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The Roman Limes on the Lower Rhine: a European Border’S Visibility in Landscape and Museums by Renger De Bruin, Astrid Hertog and Roeland Paardekooper

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The Roman Limes on the Lower Rhine: a European Border’S Visibility in Landscape and Museums by Renger De Bruin, Astrid Hertog and Roeland Paardekooper The Roman Limes on the Lower Rhine: A European Border’s Visibility in Landscape and Museums by Renger de Bruin, Astrid Hertog and Roeland Paardekooper 114 | MUSEUM international enger E. de Bruin studied History at the University of Utrecht. He received his Ph.D. at the same Runiversity in 1986. He worked as a researcher and lecturer at the universities of Utrecht and Leiden in the Netherlands and Greifswald in Germany. In 1994, he joined the Centraal Museum Utrecht, where he worked as curator for urban history until August 2017. Currently, he is a senior researcher at the Department of History and Art History of the University of Utrecht. strid Hertog is an art historian and museologist trained at UCL. For over 20 years, Hertog has Aworked in museums and heritage institutions from Programme Manager Exhibitions, to Marketing and Fundraising. She is currently the owner of Closer to Culture, a cultural management company. One of her assignments was the position of Director for the Roman Limes Foundation Netherlands. She was a board member of ICOM Netherlands from 2011 until 2017. oeland Paardekooper is Director of the ICOM Affiliated Organisation EXARC (International Organisation Rof Archaeological Open-Air Museums and Experimental Archaeology). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Exeter. Paardekooper was knighted in 2012 for his services to archaeology and open-air museums. In 2015, he was awarded the Museum Horizon Award by the Hans Manneby Memorial Fund for Museum Development. MUSEUM international | 115 he ICOM General Conference held in 2016, in Milan, was dedicated to the theme ‘Museums and Cultural Landscapes’, during which ICOM Netherlands hosted a session entitled ‘The Roman Frontier along the River Rhine—the role of museums in revitalising cultural landscapes’. It dealt with the Roman heritage of the cultural river landscape in the Netherlands and parts of Germany, and was jointly organised by ICOM Germany, ICOM-CECA (Committee for Education and Cultural Action), EXARC (International Organisation of Archaeological Open Air Museums and Experimental Archaeology), the Netherlands commit- tee of ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites), ICOM-MPR (International Committee for Marketing and Public Relations) and the Foundation T‘Roman Limes Netherlands’. The result was a multidisciplinary session with archae- Although museums ologists, museologists, tourism specialists and policy makers.1 are important for This session was an opportunity that allowed to discuss World Heritage Site (WHS) cultural landscapes, nomination, cultural landscapes and museums altogether. Although museums are they are not included in important for cultural landscapes, due to their archaeological collections, educa- World Heritage Site. tional goals and public awareness through tourism, they are not included in World Heritage Sites. Furthermore, ICOM is not officially involved in the nomination pro- cedures and elections, a disadvantage for the cause of museums. Yet, a step forward was made during the ICOM Advisory Committee meeting in Milan on 9 July, 2016, with the adoption of the so-called Catania Declaration on Museums and World Cultural Heritage. ICOM complemented this with statements and calls for action to sharpen and clarify the correlation between museums and World Heritage Sites. The present article will develop a case study, that of the Roman Frontier (also known as Limes), in order to highlight the various roles museums play for World Heritage Sites. In the first section, the historical background of the Roman Frontier along the River Rhine will be described (Figs. 1a and 1b). The Interpretation Frameworks and how these are applied in museums using storylines will then be explained, and an overview of the initiatives and the cultural infrastructure along the former Roman frontier, in both the Netherlands and in Germany. Finally, we will address cooper- ation between Dutch and German authorities in the World Heritage Site nomina- tion process, as well as the role ICOM can play in promoting World Heritage Sites in general. Fig. 1a. Map of the frontiers of the Roman Empire. Fig. 1b. Map of the frontier in the province of Lower © D. J. Breeze and Culture 2000 Frontiers of the Roman Empire project Germany. © D. J. Breeze 116 | MUSEUM international Fig. 2. Hadrian’s Wall. © David Breeze The Limes: Historical overview fter the failed attempt to conquer nder Roman rule, the Limes delimi- sectors of the frontier ran (Breeze 2011b). Athe lands between the Rhine and the Utated the Empire from ‘barbaric’ ter- It is not as simple as acknowledging that Elbe, the