PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN SUMMER 2019 VOLUME 65 NUMBER 2

A PUBLICATION OF THE BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Botany 2019: A Time to Connect and Collaborate!

IN THIS ISSUE...

Report from Congressional Fighting plant blindness with Two BSA students’ paths into botany... p. 122 Visits Day.... p. 85 monumental trees.... p. 95 PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN From the Editor Editorial Committee Volume 65 Greetings!

Te summer is well underway for most of us. I hope that many of you have carved out some time to attend Botany 2019 in Tucson. In this is- Melanie Link-Perez sue, we have information about events that you (2019) don’t want to miss! Department of Botany & Plant Pathology Lately, I’ve been busy advising incoming frst- Oregon State University year students at Creighton as they prepare to Corvallis, OR 97331 register for their frst college classes. So few of melanie.link-perez them express interest in any aspect of plant or en- @oregonstate.edu vironmental science, even though at least some of them actually will end up pursuing careers in those areas. As botanists, we have our work cut out for us to raise awareness and engage the next generation of plant scientists and science com- municators. For this reason, I fnd the stories Shannon Fehlberg about public education that we feature in PSB, (2020) such as the David Ehret’s article about accessing Research and Conservation botany through video games (Botany as a State Desert Botanical Garden of Flow) in our Spring issue and the Lopes et al. Phoenix, AZ 85008 article (Monumental Trees: Guided Walks as an [email protected] Educational Science Awareness Experience) in this issue so inspiring. I’d love to feature more of these programming ideas in this publication!

In this issue, you will also fnd the testimonials from this year’s Congressional Visit Day. As al- David Tank ways, we at PSB want to highlight the good and (2021) essential work that these folks are doing to raise Department of Biological Sciences the profle of plant science in the eyes of the U.S. University of Idaho Legislature. Moscow, ID 83844 [email protected] Don’t forget to consider submitting your articles and essays to Plant Science Bulletin. We exist to highlight the ideas and concerns of the entire Botanical Community.

See you in Tucson! James McDaniel (2022) Botany Department University of Wisconsin Madison Madison, WI 53706 [email protected]

Summer 2019 Volume 65 Number 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SOCIETY NEWS Botanical Society of America’s Award Winners...... 70 Four Members Win Distinguished Fellow Award...... 70 Emily Sessa Wins BSA Emerging Leaders Award...... 73 Public Policy Committee Report from Congressional Visits Day...... 85

ANNOUNCEMENTS In Memoriam - William P. Jacobs (1919-2019)...... 91 American Journal of Botany Announces New AJB Reviews feature...... 94

SPECIAL FEATURES Monumental Trees: Guided Walks as an Educational Science Awareness Experience...... 95

SCIENCE EDUCATION Congratulations to 2019 Bessey Award winner Suzanne Koptur!...... 113 Seeking 20 Graduate Students and Post-Doctorals for Researchers for PlantingScience Master Plant Science Team Online Mentoring Opportunity...... 114 Featured Education Resource...... 115 Education Features at Botany 2019: Sky Islands and Desert Seas...... 118

STUDENT SECTION A Journey to the Southwest: A Student’s Guide for Botany 2019...... 119 The Path into Botany: Student Stories from Botany Conferences...... 122

BOOK REVIEWS Ecological...... 125 Economic Botany...... 130 Systematics...... 135

69 SOCIETY NEWS Botanical Society of America’s Award Winners FOUR MEMBERS WIN DISTINGUISHED FELLOW AWARD Te Distinguished Fellow of the Botanical Society of America is the highest honor our Society bestows. Each year, the award committee solicits nominations, evaluates candidates, and selects those to receive an award. Awardees are chosen based on their outstanding contributions to the mission of our scientifc Society. Te committee identifes recipients who have demonstrated excellence in basic research, education, public policy, or who have provided exceptional service to the professional botanical community, or who may have made contributions to a combination of these categories. sampling of genes and species to yield a robust reconstruction of the evolutionary tree of this group. Sean’s work has three characteristics worthy of highlighting: (1) it is focused on the broad relationships of major groups, and thus serves as a framework for many subsequent studies; (2) it uses dense sampling of many genes and many species, to provide more robust results than in previous studies; and (3) the data are gathered with great care. His penchant for double- and triple-checking his Photo credit: Elaine Simons Lane Simons Elaine credit: Photo sequence data produces results that serve as a gold standard for the feld.

Dr. Sean Graham (University of British Sean has also distinguished himself for his Columbia) is widely recognized as one of record of generous and highly efective service world’s leading and innovative students of plant to the botanical community. For example, as systematics and is ofen on the leading edge in BSA’s Director-at-Large for Publications over several important areas of plant evolutionary the past six years, he played a leading role in the biology. Sean became a full professor at the decision to move to a commercial publisher, University of British Columbia in 2012 and and shepherded the Society through the since 2016 has served the role as Head of the process of selecting a publishing partner and Department of Botany. He has played a key successfully transitioning the BSA journals to role in many major initiatives to reconstruct publication by Wiley. Sean has also served as the phylogeny of land plants, using intensive an associate editor for the American Journal 70 PSB 65 (2) 2019 of Botany for many years and has been a key David Fairchild (Te World as Garden), contributing member on the Publications through one of photographs and descriptions Ethics Committee. He is a caring and skilled of the trees of south Florida (Wayside Trees of teacher of both undergraduate and graduate Tropical Florida), to his recent book on leaves students and a responsive colleague to all (Nature’s Fabric, Leaves in Science and Culture). whom request his advice. David has been a life-long member of the BSA. In addition to his strong record of research and service to the BSA and the public, he has been an excellent teacher and was awarded the BSA Charles Edwin Bessey Teaching Award in 2006 in recognition of his outstanding record in botanical education. He was the frst botanist in a fedgling Department of Biological Sciences at Florida International University (FIU), a brand-new public university in Miami, and he worked to develop a robust program in the plant sciences at this young university, initiating hiring of botanical faculty and developing formal collaborations between FIU and other botanical institutions.

Dr. David W. Lee (Florida International University) is a plant functional ecologist especially interested in tropical and subtropical plants. He has done pioneering research on the physical basis and functional signifcance of plant color and has researched light environments in tropical forests, leaf optical properties, structural color in leaves, anthocyanin function (including autumn leaf color), light quality/quantity efects on seedling and plant development, and plasticity, especially in leaves. In addition to his record in basic plant research, he has an outstanding Barrett Spencer credit: Photo record of public outreach for the botanical sciences, which has included the publication Dr. Ann Sakai and Dr. Steve Weller of 11 popular but also scientifcally rigorous (University of California, Irvine) have books on botanical topics. His 2007 book, signifcantly advanced our understanding of Nature’s Palette: Te Science of Plant Color, the evolution of plant breeding systems while won the Best of Biology and Life Sciences promoting Hawaiian plant conservation and Award from the Association of American serving the botanical community in numerous Publishers. His other books range from a book important capacities. Tey have made major presenting the writings of the plant explorer contributions to our understanding of the

71 PSB 65 (2) 2019 evolutionary forces that lead to shifs in have made education, outreach, and inclusion heterostyly as well as in foral condition, central parts of their work. For example, Ann principally in two study systems: the evolution is a co-founder and leader of BSA’s highly of heterostyly in Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) and successful PLANTS (Preparing Leaders and the evolution of dioecy and wind pollination Nurturing Tomorrow’s Scientists) program, in Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae). Te NSF which is now in its second 5-year NSF grant has recognized the value of their work by period. Te PLANTS program is designed to essentially continually funding it over the last increase representation from undergraduate 30 years. As with all great researchers, they communities who have historically not been have followed research questions wherever represented in botany by bringing 10 to 15 they lead, regardless of technique. Very few such students to the Botany conference each botanists are as deeply involved with all facets year. More broadly, Ann has been deeply of botany, from systematics to ecology, as are involved in numerous initiatives at UC Irvine Ann and Steve. Teir stellar research careers to improve diversity, including initiatives have been rewarded by election as fellows to to foster collaboration with historically the AAAS. black colleges and universities, and between Mexican and Californian institutions. Steve Much of their work has also had direct and was BSA president from 2010 to 2013, where tangible impacts on conservation of Hawaiian he helped establish the Emerging Leader Schiedea, while afording great respect to Award and secured the agreement with the Hawaiian culture. Teir greenhouse collection Missouri Botanical Garden that led to the (which includes 25 of 32 extant species, almost continuation of the current headquarters for all of which are federally endangered) forms BSA. He has also served as BSA Secretary and an important reservoir of genetic diversity, as a board member. Ann and Steve have also and their ongoing research has documented been deeply involved in AJB as editors, authors, patterns of genetic diversity, demography, and reviewers, and they were co-editors for a and gene fow that are absolutely essential for special issue on Global Biological Change in Schiedea species conservation management 2013. Tey have also distinguished themselves programs. Much of their recent research has as outstanding and sensitive mentors to also focused on ways to increase Schiedea generations of students, leading to numerous abundance in Hawaii, in collaboration with awards for teaching and mentorship at UC the National Tropical Botanical Garden and Irvine. Tey are central fgures in the ongoing numerous state and federal agencies across success of the BSA as an institution that Hawaii. supports research, education, and inclusion.

Ann and Steve have also been deeply involved in service to the BSA and greater botanical community. Troughout their careers they

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EMILY SESSA WINS BSA EMERGING LEADERS AWARD

Dr. Emily Sessa (University of Florida) serves as Assistant Professor at the University of Florida where she has developed a well-funded and strong research program. Emiy’s research is focused on understanding the evolutionary processes that shape plant diversity with a major focus on fern systematics and phylogenetics. To this end, she has published more than 40 peer-reviewed publications on these topics with signi‚cant contributions to our understanding of Dryopteris phylogenetics and systematics as well as plant biogeography. Emily also studies plant physiology and is among the few researchers to genuinely combine physiology, genomics, and phylogenetics in her analyses of drought tolerance in fern gametophytes and sporophytes. At the heart of her research is the question, “What ecological and evolutionary processes have generated, and help to maintain, fern diversity on Earth?”

Emily has been described as one of the brightest botanical stars of her generation by her colleagues and is already an active leader in the botanical research community. She has served as an editor or associate editor for the American Fern Journal and the American Journal of Botany, as Communications Coordinator for the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, and was recently elected as the next Director at Large for Publications on the BSA Board. Over the past 24 months, Emily has delivered 13 invited seminars and lectures. She has also mentored more than 12 undergraduate students, four graduate students, and two postdoctoral researchers.

Her latest teaching endeavor is a study abroad course on the Biodiversity of Southern Africa. Emily will be leading a four-week ‚eld course in South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia that immerses students in ‚eld research and hands-on learning in one of the most botanically and biologically exciting areas on Earth.

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BSA PUBLIC POLICY AWARD Te Public Policy Award was established in 2012 to support the development of tomorrow’s leaders and a better understanding of this critical area. Tis year’s winners are:

Audrey Haynes, Ph.D. Candidate, University of California Berkeley

Adam Schneider, Assistant Professor and Herbarium Curator, Hendrix College

BOTANY ADVOCACY LEADERSHIP GRANT Tis award organized by the Environmental and Public Policy Committees of BSA and ASPT aims to support local eforts that contribute to shaping public policy on issues relevant to plant sciences. Tis year’s winner is:

Else Schils—for the proposal: Bringing Biocultural Diversity to the forefront of the Political Agenda in Guam

DARBAKER PRIZE Te Darbaker Prize in Phycology is given each year in memory of Dr. Leasure K. Darbaker. It is presented to a resident of North America for meritorious work in the study of microscopic algae based on papers published in English by the nominee during the last two full calendar years. Tis year the Darbaker Award for meritorious work on microscopic algae is presented to:

Dr. Louise Lewis, University of Connecticut

ECONOMIC BOTANY STUDENT TRAVEL AWARD Emma Frawley, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO

Ksenia Pereverzeva, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

GENETICS STUDENT RESEARCH AWARD Te Genetics Section Graduate Student Research Award provides $500 for research funds and an additional $500 for attendance at a future BSA meeting.

Adriana Hernandez, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

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GENETICS STUDENT TRAVEL AWARD Alan Yocca, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

THE GRADY L. WEBSTER AND BARBARA D. WEBSTER STRUCTURAL BOTANY PUBLICATION AWARD Tis award was established in 2006 by Dr. Barbara D. Webster, Grady’s wife, and Dr. Susan V. Webster, his daughter, to honor the life and work of Dr. Grady L. Webster. Afer Barbara’s passing in 2018, the award was renamed to recognize her contributions to this feld of study. Te American Society of Plant Taxonomists and the Botanical Society of America are pleased to join together in honoring both Grady and Barbara Webster. In odd years, the BSA gives out this award and in even years, the award is provided by the ASPT.

William B. Sanders and Asunción de los Ríos. 2017. Parenchymatous cell division characterizes the fungal cortex of some common foliose lichens. American Journal of Botany 104: 207- 217. doi:10.3732/ajb.1600403 Honorable Mention: Dan Johnson, Phoebe Eckart, Noah Alsamadisi, Hilary Noble, Celia Martin, and Rachel Spicer. 2018. Polar auxin transport is implicated in vessel diferentiation and spatial patterning during secondary growth in Populus. American Journal of Botany 105: 186-196. doi:10.1002/ ajb2.1035

THE BSA DEVELOPING NATIONS TRAVEL GRANTS Te goal of the Developing Nations Travel Grants is to encourage international collaboration and foster connections within our international botanical community by extending fnancial help to those in need of assistance to attend Botany conferences. Tis year’s winners are:

Oyedapo Ololade Adesomi, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria

Sekinat Okikiola Azeez, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria

John Chau, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Eliezer Cocoletzi, Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Ana Andruchow Colombo, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Museo Paelontológico Egidio Feruglio, Argentina

Facundo De Benedetti, Egidio Feruglio Paleontological Museum, Trelew, Argentina 75 PSB 65 (2) 2019 Ethiéne Guerra, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Alison Gonçalves Nazareno, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Nora Oleas, Universidad Tecnologica Indoamerica in Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador

Shabir Ahmad Rather, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

THE BSA PROFESSIONAL MEMBER TRAVEL GRANTS Te Professional Member Travel Grants aim to increase attendance of scientists who lack grant or institutional support for travel to the annual BSA meeting as well as to increase diversity among the annual meeting attendees. Tis year’s winners are:

Laura Frost, Louisiana State University

Jordan Metzgar, Virginia Tech

Carlos J. Pasiche-Lisboa, University of Manitoba, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

Ayobola Sakpere, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria

Carolina Moriani Siniscalchi, University of Memphis

Kevin Weitemier, Oregon State University

Dustin Wolkis, National Tropical Botanical Garden

Cheng-Chiang Wu, Harvard University

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THE BSA GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH AWARDS, INCLUDING THE J. S. KARLING AWARD Te BSA Graduate Student Research Awards support graduate student research and are made on the basis of research proposals and letters of recommendations. Within the award group is the Karling Graduate Student Research Award. Tis award was instituted by the Society in 1997 with funds derived through a generous gif from the estate of the eminent mycologist, John Sidney Karling (1897-1994), and supports and promotes graduate student research in the botanical sciences. Te 2019 award recipients are:

THE J. S. KARLING GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH AWARD Jennifer Ackerfeld, Colorado State University—for the proposal: Unraveling the link between hanging garden and alpine thistles (Compositae: Cirsium): A phylogeographic study of Cirsium rydbergii and C. ownbeyi of the Colorado Plateau

THE BSA BILL DAHL GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH AWARDS Steven Augustine, University of Wisconsin—Madison—for the proposal: Quantifying Environmental Tolerances of Wisconsin’s Southern Hardwoods for Efective Oak Savanna Restoration

Dylan Cohen, Claremont Graduate University—for the proposal: Illuminating Loasa (Loasaceae) diversity in Chile using next generation sequencing

Michelle D’Aguillo, Duke University—for the proposal: Habitat tracking through germination phenology in two southern Appalachian Phacelia (Boraginaceae) species

Michael D’Antonio, Stanford University—for the proposal: Ontogeny and structure of Late Paleozoic arborescent lycopsids

Maria Beatriz de Souza Cortez, University of Florida—for the proposal: Elucidating the foristic history of Brazil’s campos rupestresto help preserve its future

Sonal Gupta, University of Michigan—for the proposal: Deconstructing the sweetpotato: How infuential is leaf shape on ftness and what is the role of environmental variation?

