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Woongin Baekje (Gongju)

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Woongin Baekje (Gongju) Woongin Baekje (Gongju) 1. Songsan-ri Burial Mounds 2. Gongsanseong Fortress - 1 - Songsan-ri Burial 1. The Construction of the Royal Tomb of King Mounds Muryeong Welcome to King Muryeong’s Tomb Reproduction Exhibition. This exhibition is filled with artifacts that were excavated from the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong. The original tomb of King Muryeong is currently closed for preservation. So, all the exhibits are replicas open to the public. However, the excavated relics are displayed in nearby Gongju National Museum, so why don’t you visit the museum later and take a look at those beautiful treasures? Now we will enter into the exhibition. This diorama demonstrates the construction process of the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong. The tomb is not only representative of Baekje culture, but is also a valuable historic site that provides concrete evidence of the cultural exchange that took place across East Asia. The excavated items suggest that Baekje served as a bridge for cultural exchange between China and Japan during the 5th century. Now let’s look at how the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong was built. Although royal tombs of the Baekje Kingdom were usually made by heaping stones, the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong was an exception. Influenced by Chinese customs, it was made of bricks. First, let’s look at the brick-making process. The construction of the delicate, arched roof of the tomb required a variety of bricks of different shapes and sizes. Indeed, more than 30 types of bricks were used in the construction of the tomb. After the bricks were made, major building work began. The - 2 - most interesting point here is that the bricks were laid upon one another without using mortar. An arched tomb such as this could only be built if the bricks fitted together perfectly, like the pieces of a puzzle. Meticulous calculations based on an architectural blueprint ensured that the bricks were laid precisely. Baekje workers first constructed a timber frame to support the structure as it was being built, and then removed the frame upon completion of the brickwork. This creative method of brick construction was an impressive technological feat. - 3 - Songsan-ri Burial 2.Songsan-ri Burial Mounds, Tomb No. 6 Mounds According to this research data, one of these two tombs is sure to belong to King Muryeong. The tomb at the back is larger, but in my opinion, King Muryeong’s tomb is the one at the front. Why? Because the larger tomb is a fake! Constructing a larger, fancier tomb was a typical method of camouflage used to protect the real tomb. I’m sure of it. They might have deceived other people but they can’t deceive me! Hurry up! Let’s start excavating! Ha-ha-ha! I’ve found it! This brick tomb is exceptional. Wow! That painted mural represents the four deities! It must be very rare and precious. As I expected, this tomb is significantly different to the tombs of other kings. Ha-ha-ha! I’ve finally found the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong! [Narration] The tomb here is a reproduction of Songsan-ri Tomb No. 6 which was once thought to be the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong. When it was excavated, the tomb was found to be empty and thus its occupant was not identifiable. It was named Tomb No. 6 as it was the sixth tomb of a member of the Baekje royal family to be discovered. During the Japanese Colonial Period, the Japanese history teacher, Garubejion, insisted that the tomb he found was the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, located nearby, remained safe from the intruders and grave robbers. It is a great historical irony that the error of an amateur historian actually protected the real tomb of King Muryeong from pillaging. For a long time, this tomb had been wrongly identified, but who did it actually belong to? The question has still not been answered. No clues or information regarding the identity of the tomb’s occupant remained due to repeated theft by intruders. The only fact known with any certainty is that it is the tomb of a member of King Muryeong’s family. The most important features of Songsan-ri Tomb No. 6 are that it is built of brick, just like King Muryeong’s, and that it houses the painted mural called Sasindo, the Painting of Four Deities. The ravages of time have erased much of the mural, but you can vaguely see the features of four deities. These four holy animals are called Sasin. Sasindo is a painting of the four symbolic, legendary - 4 - animals that represent the four directions, and they serve as the guardians of the tomb. This tomb is both historically valuable and a painful reminder of the frequency of theft. Only the four deities who have guarded the tomb since its construction know the identity of the person interred here. - 5 - Songsan-ri Burial 3. The Revival of Baekje, King Muryeong Mounds The bust in front of us is that of King Muryeong, the king who ruled Baekje for 22 years in the early 6th century. During the late 5th century, Baekje’s power had declined and even the king was killed during a war with Goguryeo, the kingdom based in northern Korea. Finally, the capital fell to Goguryeo and Baekje relocated its capital to Gongju. Even after this, the crises faced by Baekje continued unabated. Due to a power struggle between members of the nobility, the new king was also assassinated. In the midst of complete political disarray, King Muryeong ascended the throne. King Muryeong appointed members of the royal family as local officials and strengthened the authority of the monarchy, thereby reducing the authority of the noble classes. Meanwhile, he engineered irrigation systems and encouraged migrants to farm the newly-reclaimed arable land so that Baekje acquired the largest grain belt on the peninsula. Political stabilization and unparalleled agricultural production were significant factors behind Baekje’s victory in the war with Goguryeo. Furthermore, Baekje enhanced its diplomatic relations with China and exported its advanced culture to Japan. These feats made King Muryeong a great leader who succeeded in reviving Baekje during the early 6th century. The Royal Tomb of King Muryeong lay untouched and well preserved for some 1,500 years, and was only discovered by chance during the early 20th century. When you look around at the exquisite artifacts excavated from the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong that are on display here, we hope that you will appreciate the mystical beauty of Baekje artwork. - 6 - Songsan-ri Burial 4. Stone Epitaph-plaque Mounds - The Secret of the Two Stone Tomb Steles [Narration] The two stone tomb steles belonged to King Muryeong and his queen. A tomb stele is a commemorative tablet inscribed with the interred person’s biography, including their name and date of birth. Upon discovery of these steles, the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong became the only royal tomb from the Three Kingdoms Period to be conclusively identifiable. An interesting note is inscribed on the back of the plaque. [Female Student] What does it say? [Narration] It says that the king bought the land for the tomb from the god of the earth. [Female Student] The king bought the land for his tomb from god? That’s so strange! [Narration] Yes. The people of Baekje believed that divine beings dwelled in natural phenomena, such as the earth. The act of ‘buying’ land represented the asking of permission from the god of the earth and ensured the protection of the person entombed. Approximately 90 ancient Chinese coins were found on top of the tomb stele, and they are believed to have been payment to the god of the earth. [Female Student] That’s really interesting. Which of the two stone tomb steles belonged to King Muryeong? [Narration] The one on the right was King Muryeong’s and the other belonged to the queen. [Female Student] I see. What else is written on the stele? [Narration] I will tell you about the king’s first. It says that King Muryeong died in 523 at the age of 62. The queen’s stele says that the queen died of old age in 526 and that King Muryeong purchased the land from the god of the earth. The records on both stone steles - 7 - are standard data for comparative studies of the relics from other regions. Furthermore, they established an absolute time frame, against which the histories of Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo and even East Asia could be measured. This is one of the many reasons why the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong has been accorded such value. - 8 - Songsan-ri Burial 5. Interior Model of the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong Mounds Brick Tomb, King Muryeong's Tomb Hello. This is a reproduction of the interior of King Muryeong’s Tomb, a treasure house of the Baekje Kingdom. Let’s enter into the tomb. The passage is narrow, so please be careful. This is the arched burial chamber of the tomb. Look at the floor first and you will see the raised area that set the sacred burial space apart from the rest of the tomb. Now, look up at the walls. Lotus-patterned bricks form the walls and there is a flame-shaped niche for an oil lamp in the middle. Why do you think an oil lamp was necessary in the tomb? The oil lamp was part of the last ritual performed after enshrining the casket. When the door of the tomb was finally closed, the light remained until the oil ran out and the tomb was plunged into total darkness.
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