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Verbals and Verbal Phrases Verbals Are Formed from Verbs but Are Used As Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs

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Verbals and Verbal Phrases Verbals Are Formed from Verbs but Are Used As Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs Chapter Menu Verbals and Verbal Phrases Verbals are formed from verbs but are used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. The three kinds of verbals are the participle, the gerund, and the infinitive. A verbal phrase consists of a verbal and its modifiers and complements. The three kinds of verbal phrases are the participial phrase, the gerund phrase, and the infinitive phrase. The Participle GRAMMAR 16e. A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective. Present participles end in –ing. EXAMPLES Esperanza sees the singing canary near the window. [Singing, a form of the verb sing, modifies the noun canary.] Waving, the campers boarded the bus. [Waving, a form of the verb wave, modifies the noun campers.] We could hear it moving in the underbrush. [Moving, a form of the verb move, modifies the pronoun it.] Most past participles end in –d or –ed. Others are irregularly formed. EXAMPLES The baked chicken with yellow rice tasted delicious. [Baked, Reference Note a form of the verb bake, modifies the noun chicken.] For more information on the forms of participles, Confused and frightened, they fled into the jungle. see page 644. For a discus- [Confused, a form of the verb confuse, and frightened, a sion of irregular verbs, form of the verb frighten, modify the pronoun they.] see page 646. In your own words, define each term given below. [Given, a form of the verb give, modifies the noun term.] The perfect tense of a participle is formed with having or with having been. EXAMPLES Having worked all day, Abe was ready for a rest. Having been washed, the car gleamed in the sun. NOTE Do not confuse a participle used as an adjective with a participle used as part of a verb phrase. ADJECTIVE The Smithsonian Institution, located in Washington, D.C., is the largest museum in the world. VERB PHRASE The Smithsonian Institution, which is located in Washington, D.C., is the largest museum in the world. 540 Chapter 16 The Phrase Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter Menu Chapter Menu 16 The Participial Phrase e, f 16f. A participial phrase consists of a participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. The entire phrase is used as an adjective. EXAMPLES Speaking eloquently, Julian Bond enthralled the audience. [The participial phrase modifies the noun Julian Bond. The adverb eloquently modifies the present participle Speaking.] Nodding his head, the defendant admitted his guilt. [The STYLE TIP GRAMMAR participial phrase modifies the noun defendant. The noun head is the direct object of the present participle Nodding.] When writing a sentence with a participial phrase, be Encouraged by his family, he submitted his book of sure to place the phrase as poems for publication. [The participial phrase modifies the close as possible to the word pronoun he. The adverb phrase by his family modifies the it modifies. Otherwise, the past participle Encouraged.] phrase may appear to mod- ify another word, and the Florence Griffith-Joyner, sometimes known as Flo Jo, sentence may not make held the U.S. national record for the women’s 100-meter sense. dash. [The participial phrase modifies the noun Florence MISPLACED Griffith-Joyner. The adverb sometimes modifies the past par- Singing in the trees, the ticiple known. The adverb phrase as Flo Jo modifies known.] birdwatchers heard the wild canaries walking The Absolute Phrase along the path. An absolute phrase consists of (1) a participle or participial phrase, (2) a IMPROVED noun or pronoun that the participle or participial phrase modifies, and Walking along the path, the birdwatchers (3) any other modifiers of that noun or pronoun. The entire word group heard the wild canaries is used as an adverb to modify an independent clause of a sentence. singing in the trees. An absolute phrase has no direct grammatical connection to any word in the independent clause it modifies. Rather, the phrase modifies Reference Note the entire clause by telling when, why, or how. For more information EXAMPLES The costumes having been made, the actors prepared for about misplaced par- their dress rehearsal. [The perfect participle having been ticipial phrases, see page 712. For more made modifies the noun costumes. The absolute phrase about the punctuation modifies the independent clause by telling when the actors of participial phrases, prepared for their dress rehearsal.] see page 788. Dark clouds threatening a storm, the hikers searched anxiously for shelter. [The participial phrase threatening a storm modifies the noun clouds. The absolute phrase modi- fies the independent clause by telling why the hikers searched anxiously for shelter.] Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Verbals and Verbal Phrases 541 Chapter Menu Chapter Menu Exercise 3 Identifying Participial Phrases and the Words They Modify Each of the following sentences contains at least one participial phrase. Identify each participial phrase and the word or words it modifies. EXAMPLE 1. The Kentucky Derby, considered the first jewel in the Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing, is held each year on the first Saturday in May at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. GRAMMAR 1. considered the first jewel in the Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing—Kentucky Derby 1. Known as Johnny Appleseed, John Chapman distributed apple seeds and saplings to families headed west. 2. Needing a sustained wind for flight, the albatross rarely crosses the equator. 3. At the reptile exhibit, we saw forty adders coiled together. 4. The salmon, deriving the pink color of its flesh from its diet, feeds on shrimplike crustaceans. 5. Having been aided by good weather and clear skies, the sailors rejoiced as they sailed into port. 6. Smiling broadly, our champion entered the hall. 7. I would love to see the hibiscus bursting into bloom in the spring; it must be quite a sight! 8. Sparta and Athens, putting aside their own rivalry, joined forces to fight the Persians. 9. Trained on an overhead trellis, a rosebush growing in Tombstone, Arizona, covers approximately 8,000 square feet of aerial space. 10. Searching through old clothes in a trunk, John found a map showing the location of.a treasure buried on the shore. Review B Identifying Prepositional and Participial Phrases and the Words They Modify Go to the Chapter Menu for an interactive activity. Identify each italicized phrase in the following sentences as a preposi- tional phrase or a participial phrase. Then, give the word or words each phrase modifies. Do not separately identify a prepositional phrase that is part of a participial phrase. EXAMPLE 1. Delighted by the play, the critic applauded with great enthusiasm. 1. Delighted by the play—participial phrase—critic; with great enthusiasm—prepositional phrase—applauded 542 Chapter 16 The Phrase Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter Menu Chapter Menu 16 1. Mahalia Jackson, perhaps the greatest blues singer since Bessie g Smith, would sing only religious songs. 2. Her version of “Silent Night” was one of the all-time best-selling records in Denmark. 3. Known for his imaginative style, architect Minoru Yamasaki designed the World Trade Center, located in New York City. 4. Having been rejected by six publishers, the story of Peter Rabbit was finally published privately by Beatrix Potter. 5. Setting out in a thirty-one-foot ketch, Sharon Sites Adams, a woman from California, sailed across the Pacific Ocean alone. GRAMMAR 6. In 1932, Amelia Earhart, trying for a new record, began her solo flight over the Atlantic Ocean. 7. Maria Tallchief, an Osage Indian, was the prima ballerina of the New York City Ballet company. 8. Dancing to acclaim in both the United States and Europe, she was known for her brilliant interpretation of Stravinsky’s The Firebird. 9. Continuing her research on radium after her husband’s death, Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in chemistry. 10. First elected to the House of Representatives in 1968, Shirley Chisholm was the first African American female member of Congress. The Gerund 16g. A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun. SUBJECT Swimming quickly tired us. Reference Note For information on PREDICATE NOMINATIVE Janetta’s hobby is knitting. subjects, see page 515. DIRECT OBJECT She has always loved dancing. For information on predi- cate nominatives, see INDIRECT OBJECT He gave studying all his attention. page 524. For information on direct objects and OBJECT OF PREPOSITION In cooking, use salt sparingly. indirect objects, see page 522. For information Do not confuse a gerund with a present participle used as an on objects of preposi- adjective or as part of a verb phrase. tions, see page 536. GERUND I enjoyed volunteering at the Special Olympics. [direct object of the verb enjoyed] PRESENT PARTICIPLE All students volunteering for the decorating committee should arrive one hour early. [adjective modifying the noun students] Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Verbals and Verbal Phrases 543 Chapter Menu Chapter Menu PRESENT PARTICIPLE Chamique is volunteering at the food bank this weekend. [part of the verb phrase is volunteering] Reference Note NOTE When writing a noun or a pronoun directly before a gerund, use For information about the possessive form of the noun or pronoun. possessive forms, see EXAMPLES Rodrigo’s winning the contest surprised no one. page 613. Mom was upset about our being late. GRAMMAR Everyone’s arriving on time pleased us. Exercise 4 Identifying Gerunds and Their Functions Find the gerunds in the following sentences. Then, identify each gerund as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. EXAMPLE 1. By reading the newspaper daily, you can become an informed citizen.
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