Adriana Hernandez, Cornell University—for the proposal: Revealing the Evolutionary History and Ecological Niches of a Highly Polymorphic Lily, Calochortus venustus: An Integrative Approach to Conservation

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Cody Coyotee Howard, Florida Museum of Natural History—for the proposal: Te progression of aridity in Africa and its efects on plant evolution

Rachel Lyman, Washington University in St. Louis—for the proposal: Te Biogeography of the Central Tennessee Basin Glade Endemics

Yesenia Madrigal Bedoya, University of Antioquia (Colombia)—for the proposal: Gene evolution and characterization of genes that promote fowering in Neotropical orchids

Cheyenne Moore, Bucknell University—for the proposal: Te conservation challenge of linear populations: Using feld surveys and herbarium collections to inform the populations genetics of a Pennsylvania rare plant, Baptisia australis var. australis

OJO Funmilola Mabel, Obafemi Awolowo University—for the proposal: Genetic and Cytogenetic studies of the Andropogon gayanus –Andropogon tectorum complex in South Western Nigeria

Maria Pimienta, Florida International University—for the proposal: Diurnal and nocturnal pollination of Guettarda scabra (Rubiaceae), an advantage to surviving in South Florida’s disappearing pine rocklands

Sébastien Rivest, University of Ottawa—for the proposal: Evolutionary and ecological causes and consequences of pollen defense

Amanda Salvi, University of Wisconsin - Madison—for the proposal: Determining the roll of nitrogen loss on non-stomatal photosynthetic limitations to water stress in greenhouse and common garden experiments

Karla Sosa, Duke University—for the proposal: Escaping Australia: Te role of ploidy and reproductive mode in the dispersal of Australasian Cheilanthes (Pteridaceae)

Jordon Tourville, SUNY-ESF—for the proposal: Te Potential Infuence of Mycorrhizal Mutualists on Tree Elevational Range Expansions Under Future Climate Change

Daniel Turck, University of Idaho—for the proposal: Identifying cryptic diversity and modeling future distributions of North American temperate rainforest plants, using comparative phylogeography and machine learning

Cecilia Zumajo, Te New York Botanical Garden—for the proposal: Origin and evolution of the seed coat in gymnosperms

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VERNON I. CHEADLE STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS (BSA IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL SECTION)

This award was named in honor of the memory and work of Dr. Vernon I. Cheadle. This year’s winners are:

Alexander Bippus, Oregon State University (Advisor: Ruth A. Stockey)—for the proposal: Uncovering Mesozoic polar bryophyte diversity: A permineralized haplolepideous moss gametophyte from the Late Cretaceous of the north slope of Alaska Co-authors: Ruth Stockey, Ger Rothwell

Megan Nibbelink, Humboldt State University (Advisor: Mihai Tomescu)—for the proposal: Exploring zosterophyll diversity in the Emsian (Early Devonian) permineralized assemblages of the Battery Point Formation (Québec, Canada) Co-author: Alexandru Tomescu

Annika Smith, University of Florida (Advisors: Pamela and Douglas Soltis)—for the proposal: How many ways are there to make a nectar spur? Studies in the nasturtiums (Tropaeolum) Co-authors: Lena Struwe, Kurt Stenn, Douglas Soltis, Pamela Soltis

Zebadiah Yoko, North Dakota State University (Advisor: Dr. Jill Hamilton)—for the proposal: Teasing apart the scale of quantitative trait differences for restoration across heterogeneous landscapes Co-authors: Kate Volk, Jill Hamilton

THE BSA YOUNG BOTANIST AWARDS Te purpose of these awards is to ofer individual recognition to outstanding graduating seniors in the plant sciences and to encourage their participation in the Botanical Society of America.

Emma Baker, Creighton University (Advisor: Dr. Mackenzie Taylor)

Susan Eiben, Ohio University (Advisor: Dr. Harvey Ballard)

Sophie Everbach, Oberlin College (Advisor: Dr. Michael J. Moore)

Chlöe Fackler, McGill University (Advisor: Dr. Frieda Beauregard)

Blake Fauskee, Duke University (Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Pryer)

Linnea Fraser, Oberlin College (Advisor: Dr. Michael J. Moore)

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Evan Gallagher, University of Missouri–Columbia (Advisor: Dr. J. Chris Pires)

Ava Heller, Ohio University (Advisor: Dr. Harvey Ballard)

Claire Jorgensen, Willamette University (Advisor: Dr. Susan Kephart)

Melissa Kosty, UCLA (Advisor: Dr. Ann M. Hirsch)

Elizabeth Ladyzhets, Barnard College - Columbia University (Advisor: Dr. Hilary S. Callahan)

Hailee McOmber, Fort Lewis College (Advisor: Dr. Ross A. McCauley)

Jocelyn Navarro, Connecticut College (Advisor: Dr. Chad Jones)

Sofa Ocampo, Florida International University (Advisor: Dr. Suzanne Koptur)

Simone Oliphant, Florida International University (Advisor: Dr. Suzanne Koptur)

Asa Peters, Connecticut College (Advisor: Dr. Chad Jones)

Emily Swindell, Fort Lewis College (Advisor: Dr. Ross A. McCauley)

Helene Tiley, Oberlin College (Advisor: Dr. Michael J. Moore)

THE BSA PLANTS GRANT RECIPIENTS The PLANTS (Preparing Leaders and Nurturing Tomorrow’s Scientists: Increasing the diversity of plant scientists) program recognizes outstanding undergraduates from diverse backgrounds and provides travel grants and mentoring for these students. This year’s winners are:

Austin Betancourt, San Jose State University (Advisor: Benjamin Carter)

Talbrett Caramillo, Fort Lewis College (Advisor: Ross McCauley)

Marco Donoso, University of Central Oklahoma (Advisor: Chad King)

C.J. Cooper, College of the Redwoods (Advisor: Maria Friedman)

Lisa Danback, Webster University (Advisor: Nicole Miller-Struttman)

Ana Flores, Florida International University (Advisor: Jennifer Richards)

Mari Irving, University of Central Florida (Advisor: Chase Mason)

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Chazz Jordan, Georgia State University (Advisor: Lauren Eserman)

Cristina Raya, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (Advisor: Rupesh Kariyat)

Rachael Snodgrass, Gonzaga University (Advisor: Stephen Hayes)

Tatyana Soto, Mills College (Advisor: Sarah Swope)

Emily Swindell, Fort Lewis College (Advisor: Ross McCauley)

Dannielle Waugh, University of Central Florida (Advisor: Chase Mason)

Danielle Weaver, CSU-Fullerton (Advisor: Joshua Der)

AWARDS FOR STUDENTS - GIVEN BY THE SECTIONS

DEVELOPMENTAL & STRUCTURAL SECTION STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS Ana Andruchow Colombo, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Ferugio (Advisor: Ignacio Escapa)—for the presentation: Anatomical studies of two Chilean Podocarpaceae species: insights to the seed cone and leaf morphological evolution of the family

Molly Edwards, Harvard University (Advisor: Elena Kramer)—for the presentation: Exploring the developmental and genetic basis of complex petal morphologies in bee- and hummingbird- pollinated Aquilegia (columbine)

Asia Hightower, Wayne State University (Advisor: Edward Golenberg)—for the presentation: Sculpting an imperfect fower: The study of KNUCKLES in primordia regulation

ECOLOGICAL SECTION STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS Natalie Love, University of California, Santa Barbara (Advisor: Dr. Susan Mazer)—for the presentation: A new phenological metric for use in pheno-climatic models: a case study using herbarium specimens of Streptanthus tortuosus

Kristin Peach, University of California, Santa Barbara (Advisor: Dr. Susan Mazer)—for the presentation: Rethinking foral attraction: sexual dimorphism in Clarkia unguiculata

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Meera Lee Sethi, University of Washington, Seattle (Advisor: Janneke Hille Ris Lambers)— for the presentation: Higher, Faster, Hungrier: Complex Dynamics of a Subalpine Plant-Insect Herbivore Interaction

Tanisha Williams, University of Connecticut (Advisor: Dr. Kent Holsinger)—for the presentation: Using species distribution models to assess the impacts contemporary and forecasted climate change has on the distribution patterns of Pelargonium species throughout South Africa

PTERIDOLOGICAL SECTION & AMERICAN FERN SOCIETY STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS Helen Holmlund, University of California, Santa Cruz (Advisor: Jarmila Pittermann)—for the presentation: High-resolution computed tomography reveals dynamics of desiccation and rehydration in a desiccation-tolerant fern.

Alaina Petlewski, Cornell University (Advisor: Fay-Wei Li)—for the presentation: Using sequencing technologies to investigate evolutionary questions in Lycopodiaceae

Lindsey Riibe, University of Florida (Advisor: Dr. Emily Sessa)—for the presentation: Morphology and sequence data resolve the Diplazium praestans mystery

David Wickell, Cornell University (Advisor: Fay-Wei Li)—For the presentation: CAM photosynthesis in the aquatic lycophyte Isoetes taiwanensis

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TRIARCH “BOTANICAL IMAGES” STUDENT TRAVEL AWARDS Tis award provides acknowledgement and travel support to BSA meetings for outstanding student work coupling digital images (botanical) with scientifc explanations/descriptions designed for the general public.

1ST PLACE ROSEMARY GLOS CORNELL UNIVERSITY

LOASA NANA Te Loasaceae are a small, predominantly New World family known colloquially as the “chili nettles,” “stickleafs,” or “blazing stars.” Members of the family bear a morphologically diverse layer of trichomes (hairs), some of which are similar to those found in nettles (Urtica) and likewise impart a painful sting. Loasa nana is a diminutive member of the Loasaceae that grows in alpine Patagonia. Tis specimen was photographed at Cerro Catedral, Argentina, at an elevation of approximately 6000 feet. Many members of the Loasaceae, including this taxon, exhibit induced (thigmonastic) stamen movements. If you look closely at the boat-shaped petals (yellow), you can see bundles of stamens, which spring out and release a shower of pollen when triggered by a potential pollinator. A few stamens, the anthers of which are visible in the center of the fower, have already been triggered.

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ND RD 2 PLACE 3 PLACE ANA ANDRUCHOW COLOMBO ANNIKA SMITH UNIVERSITY OF UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA BUENOS AIRES

VASCULAR BUNDLE AND RESIN THE EGG-BEATER HAIRS OF CANAL OF SAXEGOTHAEA LEAF THE WATER FERNS UNDER EPIFLUORESCENCE LIGHT MICROSCOPY Much like ducks use their body oil to keep their feathers from becoming waterlogged, In this image a detail of the central portion of a water plants also employ various defenses to leaf of Saxegothaea conspicua in cross section protect themselves from the water in which can be observed. Saxegothaea conspicua is a they live. Salvinia (water ferns) foat on the conifer from Southern Chile and Argentina water, and the upper surfaces of their leaves that belongs to the family Podocarpaceae. are coated with dense hairs. Any water that is Leaves of S. conspicua have a single central dripped on the top of the leaf forms a bead and vascular bundle (or vein) associated with a runs of quickly, never reaching the surface of resin canal. Above, the vascular bundle can the leaf. Looking closely, we can see that the be observed comprising the xylem (above, shape of the hairs is incredibly unusual—each in darker green) and the phloem (below, in individual hair is shaped like an egg beater. lighter green). Tree parenchyma rays, which In the photograph, we can see the water- are one-cell thick, can be observed crossing both repellant properties of the egg-beater shaped the xylem and phloem; the one on the lef is hairs in action. more easily distinguishable, as the cell content shines in yellow. Below the vascular bundle a single resin canal can be observed. Tis picture was taken with an epifuorescence light microscope, without previous dyeing the plant tissues. Terefore the diferent colors observed in this picture are the result of the diferent chemical composition of each cell type. 84 PSB 65 (2) 2019 Public Policy Committee Report from Congressional Visits Day This year, the BSA awarded the Public Policy investment by pharmaceutical corporations, Award to two BSA members: Audrey Haynes but primarily to a fattening of the federal and Adam Schneider. Each of them---in science budget. In botany, many researchers addition to Jenny Mullikin, who won the award are acutely familiar with this through from American Society of Plant Taxonomists decreased National Science Foundation (ASPT)---traveled to Washington, DC to (NSF) funding rates (currently ~20% [NSF, participate in this annual policy event 2018a]) and the suspension of programs sponsored by American Institute of Biological like the Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Sciences (AIBS) on March 26 and 27, 2019 Grant (NSF, 2018b). Scarce federal funding to advocate on behalf of federal funding threatens the future of basic biological from National Institutes of Health (NIH) and science, which may not turn a short-term National Science Foundation (NSF) for basic proft but is vital to solving challenges such research. Their experiences follow here. as food security, sustaining biodiversity, and combating emergent diseases.

