DOCSLIB.ORG

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Guzmán‑Terán et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2020) 19:19 Annals of Clinical Microbiology https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941‑020‑00360‑4 and Antimicrobials REVIEW Open Access Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: the problem is not over for tropical America Camilo Guzmán‑Terán1, Alfonso Calderón‑Rangel2, Alfonso Rodriguez‑Morales3,4 and Salim Mattar2* Abstract The equine encephalitis viruses, Venezuelan (VEEV), East (EEEV) and West (WEEV), belong to the genus alphavirus, family Togaviridae and still represent a threat for human and animal public health in the Americas. In both, these infections are characterized by high viremia, rash, fever, encephalitis and death. VEEV encephalitis is similar, clinically, to other arboviral diseases, such as dengue, Zika or chikungunya. Most of the alphaviruses are transmitted between vertebrates and mosquitoes. They are able to replicate in a wide number of hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibian and arthropods. The VEEV has enzootic and epizootic transmission cycles. At the enzootic one, enzootic strains (subtype I, serotypes D–F and serotypes II–VI) are continuously circulating between mosquitoes and wild rodents in tropical forests and mangroves of the Americas. The main reseroivrs are wild rodent species of the sub‑ family Sigmodontinae. However, bats can be also accidental reservoirs of VEEV. In this article, we reviewed the main features, epidemiology, clinical aspects and the current perspectives of the VEEV. Keywords: Arbovirus, Equine, Chiroptera, Alphavirus, Zoonoses, Americas Background VEEV are amplifed in Equidae, where they spread rap- Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis is caused by the idly and can be highly pathogenic in horses, donkeys, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Mos- and mules. Te disease in horses is characterized by quito vectors transmit the virus, mainly afects Equidae, fever, loss of appetite, and disorders of the central nerv- humans, and wild animals. Te enzootic cycle of VEEV ous system, such as muscle deterioration, blindness, and is complex and infects many diferent species of mam- seizures. In humans, early symptoms of VEEV infection mals and mosquitoes. Some of the enzootic viral spe- include fu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, malaise, cies within the Alphavirus genus are known as VEEV, severe headache, myalgia in the legs and lower back, Mosso das Pedras virus, Everglades virus, Mucambo tachycardia, and in some cases, nausea, vomiting, and virus, Tonate virus, Pixuna virus, Cabassou virus, and Río diarrhea. If there are neurological signs, they can include Negro virus [1]. seizures, drowsiness, confusion, and photophobia. Chil- Te spread of VEEV varies in speed and intensity dren are more likely to sufer permanent neurological according to the viral subtype and the densities of mos- damage. After 4 to 6 days of acute illness, the patient may quito populations, and the transmission is produced feel weak for several weeks. Lethal cases manifest with by the vector that feeds on an infected animal and sub- difuse congestion and edema in the brain, gastrointes- sequently infects a new host. Te epizootic subtypes of tinal tract, and pulmonary hemorrhage and sometimes triggers meningoencephalitis. *Correspondence: [email protected] Biological characteristics of VEEV 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico (IIBT), Facultad de Te International Virus Taxonomy Committee classifed Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia the virus into the Togaviridae family, genus Alphavirus, Full list of author information is available at the end of the article and according to the Baltimore classifcation: Group IV © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Guzmán‑Terán et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2020) 19:19 Page 2 of 8 (+) ssRNA (REF). Te VEEV has single-stranded RNA extending northward into Saskatchewan, Canada [7], the approximately 70 nm in diameter, with icosahedral sym- epizootic reached the east side of the Canadian Rock- metry. Te 5′ end of the genome encodes four non-struc- ies [8, 9]. Te incidence of WEEV has decreased over tural proteins, nsP1, nsP2, nsP3 and nsP4, and the 3′ end the past four decades [10], the last human case in North is responsible for three structural proteins, the capsid and America occurred in 1994, and the virus has not been the envelope proteins E1 and E2. Non-structural proteins detected in mosquito pools since 2008. Te WEEV was participate in the replication of the viral genome involved isolated in Argentina in 2009. Subsequently, an outbreak in functions of the cytoplasm of the host. in Uruguay resulted in a fatal human case [11] (Fig. 1). With respect, the North American variant of the EEEV VEEV and other similar equine encephalitis in America is found in Eastern Canada, and in all states east of the In addition to VEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis Mississippi, it has also been isolated in Arkansas, Min- (EEEV), Western (WEEV) are frequent viral infections nesota, South Dakota, and Texas. Te South American in the Americas (Fig. 1), which also belong to the genus variant is found in areas of Central and South America Alphavirus (Togaviridae). In humans, WEEV, EEEV