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The Geotechnical Properties of the Sediment Body in the Estuary of the Raša River, Croatia

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The Geotechnical Properties of the Sediment Body in the Estuary of the Raša River, Croatia The geotechnical properties of the sediment body in the estuary of the Raša River, Croatia Ž. Arbanas1, 2, Č. Benac2 & J. Rubinić2 1Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Department of Rijeka, Croatia 2Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia Abstract The Raša River valley and its estuary are located on the eastern part of Istrian peninsula (north-eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea). Intensive sedimentation in microtidal estuary environment started due to a lowering of sea level during the Holocene. Most of the sediments were brought over by erosion of Paleogene flysch rock mass on the uperstream catchments area and Quaternary deposits from the ancient Čepić Lake. Slow sea level rise during the last 6.000 years created the conditions for filling the earlier formed karstic estuary. Because of intensive sedimentation the mouth of the Raša River was shifted for approximately 4 km in the last 240 years. The sediment body has uniform granulometric composition, where silt and clay material prevails. The process of consolidation by gravitational compaction is not finished yet. Liquid consistency at the surface of all profiles is a result of high water contents. Substitution of fresh-water by salt seawater in pores causes new changes of cation substitution and changes in clay plasticity properties. The Raša River estuary is a typical model of river-dominated disequilibrium estuary. The sedimentation occurs under micro tidal conditions and low wave energy. An average sedimentation rate is approximately 78.000 t/yr of terrigenous matter, and average deposition rate is 0.15 m/yr. Today the Raša River valley is one of the best locations for the harbour and the industrial development in the North Adriatic area. But, unfavourable geotechnical properties of the sediment deposit will be the main problem for the construction of the future frames. In this work are presented results of executed geotechnical investigations in the area of the Raša River estuary and indicated properties of soils in the sediment body. Keywords: karstic estuary, sea level, plasticity limits, consolidation, Adriatic Sea. Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies, C. A. Brebbia, J. M. Saval Perez & L. Garcia Andion (Editors) © 2004 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-710-8 210 Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies 1 Introduction The Raša River valley and its karstic estuary are located on the eastern part of Istrian peninsula (northeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea). Figure 1: Generalized geological and hydrographical map of Istria peninsula: 1. Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene limestone; 2. Paleogene flysch; 3. Holocene alluvial, lacustrine and estuarine sediments; 4. Limits of topographic drainage area; 5. Karstic underground flow. Istria peninsula is situated in the northwest of the Adriatic Sea. The Adriatic is the deepest penetration into the European continent from the south. The sea passages for various cargoes destined for the Middle Europe end on the Istrian Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies, C. A. Brebbia, J. M. Saval Perez & L. Garcia Andion (Editors) © 2004 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-710-8 Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies 211 northwestern part. Already in the last century, two large harbors were built in the northwest of the Adriatic: Rijeka (Croatia) and Trieste (Italy). The third large harbor Koper (Slovenia) is growing at present time. The Rijeka harbor extends its capacities to the adjacent suitable locations and new equipment is built also on the mouth of River Raša in Istria, Fig. 1, 2. Figure 2: Geological map and morphogenesis of studied area: 1. Upper Cretaceous limestone–bedrock; 2. Holocene alluvial and estuarine sediments (a/red clay, b/yellow clay, c/grey clay); 3. Age of shoreline position; 4. Isobaths of sea bottom (in 1975.); 5. Traces of geological profile; 6. Finding place of salt water snail; 7. Boring holes (a/single boring hole, b/group of boring holes). Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies, C. A. Brebbia, J. M. Saval Perez & L. Garcia Andion (Editors) © 2004 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-710-8 212 Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies Three larger rivers flow through the Istrian peninsula: Dragonja, Mirna and Raša. According to the historic data, there were large and deep bays on the mouths of the two former rivers (Dragonja and Mirna) as marked on the old geographical maps originating from the year 1744. and 1799. Today these areas are covered with large quantities of material brought along by the rivers. Entirely contrary, the Raša river is an estuary still today, i.e. it is a long inlet penetrating into the continent, Fig. 2. The bay region and part of the valley around the mouth of the Raša