AUDREY HAYNES’ This March I had the honor of attending a EXPERIENCE Congressional Visits Day in Washington D.C. aimed at addressing this funding defciency. Science is not insular. Whether we scientists My frst day I gathered with a group of like it or not, there is a reciprocal relationship scientists from all over the country and at between science and society. One fundamental all career stages at the American Institute of infuence politics has on science is through Biological Sciences headquarters for a science research funding. The federal government has communication training. In preparation for historically funded around 60-70% of basic our visit to Congress we divided into regions. research in the U.S.—but in the last decade As a graduate student at UC Berkeley I was that number has shrunk to 44% (Mervis, part of the California group, which was 2017). This decrease is partly due to increased fttingly a large and diverse group of scientists studying everything from Alzheimer’s to mountain lion movement. We practiced telling our unique stories of how federal funding has impacted our work and how that work benefts society.

The next morning we met up By BSA PPC Co-Chairs Krissa Skogen (Chicago Botanic in a cafeteria in the basement Garden) and Kal Tuominen (Metropolitan State University) of Congress to down some and ASPT PPC Chair Andrew Pais (North Carolina State coffee and collect ourselves. University) Our schedule was packed 85 PSB 65 (2) 2019 with meetings with offces of six members of keeping the U.S. a global leader in scientifc the House and both California senators. For innovation. In addition, funding graduate each meeting, we designated a lead depending students can reduce fnancial barriers for on who was a constituent of the policymaker. young scientists, resulting in a more diverse I was the lead with Barbara Lee and Dianne and inclusive scientifc community. Feinstein’s offces. This was particularly special since, as a Berkeley native, these Our California delegation happened to meet women have been my representatives for as only with Democrats who largely supported long as I can remember. our request. Intuitively this may seem ineffective, but politics is about priorities. Our ask was at least $9 billion for NSF and Simply registering support for an issue is not $41.6 billion for the National Institutes of enough to create change; our representatives Health (NIH) in the upcoming fscal year (FY need to actually prioritize and fght for it. 2020), a slight increase in funding from the Without the scientifc community actively previous year. In contrast, the White House telling our stories, communicating results, requested to decrease funding for science and contacting our representatives, science across the board, including by ~12% for both funding will fall to the bottom of the priority NSF and NIH (OMB, 2019). The proposed list. In the inevitable showdowns over the FY 2020 budget is an alarming signal of budget, it’s our responsibility to keep federal the president’s goals. Ultimately, however, science funding at the forefront. Science is Congress controls the federal budget, so too important to be collateral damage. reaching out to policymakers is an important step toward an adequate budget for NSF and NIH.

In our meetings I illustrated the importance of plant ecology research through my experience. My lab has received federal funding to study fre ecology and I study plant water relations. Given California’s recent uptick in drought and highly destructive wildfres, this research is essential, something I understand both professionally and personally having almost lost my grandmother’s home to the Tubbs Fire in 2017. Federal funding for plant ecology research will help predict, mitigate, and prepare for future extreme events brought on by climate change. I also mentioned that as a recipient of the NSF Graduate Research Audrey Haynes at the U.S. Capitol during Fellowship (GRFP), I know how federal Congressional Visits Day. funding has directly enabled my career. Since its inception in 1952, the GRFP has supported over 55,000 students (NSF, 2018a). This investment in early-career scientists is key to building our scientifc research community and

86 PSB 65 (2) 2019

Additional support from the Hendrix REFERENCES College Biology Department allowed Mervis, J. Data Check: US government share of me to also participate in the AIBS basic research funding falls below 50%. Science Communications Training Boot Magazine. March 2017. Camp for Scientists, held during the two https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/ days preceding the CVD. I learned strategies data-check-us-government-share-basic-re- for communicating to non-specialists the importance of my research and that of others to search-funding-falls-below-50 non-specialists, which I immediately applied to my conversations with lawmakers and National Science Foundation. NSF FY 2019 their stafs. For example, during the opening Budget Request to Congress. April 2018a. morning of the boot camp, we organized https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2018/nsf18022/ our message using the “Communications nsf18022.pdf Triangle”: develop three key messages united by a common and concise big idea, and prepare National Science Foundation. DDIG efective transitions to pivot among these Update. May 2018b. https://www. messages in any order. Depending on what nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_ best engages your audience, these messages id=245500&org=NSF&from=news might take the form of a story, statistic, or a memorable example. One Senate stafer I met Ofce of Management and Budget. A Budget with pointedly asked the return on investment for a Better America – President’s Budget FY in NSF funding, although others were most 2020. March 2019. https://www.whitehouse. interested in hearing about our specifc gov/omb/budget/ research projects, or what a scholarship program supported by an NSF grant to some of my colleagues had made possible for their ADAM SCHNEIDER’S students. EXPERIENCE Te afernoon session of the frst day focused “Keep us informed” was a key message I heard on how science journalism works and how to repeatedly from lawmakers when asking what interact with diferent types of media. Tough I can do to help them support science policy various media outlets operate in diferent during the 2019 Congressional Visits Day ways (hint: know your audience!), much of (CVD) last March. At this event, organized by the advice was broadly applicable, such as the American Institute of Biological Sciences “don’t bury the lede”; also, when correcting (AIBS), I joined about 30 other biologists false information, it’s best to lead with a fact from academia, public agencies, and nonproft so as not to reinforce the myth. organizations in Washington, DC for training at the AIBS headquarters followed by On the second day, the focus of the workshop meetings with members of Congress and their pivoted to more directly preparing us to meet stafs to advocate for federal investment in the with lawmakers. We got an overview of the biological sciences. federal appropriations process, both in general

87 PSB 65 (2) 2019 and specifc diferences between the Senate and House. Depending on the federal agency involved, several committees are responsible for shaping appropriation bills and then forwarding them to the foor. March and April are when budget resolutions are developed in Congress for the following year (FY2020), so we were asked to specifcally request funding increases for the National Science Foundation (to $9 billion) and National Institutes of Health (to $41.6 billion) during our meetings from current FY2019 spending levels of $8.1 and $39 billion, respectively. Tese fgures were mutually agreed upon by a number of science Adam Schneider during Congressional Visits organizations to provide a strong common Day stopping by to visit Arkansas State Repre- message. During our meetings on Capitol sentative French Hill. Hill, it was a challenge to balance relationship- building with expressing a frm, concrete, and timely “ask.” One of the major benefts of While I was taking to the receptionist, I asked these meetings is developing an opportunity if someone could talk to us, and next thing for future dialogue. For example, the stafer I knew I was talking to the stafer! Another interested in my colleague’s NSF grant to highlight was having a legislative assistant support scholarships to Pell-eligible students to Rep. Jim Cooper (D - TN) chase us down asked me to connect the two of them afer in the hallway afer our meeting to gleefully our meeting. At the same time, sometimes the follow up (in the afrmative) on my question requested funding levels were the only thing as to whether Rep. Cooper was a co-sponsor that the legislative assistant wrote down from of the Botany Bill (HR1572, https://botanybill. the meeting. weebly.com).

During the last session of the boot camp, we Afer lunch we had six back-to-back meetings were divided into groups based on geography at various Senate ofces. One diference and received schedules for our meetings between the houses of Congress is that Senate the next day on Capitol Hill. I worked with stafs are much larger and more specialized, Amrita Banerjee (Vanderbilt University, TN) which was apparent from the much more and Jenny Mullikin (St. Louis University, MO) specifc and technical questions posed by the to hone our message and prepare for a busy Senate stafers with whom we met. Our last day on Capitol Hill. meeting of the day was our only direct meeting with an elected ofcial, Sen. John Boozman (R We had a total of nine meetings, eight of which - AR). were scheduled ahead of time. Te ninth was an impromptu meeting with a legislative Overall, I highly recommend this experience assistant for my representative, French Hill (R to all. Te communication and civics training - AR). While walking past his ofce on the way provided by AIBS was impactful for me, to lunch, I decided it couldn’t hurt to introduce and I have plans to implement some of the ourselves and leave a couple of handouts. communication strategies to improve my 88 PSB 65 (2) 2019 classroom teaching. From the visits on Capitol for fnancial support for my participation in Hill, my most lasting takeaways include: both the Congressional Visit Days and the Communications Training. I am very thankful Decreased cynicism about our government for this experience! and political process. Our visits were nearly universally well received. Washington DC is full of smart people working hard to solve JENNY MULLIKIN’S problems and do the right thing, as well as groups of ordinary citizens from many walks EXPERIENCE of life (and sometimes in colorful t-shirts) I have been interested in science policy participating in our democracy. issues ever since I started working as an environmental consultant, conducting Empowerment to set up meetings with biological surveys for use in Clean Water lawmakers in the future. Act and Endangered Species Act permitting. It is a feld that I could not continue in long- The importance of citizen activists to support term, because seeing beautiful Midwestern government scientists. After a budget is forests become suburban neighborhoods proposed by the president, federal employees was a weekly occurrence. Now that I am a are legally bound to support their boss and not graduate student again, I miss being involved criticize or endorse the proposal even though in environmental policy. Tanks to ASPT, I they may be the most informed on those was able to attend a Congressional Visits Day issues. (CVD) in Washington, D.C., coordinated by Always start with your bottom-line message the American Institute for Biological Sciences because you never know how much time (AIBS). Finally, my interest in policy and you’ll have. Provide handouts and visual passion for science were reunited. aids. Listen. Dialogue. When I arrived in Washington, my frst If you are a constituent, mention this in your thought was, “Am I too early for the cherry interactions. Your presence will carry more blossoms?” I was, but I did see tiny pink weight. buds emerging from the trees. My second thought was that I was going to be talking to In-person meetings in local offces in your actual policy makers on issues that matter. home district or state are nearly equally I was excited to meet other biologists and effective as travelling to Washington, D.C. learn about their experiences with policy and science, and how they might incorporate that Build relationships. You never know where into their careers as scientists. Tere hasn’t they will lead. been a large push to be involved in policy as a scientist, so it is nice to see other examples In summary, I really appreciate AIBS for of scientists incorporating policy into their hosting and organizing this event, as well careers. as the Botanical Society of America and my biology colleagues at Hendrix College On the frst day of the trip, AIBS conducted a communication bootcamp for the participants

89 PSB 65 (2) 2019 in the CVD. We honed our message to our national representatives and met like-minded scientists from across the country. Te skills we learned are valuable for communicating science not only to policymakers, but also other non-technical audiences that we interact with daily. We were divided into groups based on geographic location; being from St. Louis, Missouri, I was in the Midwest group with Dr. Adam Schneider from Arkansas and Dr. Amrita Banerjee from Tennessee. It was our job to talk to our collective Congressional Visits Day with Jenny Mul- senators and representatives to advocate for likin, Adam Schneider, Sen. John Boozman increased funding for both NIH and NSF, the (R - AR), and Amrita Banerjee. powerhouse funders of science research.

I started the day solo at a Missouri “Cofee with and anthropomorphizing our science is not Constituents” event with Senator Roy Blunt. something to be encouraged normally. It’s a He was very familiar with the importance of delicate balance of engaging non-scientists to science funding to many Missouri institutions, care about what is really happening, but also so that was a positive way to start a long day. not misinform or misrepresent the results. Aferwards, I met my Midwest group and we However, what is vital to spreading the raced from buildings on either side of Capitol importance of science is to ignite the same Hill to nine meetings—two senators and interest and passion that we have for science to one representative from all three states. We others. We can drone on about the return on somehow ft in a visit to the National Botanic investment that we get from science funding, Gardens over lunch, which was a tropical oasis or how important science is to our daily lives. amid the bustling city outside. Tose are important deliverables. But really relating to someone on the aspects of science What surprised me is that out of the nine that are interesting to them, and encouraging senate and representative meetings we their curiosity, is what gets them onboard with had that day, all but one was receptive to our message. supporting science funding and hearing about our experiences. I talked about the role I am grateful for the opportunity to participate of science in my hometown of St. Louis or in CVD. Te experience not only stimulated in shaping mine and my colleagues’ careers. conversation with policymakers on the However, I also found myself talking about importance of science funding, but I gained how female bees have long leg hair to hold insight into their side of the table as well. onto pollen grains, and how that is both It is easy to sit back and talk about what is adorably cute and important. In the end, I happening with science and policy and think realized that the stafers and representatives that it is out of our control. In reality, it takes are just like friends and family who want all of us constantly sharing our stories and to hear about the anecdotes of discovery passions with legislators to slowly change their and silly quirks that make doing science so minds and make a diference. stimulating and rewarding. Personalizing 90 ANNOUNCEMENTS

plant development. His interest in pedagogy led him to serve on a committee studying the role of botany in college curricula for the In Memoriam Botanical Society of America and another on innovation in lab instruction for the revision of high school biology curricula under the aegis of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

Jacobs was a world-class biologist who had a huge impact on the understanding of the hormonal control of vascular diferentiation and development in plants. His pioneering study published in 1952 in the American Journal of Botany opened the feld of auxin research in vascular diferentiation, by revealing that auxin produced in young leaves induces and controls xylem regeneration around a wound Photo from Princeton University archives University Princeton from Photo (Jacobs, 1952). Since then, numerous papers used this basic information to explore the role of auxin in vascular diferentiation of plants. Jacobs also wrote many pioneering excellent WILLIAM P. JACOBS publications on the role of other hormonal (1919-2019) signal, like cytokinin and gibberellin, and published more than 170 publications, With great sadness, I have learned that including his book: “Plant Hormones and William P. Jacobs, a professor emeritus at Plant Development,” published in 1979. Princeton University, passed away on March 3, 2019 in Princeton, New Jersey. He was 99. Among his many awards, Jacobs received the Dimond Prize from the Botanical Society Jacobs was born on May 25, 1919, in Boston. of America in 1975 and a Guggenheim He served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps Fellowship in 1967. In 1998, he was presented (1942-1944). Jacobs received his Ph.D. in with the American Society of Plant Biologists’ 1946 from Harvard University. He joined the Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award Princeton faculty in 1948 and taught at the for achievement in plant physiological University for more than four decades before research and teaching. transferring to emeritus status in 1989. Jacobs will be remembered for his elegant, Jacobs’ courses included introductory botany quantitative, and creative research work and biology, as well as advanced studies of on high plants, especially on xylem and 91 PSB 65 (2) 2019 phloem diferentiation in his model plant I remember Bill Jacobs as a very fne human system Coleus blumei, as well as his research being and an excellent scientist with the on the alga Coulerpa, which is the world’s highest standards in his work. I feel that I largest single-cell organism. He used to collect have lost both my knowledgeable mentor and the alga in various sea locations and used to a very good friend. I will always remember practice his swimming skills during lunchtime him with love for the two productive PostDoc at the Princeton University’s swimming pool. I years (1974-76) spent in his laboratory. always enjoyed joining him for swimming and fruitful research discussions. He had a lifelong He is survived by his wife, Jane Jacobs; love of dancing and therefore arranged and two children, Mark and Anne; and fve attended countless dance parties. grandchildren.