and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Te numer- viruses, like VEEV, cause symptoms ranging from mild ous strains of the EEEV can be grouped into two variants. febrile illness to severe encephalitis that can lead to death Te variant found in North America is more pathogenic [2]. As a result of vaccination, in some countries such as than the variant of Central and South America. Most the United States, there are no longer periodically severe of the Caribbean strains belong to the North American epidemics of EEEV and WEEV encephalitis (Fig. 1). How- EEEV group, but the South American variant can also be ever, sporadic cases and small outbreaks are observed. found (Fig. 1). Te VEEV continues to present epidemic outbreaks in Due to genetic divergence and signifcant diferences South America in equine and human populations [3, 4]. in ecology and pathogenesis, the isolations of South WEEV is a natural chimera resulting from the recombi- America from EEEV were recently classifed as a dis- nation of the EEEV virus and the Sindbis virus (SINV) [5]. tinct species that was called Madariaga virus (MADV) It circulates in North and South America among espe- [12, 13]. However, unlike the EEEV of North America, cially passerine birds and Culex tarsalis mosquitoes its the MADV, formerly known as equine encephalitis of main vector, mammals can participate in a second cycle the South American East, was not associated with out- [4, 6]. Between 1930 and 1950, WEEV produced wide- breaks in humans before 2010 when the frst outbreak of spread outbreaks that covered western North America, the MADV was reported in the Darien region of Panama. Fig. 1 Geographical distribution of the equine encephalitis in the Americas. a VEEV. b EEEV. c WEEV Guzmán‑Terán et al. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob (2020) 19:19 Page 3 of 8 Before the Darién outbreak, in South America, there diagnosis requires specialized laboratory tests that are were only three reported cases of EEEV in humans in difcult to implement in regions with limited resources. Brazil and Trinidad. Unlike the epidemiological profle Terefore, an endemic disease in developing countries in South America, in North America, eight human cases remains mostly unknown. Surveillance suggests that of neuroinvasive EEEV disease have been reported on it may represent up to 10% of the burden of dengue in average between 2004 and 2013 [12, 13]. From the epi- neo-tropical cities, or tens of thousands of cases per year demiological perspective, it is interesting to observe that throughout Latin America [19] (Fig. 2). when comparing the epidemics and epizootics of MADV and VEEV, the latter are explosive and involve equine Relationship of the antigenic subgroups amplifcation, which has resulted in 100,000 cases or and the epidemiology of VEEV more in humans and thousands of equine deaths in Latin Te essential antigenic subgroups of VEEV are subtype America. (I), which also includes fve subtypes of diferent origins: lA (Venezuela and Trinidad), IB (Peru and Argentina), IC Epidemiology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Venezuela and Colombia), ID (Colombia and Panama), Te clinical manifestation of the disease was described lE (Panama and Mexico); Subtype (II) Florida; Subtype as a “mad plague” in South America in the 1920s [14]. (III) Mucambo.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Description
    Eastern Equine Importance Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis are mosquito-borne, Encephalomyelitis, viral infections that can cause severe encephalitis in horses and humans. Some of Western Equine these viruses also cause disease occasionally in other mammals and birds. No specific treatment is available, and depending on the virus and host, the case fatality rate may Encephalomyelitis and be as high as 90%. As a result of vaccination, severe Eastern (EEE) and Western (WEE) equine encephalomyelitis epidemics no longer occur regularly in the U.S., but Venezuelan Equine sporadic cases and small outbreaks are still seen. Epidemic Venezuelan equine Encephalomyelitis encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses continue to emerge periodically in South America, and sweep through equine and human populations. One two-year VEE epidemic, Sleeping Sickness which began in 1969, extended from South America to the southern U.S., and caused an estimated 38,000-50,000 cases in equids. Epidemic VEE viruses are also potential Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis bioterrorist weapons. (EEE) –Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Eastern Encephalitis Etiology Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis result from infection Western Equine Encephalomyelitis by the respectively named viruses in the genus Alphavirus (family Togaviridae). In (WEE) –Western Equine Encephalitis the human literature, the disease is usually called Eastern, Western or Venezuelan equine encephalitis rather than encephalomyelitis. Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) –Peste Loca, Venezuelan Equine Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus Encephalitis, Venezuelan Encephalitis, The numerous isolates of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) can Venezuelan Equine Fever be grouped into two variants. The variant found in North America is more pathogenic than the variant that occurs in South and Central America.