river is the most valuable area on the northern Adriatic Sea as far as traffic and industry are concerned. It represents an ideal location for reloading operations for certain groups of cargoes. The harbor terminals for wood and live stock are already built here. There is also a great interest for development of the water culture. These capacities are built on very suitable geographic positions. Good road and railway connections are already available-remote from the big cities. As anticipated for the future, it will be necessary to enlarge reloading capacities as well as open and covered warehouses. Larger areas have not been developed so far due to a series of circumstances among which some very unfavorable geotechnical properties are to be emphasized. The existing harbor equipment is built on the most suitable geotechnical locations were bedrock has shallow position. The data so far published about the morphogenesis of the valley and the bay of the Raša River as well as the data about the form, geological fabric and geotechnical properties of the sediment body are very scanty. More systematic and extensive data are to be found in later works of the authors. The form of the sediment body is evident here and the relation between the Quaternary oscillations of the sea level and the intensity of the river erosion is explained [1, 2]. 2 Geological description of studied area In the catchments area of Raša River Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary rocks are presents. Paleogene foraminiferal limestone and flysch rocky complex (marls, sandstones and breccias in alternation) dominate in upstream part of catchments area. Downstream part of Raša River valley and its estuary are situated on eastern part of Istrian karstic plateau which is composed of well-bedded and slightly undulating Upper Cretaceous rudist limestone [3]. Red soil (terra rossa) is often found on limestone, whereas on flysch a cover of weathered material and slope deposits is found. The bottom of Čepić polje depression is filled by Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial and lacustrine sediments. The bottom of the Raša River valley and its estuary is covered by Holocene alluvial and estuarine sediments. Intensive morphogenetic processes caused by tectonic movements and rapid sea level changes, as well as climatic changes, provoked the present shape of the studied area. It assumed that the valley of the Raša River and its estuary was formed by cutting during Upper Pleistocene when the sea level was lower than present [2]. The sea began to flood the northern Adriatic Sea area, and in this respect the Kvarner area some 18.000 years ago. The rapid rise was between Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies, C. A. Brebbia, J. M. Saval Perez & L. Garcia Andion (Editors) © 2004 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISBN 1-85312-710-8 Coastal Environment V, incorporating Oil Spill Studies 213 17.000 and 6.000 years BP [4]. Hydrographic and sedimentary conditions similar to the present ones appeared only after decrease in sea level rise some 6.000 years ago [5]. The sea covered the karst relief and penetrated deep into the ancient river valley. Slow sea level rise during the last 6.000 years created the conditions for filling of the earlier formed estuary. Transport and deposition of sediments at river mouths caused the seaward shift of the coastline. The recent history of the filling processes clear from geographical maps printed since the eighteenth century. By reason of intensive sedimentation, the mouth of Raša River has been translated for 4 km approximately during the last 250 years, Fig. 2. Marine sediments were found upstream of the present river mouths [1]. 3 Hydrographical conditions and recent sedimentation The direct topographic drainage area of the Raša River is 205 km2, but the estimated hydrogeological catchments area is 450 km2. The hydrological regime of the Raša River is typically karstic and characterized by short-term high- discharge events. Mean annual discharge in the upstream part is 2.3 m3/s. Karstic groundwater flows in the downstream part of river valley increase the flux and 75% of water quantity is originated by permanent and intermittent karst springs. For this reason, estimated mean annual discharge is 8.0 m3/s at the Raša River mouth, maximal discharge is 185 m3/s and minimal is only 0.3 m3/s [6]. In the upper part of drainage area Paleogene flysch prevail, Fig 1. This area has a well developed surface drainage network, with numerous torrent flows. Intensive process of erosion is present and large quantities of fine-grained particle are produced. During intense short-term events high concentration of suspended matter is present. The central part of drainage area is dominated by river flow resulted the confluence of several streams, Fig. 1. This part of catchments area characterized by karst springs which intermittently contribute additional quantities of predominately fine-grained particles. An average sedimentation rate is approximately 78.000 t/yr of terrigenous matter. The estimated quantity of sediments is 1.450.000 m3 in the last 30 years [8].
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