Jacobs conducted research in a range of --Roni Aloni, Tel Aviv University, Israel laboratories around the world, including the Bahamas, Cuba, England, Italy, and Switzerland.

FROM THE PSB ARCHIVES

60 years ago: Emanuel D. Rudolph of Wellesley College writes about how the concepts of evolution may be brought into beginning Botany courses.

“Te value to the students of information about plant evolution, even if it is very incomplete—a prodding indication that botanists are still actively interested in and actively working on evolutionary problems—should be well worth the efort on our parts.”

--Rudolph, Emanuel D. “Evolution in Beginning Botany Courses - Te Mid Twentieth - Century Dodo Bird?” PSB 5(3): 7-8

50 years ago: Irving Knobloch of Michigan State University describes innovative use of visual aids.

“Not wishing to be out of the mainstream of innovation, we have examined the possibility of utilizing some sort of aid not ordinarily used in a plant anatomy course. Heeding the advice of certain psychologists that most of our knowledge is imported to us via our visual organs, we set up units in our laboratory best described as ‘Te tri-visual unit.’ Tis system consists of a rear-view projector, a microscope and a laboratory manual. We use the COC Rotator projectors now made by the Grafex Corporation, as seen in the illustration. Tis type has an inclined viewing screen which can, if necessary, be used for tracing. Te entire projector folds down into a small suitcase-sized unit for easy carrying.

--Knobloch, Irving W. “Te Use of Visual Aids in a Plant Anatomy Course” PSB 15(2): 4-5

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93 PSB 65 (2) 2019

American Journal of Botany Announces

New AJB Reviews feature ˜e American Journal of Botany is pleased to announce the start of AJB Reviews, a new article type launching in 2020. ˜ese reviews will expand the coverage and reach of the journal by providing timely syntheses of a major issue, and new insights or perspectives to guide future research.

AJB Reviews, headed by Dr. Jannice Friedman (Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada), place topics in context while being forward-thinking and insightful. ˜ey can develop new hypotheses and propose general models that help move the ‚eld forward. Original interdisciplinary syntheses and articles that cover newly emerging ‚elds are welcomed. Authors can express a personal perspective while maintaining a balanced view of the ‚eld.

Anyone interested in submitting an AJB Reviews should provide a preliminary summary of up to 250 words. A decision on whether to invite a full review rests with the Editorial Board. All contributions will be fully peer-reviewed, in line with other AJB manuscripts.

For more information, go to https://bit.ly/2LvM1BE or e-mail the Review Editor at reviews@ botany.org.

94 SPECIAL FEATURES

Monumental Trees: Guided Walks as an Educational Science Awareness Experience non-formal learning settings, was performed ABSTRACT during a Summer Science Program promoted To reduce “plant blindness” and improve by “Ciência Viva”, the Portuguese Agency well-being, a new approach has been for Scienti‚c and Technological Culture. designed and implemented. ˜e method During the botanical and mindfulness combines botany and mindfulness activities, activities carried out, public awareness about developed as a proactive learning experience monumental trees was enhanced through during guided walks, to positively in¤uence the “Tree of Emotions” activity performed families regarding plant science through the at the end of the botanical guided walk. We exploration of monumental trees located in measured the e¥ect of this activity by assessing di¥erent urban gardens of Coimbra, Portugal. the categories through which participants ˜is short-term program, developed for relate to trees. An open-ended questionnaire was enacted, and content analysis was

By Raquel Pires Lopes1, Cláudia Sintra Vieira2, Catarina Schreck Reis3, Paulo Re- nato Trincão4, and Amadeu M. V. M. Soares5

1 Department of Biology and Research Center “Didactics and Technology in Education of Trainers” (CIDTFF), University of Aveiro, University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, +351 966504315, [email protected], orcid.org/0000-0003-0499-4850 2 Psychologist at “O“cina de Psicologia”, 1050-179 Lisbon, Portugal, +351 967 536 075, [email protected] 3 Centre for Funcional Ecology, Life Sciences Department, University of Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal, +351 239 703 897, [email protected] 4 Centre for Funcional Ecology, Life Sciences Department, University of Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal, +351 239 703 897, [email protected] 5 Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Uni- versity of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, + 351-234 370 792, [email protected]

95 PSB 65 (2) 2019 used. Te analysis can be broken down into seven categories: ornamental and aesthetic; INTRODUCTION subjective, afective, and well-being; cultural; Te expression “monumental trees” has dendrometric; morphological; biological and been adopted to refer to ancient trees (Haw, environmental; and anthropomorphic. Te 2014), large, old trees (Lindenmayer et al., most categories identifed by participants 2014; Liu et al., 2019), and other trees that are subjective, afective, and well-being represent a living memory about the historical experiences, revealing the scientifc aspects and cultural identity of communities, also explored. Te results suggest that botanical related to aesthetics and subjective enjoyment guided walks combined with mindfulness (Pederson, 2010; Blicharska and Mikusiński, exercises can be an efcient tool for the 2014). Trees with special features, such as general public to establish afective links with trees and their surrounding spaces as well gain their longevity or featuring in old tales, are botany awareness, recognizing its importance loved by communities and cultivate unusual in daily life. social ties (Moon, 2014). Large, old trees are known to have important scientifc and environmental attributes (Lindenmayer, et Key words al., 2012, 2014), such as actively fxing large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees botanical activities; Trees of Public Interest; (Stephenson et al., 2014), maintaining critical people–plant interaction; non-formal ecosystem functions (Lutz et al., 2018), or learning; outdoor programs; mindfulness. providing habitat for a variety of native species (Van der Hoek et al., 2017). In Portugal, trees that are distinguished from others of their Acknowledgements species due to their size, design, age, rarity, or Raquel Pires Lopes and Catarina other natural, historical, cultural, or aesthetic Schreck Reis are fnancially supported features have been protected by legislation by scholarships from the Portuguese since 1938. Such trees are ofen called “Trees Foundation for Science and for Technology, of Public Interest.” Once listed as being of respectively SFRH/BD/91905/2012 and public interest, monumental trees become SFRH/BPD/101370/2014. Te authors living monuments and, as such, subject to would like to thank the “Exploratório certain advantages and constraints. Science Center of Coimbra,” “Ofcina de Psicologia,” and “Ciência Viva” for In general, however, and despite the value the working partnership, as well as all of they represent, trees are disproportionately the participants in the Summer Science vulnerable in many ecosystems worldwide programs. Te authors would like to because of human activity (Lindenmayer et thank all the participants who agreed to al., 2014; Patrut et al., 2018). Even with global collaborate in this study by completing the concern about loss of biodiversity, strategies questionnaires and consenting to the use for protection of biodiversity—and plant of their answers. Tis work is fnancially biodiversity in particular—cannot reduce supported by National Funds through FCT such loss without increasing public awareness – “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, of environmental problems (Fančovičová and I.P.” under project UID/CED/00194/2019. Prokop, 2011). However, this is especially challenging since direct contact with nature 96 PSB 65 (2) 2019 has tended to decrease within modern society children’s active and passive interactions with (Laaksoharju and Rappe, 2017). Indeed, plants infuence their attitudes and actions children are becoming disconnected from toward trees and gardening as adults. In fact, nature, for a variety of reasons, including children are more likely to respect trees if they urbanization and loss of green space (Bertram plant and care for them, observing them as and Rehdanz, 2015) and perceived risk of they grow and bloom (Viana, 1999). Other nature, parental fears, or control (Moss, studies have showed that playing in nature 2012). Tis leads to serious consequences during the early years forms children into for attitudes of students and the general environmentally responsible adults (Chawla, public toward the environment and how they 2015; Broom, 2017). perceive nature (Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2005). For these reasons, it is particularly Outdoor educational programs can be important to stimulate the pro-environmental used to promote nature experiences with a values and behaviors of the public (Bogner and positive impact. Tese interactions stimulate Wiseman, 2004). Kattmann (2000) has shown participants’ curiosity, sense of empathy for that student interest in biology decreases as creatures, responsibility for and unity with age increases, and by the time they become nature (Dienno and Hilton, 2005), and are adults, knowledge about biodiversity issues also related to children’s problem-solving has dissipated. Tis seems to be consistent capacities and emotional and intellectual with the Eurobarometer (2013) “Attitudes development (Kellert, 2012). Outdoor family Towards Biodiversity” survey, which found activities can play an important role in that, across the European Union (EU), less exploration and discovery, leading to new than half (44%) of Europeans have heard the knowledge acquisition by members of all ages term “biodiversity” and know what it means. in an easy and pleasant way (Nadelson, 2013). A study conducted by Laaksoharju and Rappe In fact, concerning plant biodiversity, the (2017) showed that children’s (7 to 12 years phenomenon of “plant blindness” has been old) use of trees in urban spaces increased used to justify the inability to see or notice gradually as their connection with such plants in one’s environment, leading to the spaces developed afer a garden camp. Trees inability to recognize their importance in the provided materials, play space, and activities biosphere and in human afairs (Wandersee that responded to children’s needs. and Schussler, 2001). To overcome this trend, it is important for people of diferent ages to Additionally, contact with nature has been increase direct tactile interaction with plants shown to improve physical and mental health (Neiman and Ades, 2014; Schreck Reis et al., by reducing stress and pain (Kohlleppel et 2014) through educational science awareness al., 2002; Tsunetsugu et al., 2007; Karjalainen actions where participants can focus on et al., 2010). Tese studies give consistent monumental trees. As Fančovičová and evidence that human bodies and minds Prokop (2011) have shown, this strategy is a evolved simultaneously and interdependently. suitable alternative to conventional biology Hinds (2011) proposed that wonderment courses, to positively infuence participants’ with the environment allows an individual to attitudes toward and knowledge of plants. experience an uncomplicated state of mind, Tis idea was also reported on by Lohr and similar to “mindfulness.” Tis psychological Pearson-Mims (2005), who showed that process is commonly defned as a certain 97 PSB 65 (2) 2019 way of paying attention, in which attention is Tus, this study contributes to the literature purposefully and non-judgmentally brought on science communication by analyzing to the present experience on a moment- practical and theoretical methodologies on to-moment basis (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Tis family programs in the context of non-formal approach enhances the impact of experiences learning settings, as well as assessing the in nature and strengthens connectedness to efects of botanical guided walks on children nature (Howell et al., 2011). Several potential and adults’ pro-environmental attitudes and benefts are associated to mindfulness their emotions and intentions with regard practice, such as increased body awareness, to monumental trees. Te tasks carried out vitality, levels of concentration, productivity, allowed interaction between participants as creativity, and the ability to recognize and well as stimulated curiosity and the spirit of accept thoughts and emotions; reduced stress discovery. Participants were encouraged to and anxiety levels; better overall emotional hug a tree, walk in silence, listen to the sounds well-being and sleep; increased self-awareness of nature, observe and describe organisms and ability to challenge habitual thoughts and supported by the trees, measure a tree, and/or reactions to situations; and improved overall mental describe an emotion or feeling. and physical health (Brown and Ryan, 2003). Our study aimed to: (1) reduce “plant Despite an apparent increase in understanding blindness” in children and adults, especially the role of trees in promoting both human in relation to trees with monumental features; and ecological health, and in representing (2) promote botany to a non-specialist public, opportunities for social interactions and in a non-formal learning setting; (3) enhance behaviors (Coley et al., 1997), the specifc use recognition of scientifc education and literacy of the term “monumental tree” has not been for their contribution to the preservation of developed in detail. Tese ideas underpinned communities’ cultural and natural heritage; the development of this project in which the and (4) develop botanical and mindfulness link between botany and the mindfulness activities, in outdoor contexts, as a way of approach is used to develop science- sparking interest and knowledge in botany, awareness programs about monumental trees. and monumental trees in particular. Te programs combine botanical exploration with mindfulness activities that increase concentration and favor a connection of the RESEARCH DESIGN AND participants to the surroundings, with the intention of contributing to an increase in METHODOLOGY interest and curiosity about monumental Activity setting trees, in particular those located in common Te project “Monumental Trees: Walk to green spaces of an urban city. Tis project Well-Being” was developed within the context aims to prevent “plant blindness” and, of a nationwide Summer Science Program, simultaneously, to promote intergenerational promoted by Ciência Viva - Portuguese learning in botanical exploration, specifcally Agency for Scientifc and Technological through the exploration of a specifc group of Culture. Te sessions were carried out in the trees, so-called “monumental trees,” a category city of Coimbra, located in the center region ofen largely ignored by the population. of Portugal, and were included in the Events

98 PSB 65 (2) 2019 of the Exploratório - Coimbra Science Center, Preparation of the activity in partnership with the Psychology Workshop Te botanical guided walk was prepared by Center. Four sessions were held over two days a researcher and a psychologist, involving (26 July and 19 August 2015). Due to the a systematic and critical review of research methodological approach used, the number on botanical programs and outdoor of people in each group was restricted to 15 learning activities. Tirteen urban trees with people per session to enable greater quality monumental features were selected to be of interaction. All participants agreed to the focus of the outdoor learning activities participate in the study on a voluntary basis, (Figure 1) in diferent green spaces in the city afer they were given a detailed explanation of Coimbra. Te trees were close enough to of the investigation around participant complete guided walk of 0.93 miles (1.5 km) interactions with monumental trees. over a period of three hours.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(E) (F) (G) (H)

(I) (J) (K) (L) Figure 1. Monumental trees selected for the outdoor learning activities: (A) Platanus x his- panica; (B) Magnolia grandifora; (C) Araucaria heterophylla; (D) Cycas revoluta; (E) Tipuana tipu and Jacaranda mimosifolia (both species planted along one avenue); (F) Cupressus lusitan- ica; (G) Laurus nobilis; (H) Araucaria bidwilli; (I) Ginkgo biloba; (J) Liriodendron tulipifera; (K) Erythrina crista-galli; and (L) Ficus macrophylla. All photographs by Raquel Pires Lopes (https://www.instagram.com/followmytree/).

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Apart from their location, the selection refects have specifc legal protection (Table 1). the diversity of trees within the city as well as their natural, scientifc, historical, cultural, Outdoor learning activities were selected aesthetic, and ethnobotanical importance over taking into account the tree species, their time. All trees chosen for the guided walk are signifcance, and the spaces explored. The considered monumental trees and some have hands-on and minds-on activities that were even become legally protected by Portuguese developed encouraged direct contact with the Law, becoming “Trees of Public Interest.” botanical elements, using the fve senses. Ginkgo biloba, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Erythrina crista-galli, located at Botanical At three of the stops, mindfulness activities Garden of the University of Coimbra, also were introduced to complement the botanical

Table 1. Trees explored and activities performed during the botanical guided walk “Monumental Trees: Walk to Well-Being”

Activities approach

Tree species per stop Specifc aspects Botanic Mindfulness

Platanus x hispanica Aesthetic, scientifc and (a)“Dendrometric data” (f) “Respiration through (Mill.) Münchh dendrometric aspect cardiac coherence” (g) “Breathe deeply” Magnolia grandifora L. Aesthetic, age, scientifc (a)“Dendrometric data” Araucaria heterophylla and dendrometric aspect (d) “Living fossil” (Salisb.) Franco Cycas revoluta Thunb.

Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Aesthetic and cultural (b) “Observe treetops” Kuntze aspect Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don

Cupressus lusitanica L. Dendrometric and (a) “Dendrometric data”; (h)“Awakening sounds and Laurus nobilis L. cultural aspect (b) “Drawing a tree breaths” High representativeness bark”; “Observe tree- tops”; “Discovers the (i)“Explore the fve sens- smell of trees” es”

Araucaria bidwilli Juss. “Trees of Public Inter- (e) “10 rules to visit est” by Portuguese Law monumental trees without damage!” Ginkgo biloba L. Age, dendrometric, sci- (a) “Hug a tree”; “Tree (j) “Grounding” Liriodendron tulipifera entifc, historic, cultural ID”; L. and aesthetic aspect (c) “2000 species in a Erythrina crista-galli L. tree, let’s fnd them!”; (d) “Living fossil”

Ficus macrophylla Dendrometric aspect (k) “Tree of Emotions” Desf. ex Pers.

100 PSB 65 (2) 2019 activities. Tese methodologies determined [Fear] the development of tasks to promote (C): “It is hunchbacked like an old man” connectivity and proximity between monitors, [Erythrina crista-galli] participants, trees, and the spaces explored (Table 2). (C): “It seems afraid and embraces other trees” [Ficus macrophylla] “Tree of Emotions” Data Collection Instrument and Analysis (A): “I’m afraid that giant pine cones fall Tis study employed a qualitative research on me” [Araucaria bidwilli] design using researchers’ observations and semi-structured interviews with open-ended (A): “Flowers attract many bees that I am questions assessed through content analysis afraid of” [Liriodendron tulipifera] collected during the “Tree of Emotions” exercise, completed at the end of the session [Sadness] at each guided walk. During this activity, (C): “It seems sad and needs a hug” participants were asked to choose which of [Erythrina crista-galli] the 13 trees explored refected four diferent emotions—joy, fear, sadness, and love— (C): “It is old, and has a big hollow log… according to their individual exploration It looks very sad” [Erythrina crista-galli] during the guided walk. We chose this fnal exercise to gather participants’ observations (A): “The tree is incomplete with a hollow during the botanical guided walk and to log, it has died back” [Erythrina crista- determine attitudes, opinions, perceptions, galli] and knowledge about the monumental trees explored along the diferent stops. An excerpt (A): “The trunk color is not festive” [Ficus from our interview is provided below: macrophylla]

Researcher (R): “What feeling (joy, fear, [Love] sadness, and love) do you associate to the (C): “Is like a house, I ft in it” [Erythrina trees explored and why? crista-galli]

[Joy] (C): “Two leaves together are a heart” Child (C): “The leaves have a similar [Ginkgo biloba] format to a cat face, that I like” [Liriodendron tulipifera] (A): “A plant that provides shelter and food to many beings, promoting (C): “They have funny fruit” [Jacaranda biodiversity and this is a manifestation of mimosifolia] the ‘love of nature’ sharing for all living beings” [Liriodendron tulipifera] Adult (A): “They have a festive name” [Jacaranda mimosifolia] (A): “Because of its medicinal properties, which makes us well, like love [does]” (A): “The happiness in seeing my children [Ginkgo biloba] play around” [Liriodendron tulipifera]

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Table 2. Description of the activities performed during the botanical guided walk “Monumen- tal Trees: Walk to Well-Being.”

Botanical Activity Description

“Dendrometric data”; “Hug a tree” Determining certain dendrometric parameters re- lated to size, height, and age using measuring in- struments (tape measure, rope) or by hugging. (a) Filling out a document about the tree data (e.g., sci- “Tree ID” entifc name, common name, dendrometric param- eters, leaf shape, bark).

“Drawing tree bark”; “Observe treetops”; (b) “Discover the smell of trees” Analyzing particular features about the trees.

Stimulating scientifc curiosity through the explo- (c) “2,000 species in a tree, let’s fnd them!” ration of botanical elements.

Stimulating scientifc curiosity through the explo- (d) “Living fossil” ration of their ecological importance.

Exploring the parameters that are used for “Trees “10 rules to visit monumental trees without (e) of Public Interest” in accordance with Portuguese damage!” legislation, and the rules to visit them.

Mindfulness Activity Description

Breathing technique to promote the balanced com- “Respiration through cardiac coherence” (f) munication between the heart and the brain, help- ing to avoid negative feelings.

Focusing on the sensations of breathing, getting off (g) “Breathe deeply” autopilot to become aware of the present moment.

Closing the eyes to relax and feel the sensations (h) “Awakening sounds and breaths” present, such as breathing, as well as expand the focus of attention to surrounding sounds. Using the fve senses to explore the trees (e.g., feel (i) “Explore the fve senses” different textures and scents, observe components of each tree). “Grounding” Feeling the importance and the necessity of stabil- (j) ity and rooting either trees and humans. Botanical and Mindfulness Activity Description

Choosing a tree along the path that can be identi- fed with certain emotions (joy, sadness, anger, and (k) “Tree of Emotions” fear). These emotions are experienced throughout our lives constituting the inner signs of our body. 102 PSB 65 (2) 2019

Responses were recorded by the three participants were analyzed and categorized researchers during the collective sessions, into qualitative categories. Seven categories and notes were later discussed. Participants’ of concepts emerged and were useful for key monumental tree concepts were analyzed grouping participants’ answers (Table 3). and categorized through interpretive research Each answer could have elements that were by four researchers, two specializing in grouped into more than one category since the psychology and two in biology. Te researchers overall response refected several interesting validated the answers collected in a collective ideas and concepts. In this way, the database discussion. Te process was repeated to add or is richer. discard new coding. Tis procedure involved all the researchers. Tables were created to Both children and adults justifed their present and categorization all answers given. answers using subjective, afective, and well- being–related aspects with positive and Participants negative feelings (43% of adult and 28% of Approximately 39% (n = 23) of the 59 child responses). Some observations showed participants in the Science Summer Program concern about physical damage to trees were children aged 2 to 16 years old. Adults caused by human activity (e.g., “I was sad to between the ages of 21 to 71 years old made see roots damaged by works on the roadside”), up 61% (n = 36) of the participants in the dripping sap, or the attraction of insects. program. Better informed participants also focused on certain problems of particular concern, such as the proliferation of invasive and exotic plants (e.g., “I saw some invasive trees in the RESULTS Mermaid’s Garden and it scares me because Te results presented were obtained from they will not give space to our species”). the answers collected during the “Tree of Emotions” exercise. From 236 answers Participants also frequently mentioned expected (4 questions to 59 participants), morphological features of the trees (19% a total of 141 answers were obtained (60% of adult and 28% of child responses). For response rate): 117 from adults (83%) and 24 example, many participants noticed the giant from children (17%). Non-response was lower cones of Araucaria bidwillii, the fowers of in adults (28%) than children (72%). Tis may Magnolia grandifora, Jacaranda mimosifolia, be explained by the fact that some children and Liriodendron tulipifera, and the leaves of felt embarrassed of speaking in public or Ginkgo biloba and Liriodendron tulipifera). preferred not to answer. In some cases, the Both adults and children also mentioned the oldest tree found on the walk, Erythrina crista- whole family worked together in flling the galli, which is over 200 years old and has a big brochure for the guided walk and then one of hole in the trunk contributing to its dieback. the adults was the speaker. Categories emerging from the “Tree of Analysis of the results shows that ornamental Emotions” activity and aesthetic value of trees in urban landscapes (14%) and cultural aspects (6%) only During analysis of the 141 answers obtained occurred in answers from adults. Biological in the “Tree of Emotions” exercise, key and environmental values occur in 9% of monumental tree concepts identifed by all participants’ answers. Regarding cultural 103 PSB 65 (2) 2019

Table 3. Representative examples of excerpts from the answers given and emerging categories from the question “What feeling (…) do you associate to the trees explored and why?” from the exercise “Tree of Emotions”.

Occurrences

Categories Description Children (C) Adult (A) Excerpts from the answers given

(A): “They give us shade”; Related to tree’s pres- “Common in parks and gar- ence in the landscape, dens”; “Form very beautiful by adding shape and malls where I like to walk”; Ornamental and beauty through their 0 38 “Are pruned”; “Makes the city aesthetic fowers, fruits, or oth- beautiful”; “Very common in er seasonal aesthetic Portugal”; “Have an ornamen- aspects tal use”; “Beautifes the gar- dens”

(C): “They have fun leaves”; “I don’t like cats”; “Gives me fear”; “Seems to be very sad”; “Fun fruit”; “The leaves look like a heart” Refects individuals’ (A): “It has a festive name”; thoughts and feelings “It has leaves like cats and I (good and bad), life don’t like them”; “I am afraid of satisfaction, sense of bees”; “I am afraid that a cone Subjective, affec- home and family and 16 114 would fall on me”; “It gives tive, and well-being their own life experi- me pity to look at it”; “I feel ences, by the combi- sad”; “I have affection for it”; nation of cognitive “It transmits fear to me”; The judgments and affec- happiness of seeing my children tive reactions play around”; “It reminds me of my childhood”; “Gives me joy”

(A): “When blooming, it is a landmark of the city”; “A strong connection to the city and its stu- Related with the sym- dents”; “The flowers have the col- bolic value of trees, ors of the fag”; “It reminds me of Cultural 0 15 and sense of commu- a cemetery and death” nity that they inspire

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(C): “It is too old”; “Too big”; Related with age “Because it is old and has a huge and physical char- hole"; “It’s huge” acteristics such as (A): “Size”; “The oldest tree habit, shape, and tree Dendrometric 9 17 we know”; “It is curved”; “It’s measurements (Cir- huge”; “Too big”; “Is very old” cumference at Breast Height [DBH], height or canopy dimension)

(C): “The tips are separated (trunk and branches)”; “The leaves have a When description of similar format to a cat face”; “They botanical elements have different leaves” such as roots, trunk, (A): “Giant cones”; “Trunk color”; Morphological 16 51 bark, leaves, fowers, “Great growth”; “Big fruit size”; fruits, or seeds are “Golden leaves”; “Hollow log” present in the answers

(C): “Grabs other plants”; “Roots falling” (A): “Filtering air pollut- ants”; “Survived the Hiroshi- ma bomb”; “Choke”; “It has Associated with the a chemical substance that can ecological functions paralyse the body”; “They have Biological and of trees, also related poison”; “It looks dead”; “They 2 24 environmental with promotion of kill trees around them”; “Trees biodiversity and me- that give shelter and food to dicinal properties many beings, this is a manifesta- tion of nature’s love”; “With me- dicinal properties”; “Pigmenta- tion of leaves”; “Sap drips”

(C): “Hunchbacked like an old man”; “Needs a hug”; “Seems afraid and embraces the other When trees are per- trees” sonifed and attribut- Anthropomorphism 14 8 ed human features (A): “Seems to cry”; “Selfsh, looks like an octopus”; “It has bad behaviors, like many peo- ple”

105 PSB 65 (2) 2019 aspects of the trees, we found a connection between tree species and the city, which has DISCUSSION an impact on local people. For example, when Te activities used in this study achieved a Tipuana tipu and Jacaranda mimosifolia are dynamic, cooperative, and playful learning fowering, they have the colors of the city fag. involvement between children, their families, Further, Liriodendron tulipifera was frequently and the trees and places explored. Te time referred to as “Árvore do ponto” (“Exam tree”), provided to participants generated greater with a national reference as common name, awareness and a more efective appropriation because past university examination periods of the activity, according to the principles of coincided with the fowering of this species. mindfulness. Other adult answers refected dendrometric data (6%) and anthropomorphic features (3%). A large majority of participants were able to associate the emotions (joy, fear, sadness, and Besides morphological aspects, children’s love) to the trees explored during the guided answers focused on anthropomorphic features walk, and we were able to group the answers into (24%), where trees take on human traits. The seven categories (ornamental and aesthetic; descriptions were so realistic that one can subjective, afective, and well-being; cultural; even identify the tree despite no indication dendrometric; morphological; biological of a name. Children’s answers also revealed and environmental; and anthropomorphic). dendrometric features (16%), such as size and Te answers revealed the use of information height of the trees, for instance. Fewer answers provided during the botanical guided walk refected biological and environmental values and were rich and diferent between the two (4%). None of the children’s answers refected groups of participants. Tis can be explained ornamental and aesthetic or cultural aspects by the diferences in age, life experiences, (Figure 2). and cognitive development. In the case of the