    [Show full text]
  • Candidate Vectors and Rodent Hosts of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Chiapas, 2006–2007
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85(6), 2011, pp. 1146–1153 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0094 Copyright © 2011 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Candidate Vectors and Rodent Hosts of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus, Chiapas, 2006–2007 Eleanor R. Deardorff ,* Jose G. Estrada-Franco , Jerome E. Freier , Roberto Navarro-Lopez , Amelia Travassos Da Rosa , Robert B. Tesh , and Scott C. Weaver Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado; Comision Mexico-Estado Unidos para la Prevencion de la Fiebre Aftosa y Otras Enfermedades Exoticas de los Animales, Mexico City, Mexico Abstract. Enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) has been known to occur in Mexico since the 1960s. The first natural equine epizootic was recognized in Chiapas in 1993 and since then, numerous studies have characterized the etiologic strains, including reverse genetic studies that incriminated a specific mutation that enhanced infection of epizootic mosquito vectors. The aim of this study was to determine the mosquito and rodent species involved in enzootic maintenance of subtype IE VEEV in coastal Chiapas. A longitudinal study was conducted over a year to discern which species and habitats could be associated with VEEV circulation. Antibody was rarely detected in mammals and virus was not isolated from mosquitoes. Additionally, Culex ( Melanoconion ) taeniopus populations were found to be spatially related to high levels of human and bovine seroprevalence. These mosquito populations were concentrated in areas that appear to represent foci of stable, enzootic VEEV circulation.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation
    ECOLOGY OF CULEX (MELANOCONION) CEDECEI, VECTOR OF EVERGLADES VIRUS IN FLORIDA By ISAIAH J. HOYER A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Isaiah J. Hoyer To my father, Kevin R. Hoyer and mother Ava L. Hoyer. You have both supported me from Alaska to Florida, and everywhere in between. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Nathan Burkett-Cadena for his guidance and council. Much of the work presented is attributed to Dr. Burkett-Cadena’s ingenuity and shared interest in sylvatic cycles of mosquito-host interactions. I thank Dr. Jonathan Day and Dr. Phil Lounibos for their insightful feedback and support. I extend my gratitude to Dr. Erik Blosser for his occasional visits to the field, shared knowledge, and support. I thank Lary Reeves for acquiring the Everglades National Park permit, his company in the Everglades, and his contagious broad exuberant enthusiasm for the natural world. I further extend my thanks to the FMEL technicians who performed a large part of bloodmeal extractions and PCR assays, Carolina Acevedo, Tanise Stenn, Anna Thompson, and Jordan Vann; additionally, thanking Glauber Rocha Pereira for his assistance identifying CO2-baited CDC light-trap mosquito samples. Lastly, I express warm regards to my friends and family for their unwavering encouragement. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Abundance, Host Use, and Everglades Virus Infection in Culex (Melanoconion) Cedecei Mosquitoes, Florida, USA Isaiah J
    Patterns of Abundance, Host Use, and Everglades Virus Infection in Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei Mosquitoes, Florida, USA Isaiah J. Hoyer, Carolina Acevedo, Keenan Wiggins, Barry W. Alto, Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena Everglades virus (EVEV), subtype II within the Venezuelan (8,11). Studies in Panama concluded that Cx. panocossa equine encephalitis (VEE) virus complex, is a mosquito- (as Cx. aikenii) mosquitoes were the most important VEE borne zoonotic pathogen endemic to south Florida, USA. vector on the basis of high VEE experimental transmission EVEV infection in humans is considered rare, probably be- rates (9), high experimental infection rates (9), high popu- cause of the sylvatic nature of the vector, the Culex (Mela- lation density (9), and feeding upon VEE reservoir hosts noconion) cedecei mosquito. The introduction of Cx. pano- (10,11). The establishment of Cx. panocossa mosquitoes in cossa, a tropical vector mosquito of VEE virus subtypes that inhabits urban areas, may increase human EVEV exposure. urban areas could link sylvatic transmission foci of EVEV Field studies investigating spatial and temporal patterns of with densely populated areas such as the greater Miami abundance, host use, and EVEV infection of Cx. cedecei metropolitan area through vegetated canals (8). mosquitoes in Everglades National Park found that vector Evidence of sporadic human infections with EVEV in abundance was dynamic across season and region. Ro- south Florida in the 1960s (12,13) spurred numerous field dents, particularly Sigmodon hispidus rats, were primary and laboratory studies to investigate the natural transmis- vertebrate hosts, constituting 77%–100% of Cx. cedecei sion cycle of the virus, focusing on determining the natural blood meals.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare
