9) Extremely Violent Societies Cascades Across An “Extremely Violent Society”: Sri Lanka John Braithwaite / Bina D’Costa (pp. 10 – 24) Political and Ethnic Identity in Violent Conflict: The Case of Central African Republic Wendy Isaacs-Martin (pp. 25 – 39) Violent Mexico: Participatory and Multipolar Violence Associated with Organised Crime Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira (pp. 40 – 60) Violent Caracas: Understanding Violence and Homicide in Contemporary Venezuela Stiven Tremaria (pp. 61 – 76) Torture as Theatre in Papua Budi Hernawan (pp. 77 – 92) Open Section The “Secret Islamization” of Europe: Exploring Integrated Threat Theory for Predicting Islamophobic Conspiracy Stereotypes Fatih Uenal (pp. 93 – 108) Explaining Prejudice toward Americans and Europeans in Egypt: Closed-mindedness and Conservatism Mediate Effects of Religious Fundamentalism Friederike Sadowski / Gerd Bohner (pp. 109 – 126) A Gender Perspective on State Support for Crime Victims in Switzerland Anne Kersten / Monica Budowski (pp. 127 – 140) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License. ISSN: 1864–1385 IJCV: Vol. 10 (1) 2016 Susanne Karstedt: Introduction: Extremely Violent Societies 5 Introduction: Extremely Violent Societies Susanne Karstedt, Griffith University, Australia In 1995 the German public was confronted with an exhibition of crimes committed by the German Armed Forces when they participated in the Holocaust in East Europe during the Second World War. The displayed photographs showed in graphic detail the killings committed by German soldiers, and documented the direct involvement in mass murder by many men (and some women). In 2015, an exhibition of photos of torture and murder by security forces in Syria was shown in the United Nation’s headquarters in New York and later in the European Parliament in Brussels; these photos had been allegedly taken by one or more photographers working for the Syrian security forces and later been brought out of the country. Stephen Ferry’s Violentology – A Manual of the Colombian Conflict (2012) is a collection of images of massive and persistent violence during the Colombian conflict. These exemplary photo documentations present im- ages of mass violence in the twentieth and twenty-first century and they reveal the major changes in atrocity crimes and mass violence since the Holocaust, as shown in the first, 1995 exhibition. What actually changed between the Holocaust and the two strategy at the top, hierarchical chains of command, rigid later cases of mass violence? First, even in the course of the transmission of elite ideology into subaltern motivation, violent decades of the second half of the twentieth and the and unquestioned ideological consensus between elite beginning of the twenty-first century “mega-genocides” leaders and the population (Hinton 1998). This “excep- (Levene 2004, 163) like the Holocaust were rare events, but tionalist” model based on the Holocaust is presently ques- mass violence was not. The majority of these events are of a tioned in many ways, as new legal, political, and analytical smaller scale than the Holocaust and more recent geno- challenges arise from profound changes in the global land- cides, however their reiteration in the course of long-term scape of extreme violence that have become visible during conflicts account for millions of victims across the globe. the last decades of the twentieth and the first of
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