Figure 2. Seven conceptual categories in participants’ answers to the “Tree of Emotions” activity: 117 for adults (A) and 24 for children (C). 106 PSB 65 (2) 2019 anthropomorphism category, for instance, the through displays of concern for the trees and participants’ descriptions were very realistic not negative emotions in relation to the trees and adapted to their respective ages. In the themselves, which is a good indicator that the children’s answers, there seemed to be a naïve activities are on the right track to counteract perception, while adult responses seemed to the plant blindness phenomenon. refect human behavior. Tese observations on anthropomorphism are in line with previous Regarding the presence of big trees, adults research that showed that trees are ofen seen were impressed by their dimension, shape, as carrying symbolic meaning (Appleyard, and ornamental (e.g., shadow, beauty) and 1980, as cited in Dwyer et al., 1991). environmental importance (e.g., shade, air renewal). Tey also showed concern towards For both groups, the most common answers trees’ abiotic (e.g., shading of buildings by trees), were in the subjective, afective, and well- biotic (e.g., bees), and anthropogenic (e.g., being category. Participants’ responses root damage, pruning) impacts. Adjectives about the monumental trees evoked both (e.g., “attractive”, “decorative”, “beautiful”) positive and negative emotional reactions. were ofen used to describe ornamental Exploration and discovery of the trees fred and aesthetic features of trees (e.g., canopy, the imagination and emotions of participants, fowers, leaves). Tese observations seem to as Blicharska and Mikusiński (2014) showed, be consistent with a past study that found that but also caused loathing or association with larger and older trees are the most attractive beauty or ugliness, which refects a cognitive, to the public (Schroeder and Cannon, 1983). sensory, and individual perception about the Dwyer et al. (1991) also showed that streets tree and the place around. Tese results are with mostly large, old trees of a single species consistent with previous studies about public may appear attractive, but they are susceptible perception of street trees. In the Schroeder to sudden loss of scenic value due to damage, and Cannon (1983) investigation, trees were pests, and breakage and may be costlier to considered the most important element maintain, such as the Emerald Ash Borer, and of urban green spaces, with good and bad its extensive mortality of ash (Fraxinus spp.) impacts to the general public. Dwyer et al. (Liu, 2017). In a more recent study, a survey (1991) showed the signifcance of urban conducted in Morelia, Mexico, revealed that trees and forests to urban residents. Further, people prefer tall, leafy, and shady trees and Lohr and Pearson-Mims (2006) found that consider that trees were benefcial to them, people prefer scenes that have trees more than and for the city, by improving environmental scenes that have inanimate objects, and have quality, and aesthetically improving the more positive emotions when viewing trees landscape (Camacho-Cervantes et al., 2014). compared to inanimate objects. Some of the occurrences of negative emotions, such as Despite previous studies stating that air quality the sadness or fear associated to trees, were is less immediately perceptible than other deliberately used as discussion topics with the physical benefts, such as reduced noise and aim of demystifying certain conceptions and wind speed (Schroeder et al., 2006), responses generalized ideas without a scientifc basis in given by adults refect trees’ capacity to flter order to help people to notice and engage with air pollutants. Additionally, there seems to plants. In addition, in most of the occurrences be a strong environmental concern in the of negative emotions, these were expressed importance attributed to trees’ representation 107 PSB 65 (2) 2019 of biodiversity since plants, animals, and other trees and certain notions about them. Tese organisms depend on them. also contribute to improving values and attitudes and to developing environmental Researchers also noticed that participants responsibility within a family context. Such paid more attention to colorful tree species, activities are a key component for increasing which was consistent with Kaufman and scientifc literacy interactions, and have Lohr (2004), who demonstrated that people been recommended in several studies (e.g., respond more positively to plants of some Drissner et al. 2010; Nadelson 2013; Schreck colors than others. Some botanical features Reis et al., 2014). could not be observed on the trees, although adults nonetheless recognized the species by As Dwyer et al. (1991) ask, (1) “How many their characteristic elements (e.g., fowers, remember a big tree in front of their parents fruits). Such absence of seasonal features or grandparents home, and the deep sense of sparked a discussion on the importance of loss when it was removed?”; (2) “How many repeating the botanical exploration in other individuals have planted a tree as a child seasons, namely spring, fall, or even during the and watched it mature as they did?”; and (3) winter, to give participants the opportunity to “[How many remember] planting trees as recognize the changes of the plant during the ‘living memorials’ to remember loved ones?” year (Schreck Reis et al., 2014). (Dwyer et al., 1991, p. 277). A good example of this was a mother with two children Cupressus sempervirens was not explored, that had previously participated in other but the columnar shape of the species was summer science programs related to trees, mentioned during the guided walk. Tis due to her children’s interest. Te example species was associated with sadness, since it given is consistent with the Neiman and is traditionally used in cemeteries. Several Ades (2014) study, suggesting that outdoor studies showed that people exhibit positive programs promote emotional afnity, giving emotional and physiological experiences in an individual a concrete memory and a their responses to trees in general or to trees change in attitude for a long time afer the with wide, spreading, and globular canopies activity. Furthermore, as Lohr and Pearson- (Dwyer et al., 1991; Lohr and Pearson- Mims (2005) have already showed, childhood Mims, 2006). Crown shape and density were experiences with nature infuence adult important parameters mirroring human sensitivity to trees, and that infuence is very preference of large spreading street trees strong. rather than columnar trees in Germany (Gerstenberg and Hofmann, 2016). Tis Participant answers also revealed their investigation also showed that a high, two- memories of trees were related to daily life. dimensional crown size to trunk height ratio Some of them, living in Coimbra, mentioned and a high crown density could be used that it was a pleasure to rediscover trees to predict people’s preferences regarding present in their everyday lives that they had deciduous trees (Gerstenberg and Hofmann, never looked at with enough attention. They 2016). also said that, from that day forward, they felt that they would pay closer attention to those Passive observation and active exploration trees. This observation is consistent with other contribute to building positive memories of studies (Dwyer et al., 1991; Sanders, 2007) 108 PSB 65 (2) 2019 that have shown the importance of using Te explorations carried out helped everyday learning contexts as an opportunity participants to notice and engage with plants, for children and their families to interact with thereby sparking interest and increasing trees and the places in which they live. knowledge about them. If positive emotions demonstrate appreciation, care, and attention During the fnal refection, several participants toward the plants, negative emotions such as mentioned that pauses during the guided pity and sufering for the trees themselves also walk were a way of “relaxing,” and allowed show concern and appreciation for plants. Tat them to “be calmer and become involved is, negative aspects pointed out reveal positive with the space and each other.” Our results outcomes with regards to the objective of the are consistent with Mullaney et al. (2015), study: the prevention of the plant blindness who observed that, besides the aesthetics and phenomenon. Aspects related to insensitivity provision of shade, most residents prefer the or contempt for plants were not observed. calming effect of the trees. In fact, combining mindfulness practice with direct contact with Methods applied in the study (hands-on trees, not limited to a theoretical presentation and minds-on activities, open-public spaces, of scientifc subjects, allowed a greater botanical and mindfulness approaches) focus on and connection to the green spaces contribute to providing participants with an explored. This approach can be a powerful opportunity to create a more positive attitude tool toward facilitating a more effective toward plants and, specifcally, monumental interaction between people and natural trees. Our methodology was consistent elements, contributing to increased interest with previous studies and can be adapted to and curiosity in monumental trees. investigate how attitudes toward trees vary through a science program, even such a short-term program as this one. Our survey CONCLUSIONS results support a positive overall assessment of trees and botanical subjects. Contact with Our experimental study has contributed to participants provided important feedback flling a gap in outdoor learning programs used to measure strategies and adjustments of by using monumental trees to reduce “plant the project, to be applied in further sessions. blindness.” In addition, the project used intergenerational interaction between Our fndings provide increased understanding children and their parents to explore in our eforts to counter the plant blindness innovative methodologies for addressing phenomenon by showing the interest of botanical themes, at the same time using a non-specialist public in educational science mindfulness approach to promote well-being. awareness experiences as a way of sparking Te aim of the study, to explore monumental interest and sharing knowledge in botany. trees, was also innovative since there is a lack Further research on outdoor activities of studies about public interaction with this in formal, non-formal, and informal specifc group of trees. On the other hand, learning applied to direct experiences with monumental trees and other plants are present monumental trees and on how to improve in all cities and are ofen unnoticed. the public’s knowledge about that matter is needed in the future.

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Kattmann, U. 2000. Lernmotivation und Interesse Lohr, V. I., and C. H. Pearson-Mims. 2006. Re- im Biologieunterricht. Lehren und Lernen im Bi- sponses to scenes with spreading, rounded, and ologieunterricht S.13-31. conical tree forms. Environment and Behav- ior 38: 667-688. Kaufman, A. J. and V. I. Lohr. 2004. Does plant color affect emotional and physiological respons- Lutz, J. A., T. J. Furniss, D. J. Johnson, S. J. Da- es to landscapes? Acta Horticulturae 639: 229- vies, D. Allen, A. Alonso, Kristina J. Anderson‐ 233. Teixeira, et al. 2018. Global importance of large- diameter trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography Kellert, S. R. 2012. Building for Life: Designing 27: 849-864. and understanding the human-nature connection. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Moon, B. 2014. Ancient Trees: Portraits of Time. Abbeville Press: New York, New York. Kohlleppel, T., J. C. Bradley, and S. Jacob. 2002. A walk through the garden: Can a visit to a bo- Moss, S. 2012. Natural Childhood. London: Na- tanic garden reduce stress? HortTechnology 12: tional Trust. 489–491. Mullaney, J., T. Lucke, and S. J. Trueman. 2015. Laaksoharju, T., and E. Rappe. 2017. Trees as af- A review of benefts and challenges in growing fordances for connectedness to place: A model to street trees in paved urban environments. Land- facilitate children’s relationship with nature. Ur- scape and Urban Planning 134: 157–166. ban Forestry & Urban Greening 28: 150-159. Nadelson, L. S. 2013. Who is watching and who Lindenmayer, D. B., W. F. Laurance, and J. F. is playing: Parental engagement with children at Franklin. 2012. Global decline in large old trees. a hands-on science center. The Journal of Educa- Science 338: 1305-1306. tional Research 106: 478-484.

Lindenmayer, D. B., W. F. Laurance, J. F. Frank- Neiman, Z., and C. Ades. 2014. Contact with na- lin, G. E. Likens, S. C. Banks, Blanchard, W., P. ture: effects of feld trips on pro-environmental Gibbons, et al. 2014. New policies for old trees: knowledge, intentions and attitudes. Ciência & averting a global crisis in a keystone ecological Educação (Bauru) 20: 889-902. structure. Conservation Letters 7: 61-69. Patrut, A., S. Woodborne, R. T. Patrut, L. Rakosy, Liu, H. 2017. Under siege: Ash management in D. A. Lowy, G. Hall, and K. F. von Reden. 2018. the wake of the emerald ash borer. Journal of In- The demise of the largest and oldest African bao- tegrated Pest Management 9: 5. babs. Nature Plants 4: 423.

Liu, J., D. B. Lindenmayer, W. Yang, Y. Ren, M. Pederson, N. 2010. External characteristics of old J. Campbell, C. Wu, Y. Luo, et al. 2019. Diversity trees in the eastern deciduous forest. Natural Ar- and density patterns of large old trees in China. eas Journal 30: 396-407. Science of the Total Environment 655: 255-262. Sanders, D. L. 2007. Making public the private Lohr, V. I., and C. H. Pearson-Mims. 2005. life of plants: the contribution of informal learn- Children´s active and passive interactions with ing environments. International Journal of Sci- plants infuence their attitudes and actions toward ence Education 29: 1209-1228. trees and gardening as adults. HortTechnology 15: 472-476.

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Schreck Reis, C., A. Moreira, H. Nunes, C. Aze- Tsunetsugu, Y., B. J. Park, H. Ishii, H. Hirano, T. vedo, R. Lopes, and P. Trincão. 2014. Botanical Kagawa, and Y. Miyazaki. 2007. Physiological ef- Kits “Let’s Sow Science!” In Costa, M. F., P. M. fects of Shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of Pombo, and J. B. Dorrío (Eds): Hands-on Science the forest) in an old-growth broadleaf forest in Ya- – Science Education with and for Society: Hands magata Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Physiologi- on Science Network, pp. 87-95. cal Anthropology 26: 135-142.

Schroeder, H. W., and W. N. Cannon. 1983. The Van der Hoek, Y., G. V. Gaona, and K. Martin. esthetic contribution of trees to residential streets 2017. The diversity, distribution and conservation in Ohio towns. Jounal of Arboriculture 9: 237- status of the tree-cavity nesting birds of the world. 243. Diversity and Distributions 23: 1120–1131.

Schroeder, H., J. Flannigan, and R. Coles. 2006. Viana, M. 1999. Environmental education: tech- Residents’ Attitudes Toward Street Trees in the nical staff and their critical confrontation with the UK and US communities. Arboriculture and Ur- science curricula of 5 and 7 years of basic educa- ban Forestry 32: 236-246. tion. Contributions to the formation of teachers. University of Aveiro: Department of Educational Stephenson, N. L., A. J. Das, R. Condit, S. E. Rus- Teaching - Department of Biology - Department so, P. J. Baker, N. G. Beckman, D. A. Coomes, et of Geosciences. al. 2014. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature 507: 90-93. Wandersee, J. H., and E. E. Schussler, E. 2001. Toward a theory of plant blindness. Plant Science Bulletin 47: 2-9.

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Education News and Notes CONGRATULATIONS TO 2019 BESSEY AWARD WINNER SUZANNE KOPTUR! This year the BSA recognized Dr. Suzanne Koptur, Professor at Florida International University, with the Charles Edwin Bessey Teaching Award. This award recognizes outstanding contributions made to botanical instruction and celebrates individuals whose work has improved the quality of botanical education at a regional, national, or is a member of the Teaching, Ecology, and international level. The Bessey Award is the Tropical Biology sections. highest honor for Teaching and Educational Outreach given by the Botanical Society of Suzanne is a clear ft with the qualities America. recognized by the Charles Edwin Bessey Teaching Award. During her career she has Suzanne has been an active member of the mentored an exceptional number of graduate BSA since graduate school. She has presented and undergraduate students, including over 40 papers at BSA conferences over the many from groups under-represented in years, both ecological and educational, and the sciences. She actively seeks funding to provide early opportunities for her students, providing opportunities for undergraduate researchers to join her and her graduate students in the lab and feld, supporting and encouraging them to attend and present at By Dr. Catrina Adams, botanical meetings, and to be involved in Education Director the PLANTS mentoring program and other BSA Science Education News and Notes serves career-building opportunities. In 2017 she as an update about the BSA’s education eforts was awarded the FIU University Graduate and the broader education scene. We invite Student Provost Award for Mentorship of you to submit news items or ideas for future Graduate Students, which recognized her features. Contact Catrina Adams, Education mentoring eforts. One of her former students Director, at [email protected]. writes: “Trough her vocation to training the 113 next generation of botanists, she has lef a program in botany and ranked among the lasting legacy. Every one of us that has had the top fve schools in the United States for the great fortune in having Suzanne as a teacher number of its undergraduates who became will go forth as emissaries for science, creating famous botanists. a ripple efect that will spread her passion for plants far and wide throughout the world.” Past Bessey award winners include: Lena Struwe, J. Phil Gibson, Bruce K. Kirchof, Suzanne is an active and engaged teacher who Shona Ellis, Paul H. Williams, Les Hickock embraces new teaching techniques like active and Tomas R. Warne, Susan Singer, Geof learning, fipped courses, and online teaching. Burrows, Chris Martine, Roger Hangarter, She was active in creating a new FIU initiative, Beverly Brown, Michael Pollan, Tomas Rost, Quantifying Biology in the Classroom James Wandersee, W. Hardy Eshbaugh, David (QBIC), to help biology students develop W. Lee, Donald Kaplan, Joseph Novak, William quantitative skills to help them succeed. She Jensen, Joseph E. Armstrong, Marshall D. served as the QBIC director from 2012 to Sundberg, Gordon Uno, Barbara W. Saigo and 2016, and continues to serve this program as Roy H. Saigo, and Samuel Noel Postlethwait. co-director. She contributes to the research on teaching and has made great impact in developing and supporting a culture of SEEKING 20 GRADUATE teaching innovation within her department. STUDENTS AND In addition to her work at FIU, she is active POST-DOCTORAL in community outreach. She has been a supporter and proponent of Fairchild Tropical RESEARCHERS FOR Botanic Garden’s Connect to Protect program PLANTINGSCIENCE encouraging citizens and schools to help create habitat corridors between the endangered MASTER PLANT SCIENCE South Florida Pine Rocklands. TEAM ONLINE MENTORING She has worked with local schools to OPPORTUNITY build butterfy gardens, organizes several “I wanted to get in contact with school kids, conferences that bring researchers and natural because I think this is a great time—if you resource management professionals together, want to do science communication, this is a and serves on county committees to develop great age to get students engaged in science.” conservation initiatives. – PlantingScience Liaison