Romans decided to strengthen ritories, but in times of peace, it would frontiers ran along rivers, through des- their northern border along the natural assume an open character. As a conse- erts or across mountains, for within frontiers of the Rhine and the Danube. In quence, Roman influence reached re- each category there are distinctions. The between the two rivers, they built a wall mote parts, such as Denmark and Latvia, Roman frontier on the Lower Rhine is a over land, in the provinces of Germania where Roman artifacts were found. The case in point. Superior and Rhaetia. Today this line full Limes stretches over 20 present-day is known as the Upper-Germanic- countries on three continents. A part of he two sections of the frontier in the Rhaetian Limes. The project of fixing the the line has been listed in the UNESCO Tprovince of Germania Inferior offer border on the European continent began World Heritage Site since 1987, namely, interesting contrasts, particularly due under Emperor Tiberius and was con- Hadrian’s Wall in the United Kingdom. to the fact that the Rhine delta in the cluded under Claudius around 50 CE. Netherlands is unique. There are two n 2005 and 2008, the Upper-Germanic- types of borders in Germania Inferior: a fter the conquest of Britain, the IRhaetian Limes (Obergermanisch- normal river frontier in Germany, and ARomans tried to march as far north Raetischer Limes) in Germany and smaller fortresses in the Rhine delta. We as possible, but were continuously re- the Antonine Wall were added to the can observe how the Romans adapted pelled by Celtic tribes of the North. list among other sites, and more are to their frontier installations to the differ- Emperor Hadrian decided to build a be integrated. The Dutch government ent terrains through which they ran. In wall at the narrowest point, which was decided to nominate the Rhine sec- the delta, archaeological preservation named after him: Hadrian’s Wall (around tion of the Limes as UNESCO World is excellent, due to wetland conditions, 130 CE, see Fig. 2). The Antonine Wall, Heritage for 2021, in coopera tion with which offers considerable advantages in situated further North, was a similar the German states of North Rhine- making the case for World Heritage Site project that was never fully completed. Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) and status. Yet both sections offer challeng- Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland- Pfalz). es to museum curators, particularly due he Roman Frontier was a complex So will Austria do the same with a por- to the relative invisibility of the Roman Tphenomenon, involving several tion of the Danube border, in coopera- military archaeological sites. forms of organisation. It was bound to tion with Bavaria. Further nominations evolve over time, as it overlapped new of the Danube line by countries in South reeze discussed how the external political territories. Fortified buildings, Eastern Europe are expected. BRoman world could be brought into for instance, were made to serve other the museum. This question is of consid- functional purposes. In the 7th centu- he first speaker in the session, British erable importance as tourism continues ry CE, the Frankish ruler conceded the Tarchaeologist David Breeze, gave to grow in Europe. Visitors arrive with Castellum Traiectum, situated in pres- an overview of the European Roman their own cultural values, and it is im- ent-day Utrecht, to a religious mission- Frontier, elaborating on the similarities portant that museums relate to these. ary, Wilibrord, who used it as a mission and differences of this varied border- Museums and their movable artefacts post, as did his successor, Boniface, to line, highlighting the specificities of the are not part of World Heritage, which in convert Germanic tribes north and east Limes along the Lower Rhine.2 essence is immovable. However, they are of the river Rhine. Subsequently, the cas- the best places to explain multi-phased tellum Traiectum became the residence ll of the frontiers that protected sites and in doing so, attract visitors to of the bishops of Utrecht. Athe Roman Empire were similar in the sites. Museums function as gateways many ways, but notable differences also to the surrounding landscape, and a exist, in particular as regards the land- good museum visit leads to repeat visits scape through which the individual of museums and sites. MUSEUM international | 117 Interpretation Frameworks, tourism and storylines n Interpretation Framework con- ifferent levels were designed, from rederike van Ouwerkerk, expert in Asists of a univocal structure, a main Dlarger museums with correspond- Fcultural tourism, discussed how the storyline where all sites and museums ing influence, to the smallest local muse- Roman Limes is actually a memoryscape play a specific part in the storyline. This ums. The German interpretation frame- that can be developed into a challenging can be picked up by any organisation
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