World History, Feb 23 Entry Task: If you still have the Italian Unification worksheet, take it out. Announcements: - Thank you for being flexible (kids + sickness = no fun) - review about Italian Unification - Tomorrow: Registration (you can go straight to your location. - Unit Test - next Tuesday (Study Guide) Review: Italian Nationalism Review Review Review

1. Italy was broken into 9 states. 2. Apennine Mountains make movement in the country difficult. (run N & S splitting the country in ½). 3. Po River makes movement in the country difficult. (run E & W splitting the country in ½). 4. Pope didn’t want unification because he wanted to keep control of the central states. 5. Other European countries didn’t want to see unification - it would upset the balance of power Review Risorgimento, (Italian: “Rising Again”) Review Realpolitik

Do whatever is necessary (not always moral or right) Review

I offer neither pay, nor quarters, nor food; I offer only hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death. Let him who loves his country with his heart, and not merely with his lips, follow me.

Today: German Unification What powerful empires surrounded the German states? How could it benefit the German states to unify into one nation called Germany? The single most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914 It fundamentally altered the Balance of Power in Europe. A HISTORY OF DIVISION The 962-1806

Several States Frequent Wars ABOLISHED 1806 “The first, original, and truly natural boundaries of states are beyond doubt their internal boundaries. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other... they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole.” -- The

Association of

German39 States

Austria WHO WILL DOMINATE ? Austrian

Dominance

The Congress of established Austria as the dominant German state. PRUSSIAN ASCENDANCE

Modern Industrialized Military State PRUSSIA

Austria How to unify? TWO MODELS FOR UNIFICATION

BIG GERMANY (GROSSDEUTSCHLAND)

INCLUDES

Austria TWO MODELS FOR UNIFICATION

BIG GERMANY Small Germany

(GROSSDEUTSCHLAND) (Kleindeutschland)

INCLUDES EXCLUDES

Austria Austria

German Free Trade Agreement

Economic Union Political Union The Zollverein was the first agreement of its kind in Europe.

Nationalists & Liberals (1848) The Frankfurt Parliament drafted a

Constitution for a unified Germany. Constitutional Monarch

Staatenhaus Volkshaus

Should I?

Frederick William IV of Prussia NO THANKS FAIL Kaiser William I

Appointed as Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

Ministerpräsident of Prussia

1862-1873 GOAL:

A strong, unified German State under Prussian dominance Realpolitik: POLITICS BASED ON

power rather than ideals. I can Dig It. Idealistic = Unrealistic DOMESTIC

policy is a Threat realpolitik “State Socialism”

BAN Social Democratic Party & Socialist Political

Propaganda realpolitik “State Socialism”

Sponsor Europe’s BAN First Social Democratic Party & Socialist Political Social Welfare

Propaganda Programs Old Age ACCIDENT Pensions INSURANCE

Europe’s Health Insurance

First Social Welfare

Programs What about LIBERALS? Notorious OVB: I got this Bismarck’s anti-Catholic policies appealed to anticlerical liberals who were otherwise turned off by his authoritarian conservatism. Liberals were also placated by Bismarck’s support of industrialization.

Industrialization FOREIGN policy BLOOD & IRON BLOOD & IRON

“but by iron

and blood.” -- Otto von Bismarck (1862)

WARS OF GERMAN UNIFICATION

Established German dominance over Schleswig Wars German-speaking territories

Austro-Prussian Established Prussia as dominant War German state Franco-Prussian United Northern and Southern Germany (25 states under 1 War union) Schleswig Wars Prussia & Austria vs. Schleswig Wars Fought on the pretense of liberating pockets of ethnic under Danish control Schleswig Administered by Prussia

HOLSTEIN Administered by

Austria North German Confederation Prussia annexed several smaller German states.

South German states resisted Prussian dominance. AND THEN THERE WERE TWO

Map by kgberger PRUSSIA

Austria

Map by kgberger PRUSSIA

WHO WILL DOMINATE? Austria

Map by kgberger Austro-Prussian War 1866

Georg Bleibtreu, Battle of Königgrätz (1869) 7 weeks

Georg Bleibtreu, Battle of Königgrätz (1869) #winning Kleindeutschland (Germany would NOT include Austria) Map by kgberger Predominantly Catholic Southern German states had sided with Austria. HOW Will Germany be Unified? BLOOD & IRON Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

Anton von Werner - Moltke and his staff near A war to unite Germany

BLOOD & IRON

"I always considered that a war with would naturally follow a war against Austria... I was convinced that the gulf which was created over time between the north and the south of Germany could not be better overcome than by a national war... I did not doubt that it was necessary to make a French-German war before the general reorganization of Germany could be realized.” -- Otto von Bismarck (Memoirs) SUPERIOR Technology and ORGANIZATION

The Prussian army, with its efficient General Staff, employed railroads and artillery more effectively than the French.

Bismarck and the Prussian General Staff Prussian Artillerymen Siege of Sep. 1870 – Paris Jan. 1871 PRUSSIA WINS

Bismarck with POW III CHANCELLOR OF Germany Proclamation of the

Hall of Mirrors (Versailles) Germany: Will it all fit under one hat? Annexation of Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine included many French speakers, and many German speakers there resented annexation into the Empire. reparations

5,000,000,000 ₣ Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Hope (1872) Albert Bettannier, The Black Spot (1887) We’ll stick it to the Germans next time.

Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Hope (1872) WOE TO THE VICTORS Charles Zacharie Landelle, 1871 Timelin of German e Unification 1815 German Confederation Created

1848 Frankfurt Parliament 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro-Prussian War 1870 Franco-Prussian War 1871 German Empire Proclaimed Auf

Wiedersehen! (Goodbye) In 1888, William II took the place of his grandfather as Kaiser. The new ruler wanted total power and, in 1890, he shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down. Review