Te Bessey Award is given annually in honor Graduate students and post-doctoral of one of the great developers of botanical researchers: does mentoring with education, Dr. Charles Edwin Bessey. Dr. PlantingScience sound exciting to you? Do Bessey served frst as professor of botany and you have good communication skills already horticulture, and later as dean at the University and some experience with or a strong interest of Nebraska. His work and dedication in helping secondary students and teachers? to improving the educational aspects of If so, consider serving as a teacher/scientist Botany are most noted in what Nebraskans liaison as part of our Master Plant Science call “Te Bessey Era” (1886-1915), during Team. We provide training in what it takes to which Nebraska developed an extraordinary excel as an online mentor and reveal behind- 114 the-scenes aspects of how the program works. Nicolette Sipperly, Elizabeth Stunz, and First, you’ll get to mentor several teams to learn Lauren Elizabeth Whitehurst. the ropes and practice mentoring with diverse groups of students. Ten you are paired with one of our participating teachers to help the FEATURED EDUCATION teacher get the most from the program, make sure the teacher’s mentors get the classroom RESOURCE and scheduling context they need to be good Check out cool teaching resources that have mentors, and helping to keep the student/ just been release on BSA’s PlantEd Digital scientist conversations going strong. It is an Library platform! excellent opportunity to see how a variety of mentoring styles play out with students and a powerful way to develop your own mentoring and communication style. Liaisons make the Tree Tender Supplemental program possible! In exchange for your extra Teaching Bundle help, we sponsor your BSA membership for (https://planted.botany.org/r2701/tree_ the year and provide a 50% discount of of tender_supplemental_teaching_bundle) meeting registration. Learn more and apply (by August 11): https://plantingscience.org/ Te short flm Tree Tender (2016) follows a joinmpst young woman, Gaia, becoming the newest Trying to decide if this opportunity is for Tree Tender, learning about the Tree of Life, you? Join us at the PlantingScience Reception the connections between all organisms on Monday at Botany 2019 to learn more about the Tree, the importance of understanding the program. You’ll meet mentors and these connections, and the human-caused former MPST members who can share their mass extinction currently occurring. Each experiences working with PlantingScience. of the major concepts is highlighted in this bundle of educational resources appropriate You can also take a look at the PlantingScience for both K-12 and Undergraduate Education. Star Project Gallery to see examples of the All materials will assist in increasing critical work of PlantingScience student teams and thinking and communication skills while the conversations they had with their scientist connecting current events, events from the mentors over the course of their project: flm, and scientifc knowledge. https://plantingscience.org/psprojects/ Login to PlantED to download resources: starprojectgallery https://planted.botany.org/ Many thanks to the following 2018-2019 BSA- sponsored MPSTs for their hard work and Submit Your Teaching Ideas to PlantED: dedication: Ioana Anghel, Alina Avanesyan, https://planted.botany.org/EcoEdDL_ Liming Cai, Ghana S. Challa, Foong Lian SubmissionInstructions Chee, Mason Kamalani Chock, Aayudh Das, Kelsey Fisher, Laura Klein, Joshua Kraft, Jill Marzolino, Angela McDonnell, Molly Ng, Funmilola Mabel Ojo, Mischa Olson, Carlos J. Pasiche-Lisboa, Kelly Pfeiler, Christina Scara, Jaime Schwoch, Elizabeth Scott, 115 EDUCATION FEATURES AT • Monday, July 29 BOTANY 2019: • Contributed Paper Session Education and Outreach I: Creating an Inclusive SKY ISLANDS AND Experience in the Classroom and Across DESERT SEAS the Discipline

Joining us in Tucson? Consider attending • Special Session: The Future of Botany: some of the many education, outreach, and Educating for a Diverse and Inclusive training opportunities: Community in Botany

• Reception: PlantingScience Reception Sunday, July 28 • Workshop: Present your Work in Tree Minutes Tuesday, July 30 • Contributed Paper Session Education and • Workshop: Using HHMI Videos and Outreach II Data Points as Tools for Engaging Students from Molecules to Ecosystems

• Workshop: Broadening Botanical Wednesday, July 31 Pathways in Teaching • Germinating Ideas: Lightning Talks

• Workshop: Empowering Citizen Science Looking forward to seeing many of you in Leaders with Tools for Robust Community Tucson! Engagement

• Workshop: Interdisciplinary Outreach through Botanical Data

• Workshop: Timing is Everything! Using Phenology to Stimulate Interest by Undergraduate Students in the Plant Sciences and Climate Change

• Workshop: Strategies for Successful Faculty/Undergraduate Student Collaborative Research at PUIs

116 117 118 STUDENT SECTION

A Journey to the Southwest: A Student’s Guide for Botany 2019 ˜e annual Botany conference is nearly here! 2. Volunteer at the Conference: Did you know With 6 days of formal talks, dual poster that you can earn your early registration fee sessions, workshops, ‚eld trips, social events, back if you volunteer to assist BSA sta¥ at the networking, and more, you’re probably conference? In fact, the conference couldn’t wondering how you can get the most out happen without the gracious help of students of this year’s experience. Well, don’t worry who run the registration booth, monitor because we’ve got you covered in our student- ticketed events, and make sure that sections, focused guide below. symposia, and colloquia run smoothly. As long as you registered for the conference by May 31, you should have received the email TRAVEL AND LODGING requesting applications for student volunteers. When you work 10 hours at the conference as 1. Finding a Roommate: Are you looking to an assistant, you earn back your conference save $$$ by splitting hotel costs at Botany 2019? registration fee and will be reimbursed. Check out BSA’s ni«y roommate ‚nder tool at the conference site at http://images.botany. 3. Plan ahead for Next Year’s Travel Grants: org/housing/roommate.shtml. It can be a Although it is too late to apply for BSA-related great way to connect with your peers, make travel grants this year, keep these opportunities new friends, and forge life-long professional on your radar for spring 2020! You can ‚nd connections. Also, for more information on a consolidated list of these awards as well as discounted hotel rates check out: http://www. details pertaining to them online at http:// botanyconference.org/hotels.html. www.botanyconference.org/awards-given-at- botany-2019.html!

EVENTS FOR STUDENTS If you have already registered for Botany 2019, it is incredibly easy to add events to your conference registration! Navigate to the conference website at http://www. By Chelsea Pretz and Min Ya botanyconference.org/ and click the link BSA Student Representatives “Register Online for Botany 2019”. Once you are redirected to the registration page, then

119 PSB 65 (2) 2019 click “Modify Registration”. Please note that Tips for Success: Applying to Graduate while some events are free, all of them are School: Led by Anna Monfls, this is a reasonably priced! panel discussion designed to introduce undergraduate students to the specifc requirements for applying to graduate Saturday, July 27: programs in plant biology. (Free, but please Fun in the Field register!) Field trips: Tere are several feld trips to Undergraduate Student Networking Event: get to know the area and other botanical Tis is our third annual Undergraduate professionals! Tese range from exploring the Student Networking Event, which will be held desert fora of the Tucson Mountains to Bats of before the Plenary Lecture on Sunday evening Southern Arizona. BSA student members can (5:30 - 7:00 pm). Tis event was a great success be reimbursed up to $100 for this feld trip, last year! Not only will it provide attendees but this is on a frst-come basis. Learn more with an excellent opportunity to meet fellow about the feld trips by visiting the conference undergrads, but it will also allow individuals to website: http://www.botanyconference.org/ make some new friends/contacts to help them feld-trips.html. navigate through the rest of the conference. You’ll also get a chance to hear about diferent career paths! (Free – food will be included!) Sunday, July 28: Student-Focused Monday, July 29: Workshops Must-Attend Events Every year at the Botany conference, Sunday Student Involvement in Botany Luncheon – is flled with many diferent opportunities A Focus on Botanical Career Opportunities: to network and learn new skills. Below What can you do with a degree in botany? we highlight some of the student- Make sure that you are present at the annual focused workshops, but for the full list, Student Luncheon to fnd out! We will kick of visit the conference website: http://www. the event with a short talk from our keynote botanyconference.org/workshops.html. speaker, Dr. Betsy Arnold, who is a professor at the University of Arizona and the curator Professional Writing: Covering Personal of the RLG Mycological Herbarium. Ten, Statements, Research Statements, and you will get a chance to chat with panelists Teaching Statements: Tis BSA Student Rep– from various career paths in a “speed-dating” hosted workshop will be led by professionals format. FYI: the panelists usually have insider that will provide an informational lecture, information on open positions for graduate followed by time to work on an outline for one school or careers. ($10 - includes a catered of these statements. (Free, but please register!) lunch)

Student Social and Networking Event: Tis year's event, sponsored in part by the BSA

120 PSB 65 (2) 2019 publishing partner Wiley, will be held at the Playground in Tucson. More information on THE BOTANY transportation will be provided closer to the CONFERENCE APP event. Come catch up with old friends and meet new ones while enjoying craf brews and Schedule Planner: With so many events snacks. ($10 - includes a drink ticket) occurring during the conference, planning each day can be a daunting task! However, Poster Session: Whether you are presenting with the Botany conference app, you will your own work or just there to see what other have the freedom to efortlessly browse talks people are working on, this is a great time to and events as well as create your own easily talk science, learn about cutting-edge plant accessible schedule to stay on track. Te app research, and meet people! Poster sessions will for this year has not been released yet, so make happen on Monday, July 29. Be sure to check sure to read your BSA newsletters that come out a detailed schedule on the web at https:// via email and keep tabs on the conference www.botanyconference.org/engine/search or website (http://www.botanyconference.org/) via the Botany Conference app, which will be for more details! available soon! (Free - no ticket required) Share your Botany experience: Social media allows you to share your experiences at the OTHER NOTABLE EVENTS conference, and the number of tweets, posts, likes, and shares are growing every year. Te CV Review Sessions: Want to have your CV social media aspect lets you share your photos reviewed by someone with a lot of experience and thoughts throughout the conference, before you send it out for job/school and it can also be a way to share your work application? Botany 2019 has got you covered and increase your visibility. It’s a great way this year! BSA has teamed up with other to see what is going on and keep tabs on all scientifc societies to organize these review of your conference buddies! Be sure to use sessions. Tis will be a one-on-one review #Botany2019 in your posts! session where you can get feedback on your CV. Tis is completely free, but does require you to sign-up for a slot. Sign up here: https:// docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1CC9kgGm O5Js9ZVgjGBldKLKHoKrOiu8QzRp2zuRq Vgk/edit?usp=sharing.

For most ticketed events, it’s not too late to register! Tickets for these events are easy to add to your conference registration: Navigate to the conference website at http://www. botanyconference.org/ and click the link “Register Online for Botany 2019”. Once you are redirected to the registration page, click “Modify Registration”. You can also register for events at the registration booth once you arrive at the conference; however, events tend to fll up fast so plan accordingly! 121 PSB 65 (2) 2019 The Path into Botany: Student Stories from Botany Conferences navigate the conference. ˜is was incredibly JANET K. MANSARAY’S helpful since they helped me to focus on talks STORY that ‚t my research interests. As an undergraduate student at Howard In addition to mentors, I was expected to University, I spent three years researching attend informative luncheons and sessions. the genus Rumex in a plant systematics One of these luncheons focused on the lab with Dr. Janelle Burke. During this di¥erent career options in the ‚eld of botany. experience, I investigated sexual dimorphism During this lunch I was able to talk with and phylogeography to better understand professors and professionals at various stages the evolutionary history of Rumex. Dr. in their careers. It was here where I was ‚rst Burke encouraged me to attend a Botany introduced to Dr. Laura Lagomarsino. At Conference, and to apply for the Preparing the time, she was an associate researcher at Leaders and Nurturing Tomorrow’s Scientists the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis (PLANTS) program. Soon a«erwards, I was but would soon be starting as an assistant on my way to Savannah, Georgia to attend my professor at Louisiana State University. ‚rst Botany Conference. ˜e conference was a During this conversation, I was immediately tad overwhelming at ‚rst because there were excited by the way she expressed approaching so many talks and workshops that seemed systematics on a broader scale by combining interesting. As part of the PLANTS program aspects of ecology with taxonomy. While I was paired with two mentors that helped me talking with Dr. Lagomarsino, she mentioned that she was looking for graduate students. At the time, I was not sure I wanted to pursue a PhD in botany, but a«er interacting with so many successful, passionate people, I started to change my mind. ˜ese interactions gave me the boost I needed to take my botany career more seriously.

