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Bolivia Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment: Final Report

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Bolivia Tropical Forestry and Biodiversity Assessment: Final Report BOLIVIA TROPICAL FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by ARD, Inc. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bolivia is a complex country, and the team conducting this assessment relied heavily on many other people for information and insights. We spoke with more than 50 people during the information-gathering phase of the assessment, and each of them contributed important information and thoughtful perspectives. In addition to their technical contributions, Simbiosis provided local logistics in support of the stakeholder workshops and topical assessments. We would like to thank members of each of USAID/Bolivia’s Strategic Objective teams, who provided information on their past and current activities and future options. We hope this assessment will contribute to USAID’s future support of environmentally and socially sustainable development in Bolivia and the conservation of its rich biological diversity and valuable tropical forests. Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, USAID Contract Number 511­ O-00-08-00040-00. Authors: Dr. Bruce Byers and Dr. Morris Israel, ARD, Inc., with contributions from Rafael Anze and Evelyn Taucer, Simbiosis. ARD Contact: Minnie Flanagan, Project Manager 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 P.O. Box 1397 Burlington, VT 05402 Tel: (802) 658-3890 ext. 2407 Email: [email protected] Cover photo: Traditional Jalq'a weaving symbolizes Bolivia's rich biodiversity, which has been a source of economic and cultural values to people for millennia. Weaving by Julia Quispe. Photographer: Bruce Byers, ARD, Inc. BOLIVIA TROPICAL FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 2008 DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................ iii Executive Summary .............................................................................................v 1.0 Introduction................................................................................................1 1.1 OBJECTIVES........................................................................................ 1 1.2 METHODS ........................................................................................... 2 1.3 REPORT STRUCTURE............................................................................ 2 2.0 Status of Biodiversity and Tropical Forests ...........................................3 2.1 ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY .......................................................................3 2.2 SPECIES DIVERSITY............................................................................. 6 2.3 GENETIC AND AGRO-BIODIVERSITY.......................................................8 2.4 TROPICAL FORESTS ...........................................................................10 3.0 Values and Economic Benefits of Biodiversity and Forests .............. 12 3.1 FOREST PRODUCTS...........................................................................12 3.2 NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AND OTHER NATURAL PRODUCTS ....... 14 3.3 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES...................................................................... 14 3.3.1 Hydrological Services ...........................................................14 3.3.2 Carbon Sequestration ...........................................................17 3.4 ECONOMIC VALUES FROM NON-MATERIAL USES OF BIODIVERSITY AND FORESTS ..........................................................................................19 3.4.1 Ecotourism ............................................................................ 19 4.0 Threats to Biodiversity and Tropical Forests .......................................21 4.1 THREATS ..........................................................................................21 4.1.1 Loss, Conversion, and Degradation of Forests and Other Natural Habitats .................................................................... 21 4.1.2 Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems ..........................................24 4.1.3 Overharvesting of Selected Species .................................... 27 4.1.4 Exotic Invasive Species ........................................................27 5.0 The Current Context and the Causes of Threats..................................29 5.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................29 5.2 THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN .................................................. 29 5.3 THE CURRENT CONTEXT FOR ADDRESSING THESE CAUSES ................31 5.3.1 Institutional Framework for the Conservation of Biodiversity and Forests ...........................................................................31 5.3.2 The Current Political Situation—La Coyuntura Política........33 5.4 ROOT CAUSES OR DRIVERS OF THREATS ...........................................35 5.4.1 Political and Institutional Causes .......................................... 35 5.4.2 Economic Causes ................................................................. 35 5.4.3 External Causes ................................................................... 36 5.4.4 Social Causes ....................................................................... 36 5.5 MOVING FORWARD ............................................................................36 6.0 Actions Needed to Conserve Biodiversity and Tropical Forests .......38 6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................38 6.2 ADDRESSING THREATS ARISING FROM HABITAT CONVERSION ...............39 6.3 ADDRESSING THREATS ARISING FROM POLLUTION ...............................41 BOLIVIA TROPICAL FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT REPORT i 6.4 ADDRESSING THREATS ARISING FROM OVERHARVESTING OF SELECTED SPECIES............................................................................................42 6.5 ADDRESSING THREATS ARISING FROM INVASIVE SPECIES.....................43 6.6 ADDRESSING THREATS ARISING FROM CLIMATE CHANGE......................44 7.0 Opportunities for USAID Strategy and Programs ................................45 7.1 EXTENT TO WHICH PROPOSED ACTIVITIES MEET NEEDS OF TROPICAL FOREST AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION.......................................45 7.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OUR RECOMMENDATIONS..............46 7.3 ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY WORK AREAS....................47 7.4 PRIORITIES FOR USAID SUPPORT ........................................................ 48 7.4.1 Priority Work Area 1: Strengthening Natural Resource-Based Enterprises ............................................................................ 49 7.4.2 Priority Work Area 2: Developing Mechanisms for International Payments for Avoided Deforestation ............... 51 7.4.3 Priority Area 3: Developing Incentives for Conserving Watershed Forests ............................................................... 52 7.4.4 Priority Work Area 4: Controlling Water Pollution from Altiplano Communities .......................................................... 52 7.5 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................53 Annexes .............................................................................................................. 54 Annex A. Biographical Sketches of Team Members ...................................... 55 Annex B. Persons Contacted ............................................................................56 Annex C. Workshop Invitees and Participants ............................................... 58 Annex D. References Cited ...............................................................................61 ii BOLIVIA TROPICAL FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT REPORT ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASDI Swedish International Development Cooperation ASL Agrupaciones Sociales del Lugar ATPDEA Andean Trade Promotion and Drug Eradication Act BOLFOR Bolivia Forestry Project BTBC Bolivia Trade and Business Competitiveness Project CADEFOR Centro Amazónico de Desarrollo Forestal CAN Comunidad Andina de Naciones CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CDM Clean Development Mechanism CER Certified Emission Reduction CFB Forest Chamber of Bolivia CI Conservation International CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COP Conferences of the Parties CSF Conservation Strategy Fund DFID Department for International Development (UK) ESPA Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation Program FAA Foreign Assistance Act FAN Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza FES Función Económica y Social FOCERFO Forest Certification Fund FONABOSQUE Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal FSC Forest Stewardship Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GOB Government of Bolivia HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome I3N IABIN Invasives Information Network IABIN Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network IBIBDD Instituto Boliviano de Investigación de la Biodiversidad para el Desarrollo (Bolivian Institute on Biodiversity Research for Development) IBIF Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (Bolivian Forest Research Institute) IDH Impuesto Directo a los Hidrocarburos (Direct Tax on Hydrocarbons) IIED International Institute for Environment and Development IIRSA Integration of Regional
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