    Alphavirus Encephalitides Chapter 20 ALPHAVIRUS ENCEPHALITIDES SHELLEY P. HONNOLD, DVM, PhD*; ERIC C. MOSSEL, PhD†; LESLEY C. DUPUY, PhD‡; ELAINE M. MORAZZANI, PhD§; SHANNON S. MARTIN, PhD¥; MARY KATE HART, PhD¶; GEORGE V. LUDWIG, PhD**; MICHAEL D. PARKER, PhD††; JONATHAN F. SMITH, PhD‡‡; DOUGLAS S. REED, PhD§§; and PAMELA J. GLASS, PhD¥¥ INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE ANTIGENICITY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Antigenic and Genetic Relationships Epidemiology and Ecology STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF ALPHAVIRUSES Virion Structure PATHOGENESIS CLINICAL DISEASE AND DIAGNOSIS Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Eastern Equine Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalitis Differential Diagnosis of Alphavirus Encephalitis Medical Management and Prevention IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS Relevant Immune Effector Mechanisms Passive Immunization Active Immunization THERAPEUTICS SUMMARY 479 244-949 DLA DS.indb 479 6/4/18 11:58 AM Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare *Lieutenant Colonel, Veterinary Corps, US Army; Director, Research Support and Chief, Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702; formerly, Biodefense Research Pathologist, Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland †Major, Medical Service Corps, US Army Reserve; Microbiologist, Division of Virology, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702; formerly, Science and Technology Advisor, Detachment
    [Show full text]
  • Islands As Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses: a One-Health Perspective
    viruses Review Islands as Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses: A One-Health Perspective Carla Mavian 1,2,*, Melissa Dulcey 2,3,†, Olga Munoz 2,3,4,†, Marco Salemi 1,2, Amy Y. Vittor 2,5,‡ and Ilaria Capua 2,4,‡ 1 Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; [email protected]fl.edu 2 Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; dulceym@ufl.edu (M.D.); omunoz@ufl.edu (O.M.); [email protected]fl.edu (A.Y.V.); icapua@ufl.edu (I.C.) 3 Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 4 One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 5 Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA * Correspondence: cmavian@ufl.edu † These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 8 November 2018; Accepted: 18 December 2018; Published: 25 December 2018 Abstract: During the past ten years, an increasing number of arbovirus outbreaks have affected tropical islands worldwide. We examined the available literature in peer-reviewed journals, from the second half of the 20th century until 2018, with the aim of gathering an overall picture of the emergence of arboviruses in these islands. In addition, we included information on environmental and social drivers specific to island setting that can facilitate the emergence of outbreaks. Within the context of the One Health approach, our review highlights how the emergence of arboviruses in tropical islands is linked to the complex interplay between their unique ecological settings and to the recent changes in local and global sociodemographic patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Links Between Invasive Species and Zoonotic Disease Transmission: a Case Study in Florida, Usa
    LINKS BETWEEN INVASIVE SPECIES AND ZOONOTIC DISEASE TRANSMISSION: A CASE STUDY IN FLORIDA, USA Findings from the study ‘Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease’ (Hoyer et al., 2017) Zoonotic diseases are increasingly posing risks to global health and well-being—from Ebola in West Africa to Lyme disease in North America. The COVID-19 pandemic has also CONTEXT been traced to a zoonoses transfer in a Chinese wet market. Linkages between zoonoses and invasive species have yet to be sufficiently explored. [Presentation for the scientific community] Key talking points ● How invasive species may alter the transmission of zoonoses is an overlooked research area. ● Disease spillover is a global priority with growing urgency. ● Invasive species have the potential to create indirect trophic cascades in their non-native ecosystems (Hoyer et al., 2017). ● More diverse communities can reduce zoonotic risk through