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Water Supply and Sanitation Sector PAKISTAN Water Supply and Sanitation Sector VOLUME II Rural Water Supply and Sanitation April 2013 Pakistan Rural-Vol II_v3 12-6-13.indd 1 12/6/13 12:26 PM Disclaimer This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, http://www.copy-right.com/. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected] @ 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Pakistan Rural-Vol II_v3 12-6-13.indd 2 12/6/13 12:26 PM Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDEGMENT . vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . xi Study Objectives . xi Demographics . xi Water Resources . xi Institutional Arrangements . xi Current Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage and Service Quality . xii Cost Recovery . xii Capital Investment . xiii Recommendations . xiii Recommendation One: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Agencies Should Be Clarified and Community-Based Organizations Given the Key Role . xiii Recommendation Two: Investment Support Programs from Both the Federal and Provincial Levels Should Be Expanded and Focused on the Delivery of Sustainable Outcomes . xiv Recommendation Three: Reinforce Policies of Operation and Maintenance as well as Cost Recovery from User Fees . xiv Recommendation Four: Set Up Rural Demonstration Projects . xiv Recommendation Five: Provide Resources and Organizations to Implement the Sanitation Strategy . xv Recommendation Six: Develop Sector M&E System, Covering Both Functioning and Nonfunctioning Schemes . xv Recommendation Seven: Begin to Address Knowledge Gaps on Water Quality Issues . xv CHAPTER 1: COUNTRY CONTEXT . 1 Introduction . 1 Institutional and Administrative Setup . 1 Rural Demographics . 1 National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Policies . 2 Provincial and Regional Policies . 3 National Institutional Arrangements . 3 Local Government, Provincial, and Regional Arrangements . 3 Contents iii Pakistan Rural-Vol II_v3 12-6-13.indd 3 12/6/13 12:26 PM CHAPTER 2: SECTOR ANALYSIS . 9 Regional and South Asian Comparisons of National Water Supply and Sanitation Coverage . 9 Water Supply Coverage by Province and Region . 10 Rural Sanitation Coverage by Province and Region . 11 Quality and Efficiency of Water Services . 11 Quality and Efficiency of Rural Sanitation Services . 13 Water Resource Quality and Quantity . 15 Operation and Maintenance Cost Recovery . 19 Operating Subsidies and Capital Investment . 23 Future Investment Needs . 24 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 27 Conclusions of the Sector Analysis . 27 Partial Decentralization Process . 27 Sector Governance . 27 Service Delivery and Efficiency . 28 Financial Performance . 28 Investment . 28 Sector Financing . 29 Human Capacity and Professionalization . 29 Water Resources . 29 Recommendations . 29 Recommendation One: Roles and Responsibilities of Key Agencies Should Be Clarified and Community-Based Organizations Given the Key Role . 30 Recommendation Two: Investment Support Programs from Both the Federal and Provincial Levels Should Be Expanded and Focused on the Delivery of Sustainable Outcomes . 30 Recommendation Three: Reinforce Policies of Operating and Maintenance as well as Cost Recovery from User Fees . 31 Recommendation Four: Set Up Rural Demonstration Projects . 31 Recommendation Five: Provide Resources and Organizations to Implement the Sanitation Strategy . 31 Recommendation Six: Develop Sector M&E System, Covering both Functioning and Nonfunctioning Schemes . 31 Recommendation Seven: Begin to Address Knowledge Gaps on Water Quality Issues . 32 REFERENCES . 33 iv VOLUME II: Pakistan Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Pakistan Rural-Vol II_v3 12-6-13.indd 4 12/6/13 12:26 PM BOXES 1 .1 Bolivia - Importance of Demand-Driven Community Participation Rural Schemes . 6 1 .2 Malawi District Coordination - The Key to Sustainable Rural Water Supply . 7 1 .3 Burkina Faso Management Reform Program . 8 2 .1 India - Maharashtra Total Sanitation Campaign . 17 2 .2 Bangladesh - Community-Led Total Sanitation . 18 2 .3 Chakwal District - Formalizing Rural Water Supply Billing Systems . 23 FIGURES 2 .1 Rural Water Supply Coverage by Province and Region . 11 2 .2 Punjab - Population Having Access to an Improved Source of Drinking Water . 11 2 .3 Sindh - Households with Access to an Improved Source of Drinking Water . 12 2 .4 Rural Sanitation and Coverage by Province and Region . 12 2 .5 Distribution of Water Sources (Rural) . 13 2 .6 Diagnosis of Failure of Rural Water Supply Schemes in Punjab . 14 2 .7 Reasons for Nonfunctioning of Schemes in Sindh . 14 2 .8 Use of Sanitary Means of Excreta Disposal . 15 2 .9 Worldwide Population that Practices Open Defecation . 15 2 .10 Countries with the Largest Numbers of People Practicing Open Defecation . 16 2 .11 Estimated Cost of Water-Related Mortality and Morbidity . 16 2 .12 Sanitation Coverage in Bangladesh . 17 2 .13 Percentage of Safe and Unsafe Water in Punjab . 18 2 .14 Households with Bacteria in Water in Different Districts of Punjab . 19 2 .15 Results Giving Percentage of Samples Safe or Unsafe for Drinking . 20 2 .16 Average Rural Water Charges in Punjab . 20 2 .17 Revenue and Expenditure of Rural Schemes in Districts ofNorth & Central Punjab . 21 2 .18 Revenue and Expenditure of PHED, KP, 2005–11 . 21 2 .19 Revenue and Expenditure of Rural WSS of District Chakwal . 22 2 .20 Water Charges in the Rural WSS of District Chakwal . 23 2 .21 Drinking Water and Sanitation Allocations as Proportion of Provincial ADP,2011-12 . 24 2 .22 Provincial Allocations for Drinking Water and Sanitation in ADPs, 2011–12 . 24 2 .23 Funds for Operational Subsidies, 2002–11 . 24 2 .24 Funds for Capital Investment, 2002–11 . 25 2 .25 Funds for Operational Subsidies and Capital Investment, 2002–11 . 26 2 .26 WSS Expenditure (% of GDP) . 26 Contents v Pakistan Rural-Vol II_v3 12-6-13.indd 5 12/6/13 12:26 PM TABLES 1 .1 Rural Population . 2 1 .2 Poverty Incidence by Province . ..
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