dilution: decreasing vector contact with pathogen reservoirs (Hoyer et al., 2017). Invasive apex predators may then increase zoonotic risk by reducing ecosystem diversity. Unless otherwise noted, all images are open source. CASE STUDY BACKGROUND INVASIVE BURMESE LESS MAMMALIAN COTTON RAT: CX. CEDECEI MOSQUITO: PYTHON POPULATION DIVERSITY IN THE EVERGLADES VIRUS EVEV PRIMARY VECTOR EVERGLADES (EVEV) RESERVOIR HOST RESEARCH QUESTION What are the potential impacts of the community effects of Burmese pythons on contact between reservoir hosts and vectors of EVEV? Key talking points: ● Research has shown that invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are reducing the numbers of mammals in Everglades National Park by 80–99%, including raccoons, rabbits, deer, and opossums (Dorcas et al., 2012; McCleery et al., 2015; Willson, and Driscoll, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Aerosol Infection of Balb/C Mice with Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus; Susceptibility and Lethality Amanda L
    Phelps et al. Virology Journal (2019) 16:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-018-1103-7 RESEARCH Open Access Aerosol infection of Balb/c mice with eastern equine encephalitis virus; susceptibility and lethality Amanda L. Phelps1* , Lyn M. O’Brien1, Lin S. Eastaugh1, Carwyn Davies1, Mark S. Lever1, Jane Ennis2, Larry Zeitlin2, Alejandro Nunez3 and David O. Ulaeto1 Abstract Background: Eastern equine encephalitis virus is an alphavirus that naturally cycles between mosquitoes and birds or rodents in Eastern States of the US. Equine infection occurs by being bitten by cross-feeding mosquitoes, with a case fatality rate of up to 75% in humans during epizootic outbreaks. There are no licensed medical countermeasures, and with an anticipated increase in mortality when exposed by the aerosol route based on anecdotal human data and experimental animal data, it is important to understand the pathogenesis of this disease in pursuit of treatment options. This report details the clinical and pathological findings of mice infected with EEEV by the aerosol route, and use as a model for EEEV infection in humans. Methods: Mice were exposed by the aerosol route to a dose range of EEEV to establish the median lethal dose. A pathogenesis study followed whereby mice were exposed to a defined dose of virus and sacrificed at time-points thereafter for histopathological analysis and virology. Results: Clinical signs of disease appeared within 2 days post challenge, culminating in severe clinical signs within 24 h, neuro-invasion and dose dependent lethality. EEEV was first detected in the lung 1 day post challenge, and by day 3 peak viral titres were observed in the brain, spleen and blood, corresponding with severe meningoencephalitis, indicative of encephalitic disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Sindbis and Middelburg Old World Alphaviruses Associated with Neurologic Disease in Horses, South Africa
    Sindbis and Middelburg Old World Alphaviruses Associated with Neurologic Disease in Horses, South Africa Stephanie van Niekerk, Stacey Human, and acute neurologic infections reported to our surveil- June Williams, Erna van Wilpe, lance program by veterinarians across South Africa dur- Marthi Pretorius, Robert Swanepoel, ing January 2008–December 2013. Of reported cases, 346 Marietjie Venter horses had neurologic signs; 277 had mainly febrile illness and other miscellaneous signs, including colic and sudden Old World alphaviruses were identified in 52 of 623 horses death (online Technical Appendix Figure 1, panel A, http:// with febrile or neurologic disease in South Africa. Five of wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/21/12/15-0132-Techapp.pdf). 8 Sindbis virus infections were mild; 2 of 3 fatal cases in- Formalin-fixed tissue samples from horses that died were volved co-infections. Of 44 Middelburg virus infections, 28 caused neurologic disease; 12 were fatal. Middelburg virus submitted for histopathology. Horses ranged from <1 to 20 likely has zoonotic potential. years of age and included thoroughbred, Arabian, warm- blood, and part-bred horses; most were bred locally. A generic nested alphavirus nonstructural polyprotein lphaviruses (Togaviridae) include zoonotic, vector- (nsP) region 4 gene reverse transcription PCR (10) was Aborne viruses with epidemic potential (1). Phyloge- used to screen total nucleic acids. TaqMan probes (Roche, netic analysis defined 2 monophyletic groups: 1) the New Indianapolis, IN, USA) were developed for rapid differen- World group, consisting of Sindbis virus (SINV), Venezu- tiation of MIDV and SINV by real-time PCR (online Tech- elan equine encephalitis virus, and Eastern equine encepha- nical Appendix).
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus Taeniorhynchus and Culex Nigripalpus for Everglades Virus
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73(1), 2005, pp. 11–16 Copyright © 2005 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene SUSCEPTIBILITY OF OCHLEROTATUS TAENIORHYNCHUS AND CULEX NIGRIPALPUS FOR EVERGLADES VIRUS LARK L. COFFEY* AND SCOTT C. WEAVER Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Abstract. Everglades virus (EVEV), an alphavirus in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex, is a mosquito-borne human pathogen endemic to South Florida. Field isolations of EVEV from Culex (Melanoconion) cedecei and laboratory susceptibility experiments established this species as its primary vector. However, isolates of EVEV from Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus and Culex nigripalpus, more abundant and widespread species in South Florida, suggested that they also transmit EVEV and could infect many people. We performed susceptibility experi- ments with F1 generation Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus to evaluate their permissiveness to EVEV infection. In contrast to the high degree of susceptibility of Cx.(Mel.) cedecei, Oc. taeniorhynchus and Cx. nigripalpus were relatively refractory to oral EVEV infection, indicating that they are probably not important vectors. Identification of vectors involved in enzootic EVEV transmission will assist in understanding potential changes in vector use that could accompany the emergence of epizootic or epidemic EVEV. INTRODUCTION epidemics are believed to arise when mutations in enzootic subtype ID strains generate epizootic variants that produce Everglades virus (EVEV), a member of the Venezuelan high-titered viremias in horses, resulting in amplification and equine encephalitis (VEE) complex of alphaviruses (To- spillover to humans.11 EVEV, which generates only low-titer gaviridae: Alphavirus), is a human pathogen endemic to viremias in experimentally infected horses,12 may not be ca- South Florida that causes febrile illness and sometimes severe 1–3 pable of adapting for equine replication like the subtype ID neurologic disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of Mwinilunga Alphavirus : a Novel Alphavirus in Culex Mosquitoes in Zambia
    Title Discovery of Mwinilunga alphavirus : A novel alphavirus in Culex mosquitoes in Zambia Torii, Shiho; Orba, Yasuko; Hang'ombe, Bernard M.; Mweene, Aaron S.; Wada, Yuji; Anindita, Paulina D.; Author(s) Phongphaew, Wallaya; Qiu, Yongjin; Kajihara, Masahiro; Mori-Kajihara, Akina; Eto, Yoshiki; Harima, Hayato; Sasaki, Michihito; Carr, Michael; Hall, William W.; Eshita, Yuki; Abe, Takashi; Sawa, Hirofumi Virus Research, 250, 31-36 Citation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.04.005 Issue Date 2018-05-02 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/73890 © 2018. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Rights(URL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Type article (author version) File Information Torii_et_al_HUSCUP.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Discovery of Mwinilunga alphavirus: a novel alphavirus in Culex mosquitoes in Zambia Shiho Torii1, Yasuko Orba1*, Bernard M. Hang’ombe2,10, Aaron S. Mweene3,9,10, Yuji Wada1, Paulina D. Anindita1, Wallaya Phongphaew1, Yongjin Qiu4, Masahiro Kajihara5, Akina Mori-Kajihara5, Yoshiki Eto5, Hayato Harima4, Michihito Sasaki1, Michael Carr6,7, William W. Hall7,8,9,10, Yuki Eshita4, Takashi Abe11, Hirofumi Sawa1,7,9,10* 1Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 2Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia 3Department
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between the Invasive Burmese Python, Python Bivittatus Kuhl, and the Local Mosquito Community in Florida, USA Lawrence E
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Publications Health Inspection Service 2018 Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA Lawrence E. Reeves University of Florida, [email protected] Kenneth L. Krysko Florida Museum of Natural History Michael L. Avery USDA National Wildlife Research Center, [email protected] Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman University of Florida Akito Y. Kawahara University of Florida See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Life Sciences Commons Reeves, Lawrence E.; Krysko, Kenneth L.; Avery, Michael L.; Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer L.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Connelly, C. Roxanne; and Kaufman, Phillip E., "Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA" (2018). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 2041. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/2041 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Lawrence E. Reeves, Kenneth L. Krysko, Michael L. Avery, Jennifer L. Gillett-Kaufman, Akito Y. Kawahara, C. Roxanne Connelly, and Phillip E. Kaufman This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/ 2041 RESEARCH ARTICLE Interactions between the invasive Burmese python, Python bivittatus Kuhl, and the local mosquito community in Florida, USA Lawrence E.
    [Show full text]