A«er I graduated from Howard University, I accepted a position at the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania as a Flora of By Janet Mansaray (Louisiana State Uni- Pennsylvania Intern. As an intern, I spent half versity) and Brian Atkinson (University of my week digitizing and barcoding specimens Kansas) as a part of the Mid-Atlantic Megalopolis

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At the time, I was not BRIAN ATKINSON’S STORY sure I wanted to pursue My name is Brian Atkinson and I am a a PhD in botany, but after paleobotanist at Te University of Kansas interacting with so many (KU). From Antarctica to Japan to the Pacifc Northwest, I travel around the world to successful, passion- unearth new species of long extinct plants, and ate people, I started to I try to fgure out what they can tell us about change my mind. These plant evolution by directly integrating them in evolutionary analyses. In August 2019, I will interactions gave me the begin a tenure-track position as an assistant boost I needed to take professor/curator in the department of Ecology my botany career more and Evolutionary Biology and the Biodiversity Institute at KU. I am overwhelmingly excited seriously. to start this position and further the feld by (MAM) Project and the other half performing doing what I love and training students. I’ve necessary herbarium duties (mounting, fling, been asked to briefy share my experiences etc.). During this time, I decided to apply to and career path, and it’s my pleasure to do so. graduate schools. I recalled the interaction I had with Dr. Lagomarsino during the Botany My career path wasn’t exactly straightforward. Conference and how enthusiastic she was I started my undergraduate degree at Ohio about her research, a feld that aligned well with University as a fne arts major; however, my interests. Tus, she was the frst professor right before my freshman year began, I I reached out to. Within days, she responded had a change of heart and switched my and from our various exchanges it seemed like major to Environmental Plant Biology I’d be a great ft for her lab! Just two years afer in the Environmental and Plant Biology my frst Botany meeting, I accepted an ofer Department. Tis was a choice inspired by from Louisiana State University to become Dr. my enjoyment of drawing/painting plants in Lagomarsino’s frst graduate student. Today, high school. Te botanical courses that I took my research focus is on the phylogenetics and were my frst memorable introductions to the morphological trait evolution of Centropogon diversity and evolution of plants. To say the subgenus Centropogon, a group of neotropical least, my mind was blown and my curiosity bellfowers. I recently fnished my frst year caught fre. I followed what further ignited of graduate school and I am excited to attend my curiosity and pursued a variety of diferent Botany this summer as a graduate student. Not research opportunities, but nothing really only did the PLANTS program allow me the stuck until I saw a talk on paleobotany by Dr. opportunity to network and meet my current Gar Rothwell. Tis was the frst time I’ve ever advisor, but it also gave me opportunity to heard of the feld and I was captivated by the make friends that I still keep in contact with way he described how fossil discoveries can today. make major impacts on our understanding of evolution. Immediately afer his talk I asked him if I could do a research project in his lab and Gar generously gave me one, which involved describing a new species of conifer

123 PSB 65 (2) 2019 from the Cretaceous. To say the least, this type of work continued to further my curiosity in a Such experiences and satisfying way, so it was a wrap afer that. Te interactions allowed project proceeded and Gar encouraged me to join the Botanical Society of America (BSA) me to feel safe to be and attend the 2011 meetings. intellectually engaged and energized at Botany 2011 was the frst national conference that I attended and proved to be a signifcant Botany, which set a milestone in my career. Moreover, my high bar for all other attendance was fully funded by the PLANTS conferences—and I program, which aims to enhance diversity at BSA conferences. Although the Paleobotany found myself returning section was very welcoming, the PLANTS to these meetings every program helped me feel even more welcomed year since then. and integrated in Botany by bringing in a diversity of students. A year later, I returned botanical audience, participate in engaging to Botany to give my frst talk. I was certainly conversations with other researchers, learn terrifed, but members of the paleobotanical about some of the most exciting research, section and others were incredibly supportive and cultivate collegial and collaborative of me as well as other students, which certainly relationships with other botanists (several took the edge of. I recall someone telling me of which are now close friends). My not to worry because I was among friends. experiences at Botany have nourished my Such experiences and interactions allowed research program, and without a doubt these me to feel safe to be intellectually engaged meetings will continue to play an important and energized at Botany, which set a high bar role in my career. Although I must note that for all other conferences—and I found myself BSA/Botany have much to do in the way of returning to these meetings every year since enhancing diversity and inclusion, programs then. such as PLANTS are critical steps in the right direction. Over the years Botany has continued to be a place where I can communicate my research and ideas by giving talks to a broad

124 BOOK REVIEWS

Ecological Atlas of Poetic Botany...... 125 Biodiversity and Climate Change...... 126 Next Generation Biomonitoring: Part 1. Advances in Ecological Research Volume 58...128 Economic Botany Managing the Wild: Stories of People and Plants and Tropical Forests...... 130 Trees in Art...... 132 Why Look at Plants? The Botanical Emergence in Contemporary Art...... 135 Systematics Centric, Araphid and Eunotioid Diatoms of the Coastal Laurentian Great Lakes Bibliotheca Diatomologica, Volume 62...... 135 Diatom taxonomy and ecology: From France to the sub-Antarctic Islands...... 136 Flora of Florida, Volume VI: Dicotyledons, Convolvulaceae through Paulowniaceae...... 136 Syllabus of Plant Families, Part 1/3: Basidiomycota and Entorrhizomycota...... 137

considers to be ephemeral. Rather, the high- ECOLOGICAL quality drawings provide a synthesis and Atlas of Poetic Botany interpretation of the plants, which he shows Francis Hallé in an engaging but sometimes a whimsical 2018. ISBN: 978-0-262-03912-3 manner. For instance, he shows a curious Hardcover; $24.95 (£20.00), shrew sitting on a type of pitcher plant, 128 pp. MIT Press, Cambridge, Nepenthes lowii, a species endemic to Borneo. Massachusetts In fact, there is a small locater map provided for each featured plant. The author refers to one of Darwin’s most Tis short volume can be underappreciated works, the Power of considered a cofee-table book that provides Movement in Plants (Darwin and Darwin, a light-hearted treatment of interesting and 1880) since some of the plants in this book specialized plants from the tropical regions were frst described by this seminal scientist. of the world. Te author, Francis Hallé, is a For example, the dancing plant, Codariocalyx French botanist who has expertise in tropical motorius, is a tropical Asian shrub and is one rainforests with a focus on tree architecture, of the few plants capable of rapid movement and this book is an English translation from in response to sound. Other better-known the original work in French. species that exhibit rapid movement include Hallé makes a philosophical point of providing the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica) and the drawings rather than photographs, which he Venus fytrap (Dionaea muscipula).

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The book organizes the plants into several Biodiversity and Climate topics, including: record-setting species, Change interesting adaptions, “mysterious” behavior, Thomas E. Lovejoy and Lee Han- coevolution between plants and animals, and nah “biological singularities.” Records include 2019. ISBN: 978-0-300-20611-1 Paperback, US$40.00. 416 pp. one of the biggest tree in Africa (Baillonella Yale University Press, New Ha- toxisperma), the biggest leaf in the world ven, Connecticut, USA. (Raphia regalis), and plants with very fast growth rates (water hyacinths, Eichhornia crassipes). Adaptations include a plant that It can be extremely difcult to stay informed is a single leaf (Monophyllaea insignis) in a feld that is constantly expanding in and an orchid without leaves (Microcoelia terms of research and information output. caespitosa) from western Africa. Te task becomes even more difcult when the feld itself is a rapidly and continually Some of the plants considered by the author transforming global phenomenon spanning are well known such as Raffesia arnoldii, multiple disciplines. We need an updated which has the largest fower in the world, comprehensive guide to inform an overarching and the bromeliad Spanish moss (Tillandsia (and simultaneously detailed) picture of usneoides), but most species are not. This climate change and its many efects on the book is delightful and will be enjoyed by both living world. Editors Tomas E. Lovejoy and amateur and professional botanists. Lee Hannah do just this in Yale University Press’s new book Biodiversity and Climate LITERATURE CITED: Change—a sequel to their 2005 work Climate Change and Biodiversity. Darwin C., Darwin F. 1880. The Power of Move- ment in Plants. John Murray Publishers, London. Lovejoy and Hannah are ideal curators of this work, not only having edited the --John Z. Kiss, Department of Biology, UNC- previous volume, but both have prestigious Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27402 and prodigious research careers related to biodiversity, climate change, environmental science, and conservation. A brief foreword by famed ecologist E.O. Wilson introduces this work, which is divided into fve main sections. Each section contains several chapters (totaling 28) by a combination of senior and more junior authors, resulting in a thorough and rich perspective. Chapters provide introductions to the topic at hand, as well as theoretical background, informative fgures and tables, empirical evidence, predictions for the future, unanswered questions, and brief conclusions. Te book also includes 11 diferent case studies that succinctly walk through specifc examples of efects of climate

126 PSB 65 (2) 2019 change and eight color plates that visually predicted changes, fndings from current highlight major points. empirical research, and what changes are likely to occur in the future. Topics include Te frst section asks “What is climate change species distribution modeling, the impact of biology?” and briefy walks the reader through ocean acidifcation on biodiversity, mountain the ways in which the biological world is biodiversity, food web changes, invasive changing and what, exactly, climate change is. species, and disease. A case study on dynamic Tese chapters provide a starting point for the management of a tuna fshery in Australia remainder of the book, explaining the many is especially eye-opening, demonstrating ways in which humans are changing the living the many diferent types of data and world, how and why the climate is changing, communication between diferent types of and how these elements interact to afect organizations necessary to properly manage biodiversity across the globe. and conserve resources that are of importance In the second section, authors discuss the to biodiversity and human economic and currently observed changes in biodiversity social interests. that are related to climate change. Tese range Finally, the book turns to the ways in which across multiple biological sub-disciplines, conservation and policy can respond to the such as the genetic signatures of change, threats of climate change to biodiversity. population- and species-level changes in Authors focus on themes such as protected range and abundance, species interactions, areas, ecosystem-based adaptation and and ecosystem changes. Te reader is restoration, and connectivity. A chapter on presented evidence from across a diversity of the efects of climate change on agriculture organisms (insects, cnidarians, plants, birds, and food security reinforces the ways climate fsh, etc.) and in both terrestrial and aquatic change will directly afect humans, and how ecosystems. Diverse systems are represented human populations that are least equipped throughout the entire book, lending a holistic to deal with negative efects will be the ones view of biodiversity and climate change. that sufer the most. Beyond the biological Part three focuses on what past changes in and physical science, a chapter on public climate can tell us about contemporary and awareness and behavior changes dives into the future changes. Taking a more paleoecological social sciences and how best to communicate perspective, authors focus on geologically climate change to the public and how to enact historic abrupt climatic changes and how personal changes that will reduce human biodiversity subsequently transformed. I efects on biodiversity. was especially intrigued by the “metaphor of Who should read this book? Tis work is deep time” in Chapter Nine, in which current both comprehensive and detailed, outlining and future communities are characterized by broad pictures across disciplines while also their structural and functional compositions giving specifc examples. I personally would and compared to compositions of previous not recommend this book to readers who are geological time periods. looking for a beginning introduction to the Te fourth focus, and the most comprehensive, feld—the language and detail are meant for is on the future. Part four contains information a slightly more scientifc audience and the on specifc research areas, their theoretically book employs enough jargon and detail to

127 PSB 65 (2) 2019 likely disinterest a reader seeking a “popular Next Generation Bio- science” book. monitoring: Part 1. I would, however, strongly recommend Advances in Ecological this work to scientists, policy-makers, or Research Volume 58 David A. Bohan, Alex J. communicators in several felds, including Dumbrell, Guy Woodward, and biology, environmental science, environmental Michelle Jackson (eds.) policy, earth and planetary science, science 2018. ISBN: 978-0-12-813949-3 journalism or writing, climatology, and others. Hardcover, US$219.00. 293 pp. Members of each discipline will recognize Academic Press, Oxford, UK. principles that they are familiar with, and Next Generation Biomonitoring: Part 1 other topics about which they are either not is a collection of contributed papers that well versed or may not have considered in addresses the gap between the conceptual detail. Tis is an excellent reference for those simplicity of biomonitoring (i.e., observe and who are already more senior in their felds as record) and the challenges in implementing well as those who are just beginning. I can large-scale eforts to gather high-quality data. see this book being utilized in a graduate Biomonitoring data are critical for developing, course or upper-level undergraduate course executing, and assessing conservation on biodiversity or climate change. Overall, policy, as well as growing our fundamental Biodiversity and Climate Change is an understanding of the interaction between excellent, thorough, and detailed snapshot of ecosystem patterns and processes. Te book our current understanding of how human- emphasizes methodological approaches induced climate change is afecting the living in molecular ecology, ecoinformatics, and world. remote sensing that have been developed in the last 15 years in a deliberate shif away from --Nora Mitchell, Department of Biology, the use of methods that were designed for University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New smaller scale and less-intensive monitoring. Mexico, USA Te book is edited by David. A Bohan, Alex J. Dumbrell, Guy Woodward and Michelle Jackson, and its six chapters comprise the frst of two volumes about contemporary biomonitoring in the Advances in Ecological Research series. Te series has been published since 1962 and it is currently publishing annually. Te contributions come from 84 co- authors, refecting the distributed and highly collaborative science commonly practiced in the feld. Each chapter is written accessibly for a broad audience, but the book seems to be targeted at professionals and students involved in the acquisition or use of monitoring data. Te frst two chapters look at the use of molecular approaches in biomonitoring. Te 128 PSB 65 (2) 2019 chapter “Biomonitoring for the 21st century: environmental measurements relevant to the Integrating next-generation sequencing into scale at which they operate. ecological network analysis” by Derocles et al. focuses on the use of molecular data, Te next two complementary chapters look at such as from environmental DNA, to fundamental issues of study design in large- parameterize ecological network models, scale biomonitoring eforts and the analysis particularly multilayer networks. We learn of the data collected. In “Challenges with how parameterized networks can be analyzed inferring how land-use afects terrestrial to monitor ecosystem change and quantify biodiversity: Study design, time, space and ecosystem functions and services. Te synthesis,” De Palma et al. look at diferent second chapter by Leese et al., “Why we need study designs that are typically used to assess sustainable networks bridging countries, the efects of land-use change on biodiversity. disciplines, cultures and generations for Tey compare designs such as times series, aquatic biomonitoring 2.0: A perspective space-for-time substitutions, and before- derived from the DNAqua-Net COST action,” afer-control-impact to consider the rationale examines biomonitoring of freshwater and limitations of each. Te ffh chapter, systems by applying DNA metabarcoding “Modelling and projecting the response of (the high throughput sequencing of target local terrestrial biodiversity worldwide to land regions of DNA for purposes of species use and related pressures: Te PREDICTS identifcation) to samples such as those Project” by Purvis et al., is a thorough review containing environmental DNA. Leese et of a large efort that has resulted in the al. advocate for a reimagined view of high- compilation of a global diversity dataset with volume species monitoring that would largely thousands of species and sites. Te source data replace traditional manual approaches, for the project come from a vast assortment even though they acknowledge that we are of studies that have collected data on many still limited in realizing this vision due to diferent species and places using all sorts of technical challenges, such as the availability of methods. Te authors identify that handling taxonomic expertise and adequate methods to the hierarchical structure in these kind of quantify the relative abundance of species. data is the principle challenge in analysis. Te reasoning involved in the analysis of these Chapter three, “Advances in monitoring and data is likely to be informative, even for those modelling climate at ecologically relevant with relatively modest datasets, as the basic scales” by Bramer et al., examines the challenge structure for analysis presented here serves as of obtaining fne-scale environmental data, a general template for handling hierarchical fner than the resolution typically obtained ecological data. from networks of weather stations (>10 km scale). Te need for these data stems from the In the last chapter, “Mapping Mediterranean common observation that organisms respond wetlands with remote sensing: A good- to variation in temperature, humidity, looking map is not always a good map,” radiation, wind, and soil moisture at 0.001– Perennou et al. examine the use of remote 100 m scales, defned here as the microclimate sensing technologies in biomonitoring using range. To understand the distribution Mediterranean wetlands as a case study. and abundance of organisms, we require We are told that wetlands are inherently challenging to assess because the spatio-

129 PSB 65 (2) 2019 temporal dynamics of wetland habitats are complex and difcult to characterize even ECONOMIC BOTANY with substantial amounts of data. Wetland habitats are also hard to diferentiate, such Managing the Wild: Sto- as distinguishing between artifcial and ries of People and Plants natural wetlands, where accurate assignment and Tropical Forests is important because natural wetlands are By Charles M. Peters 2018. ISBN 978-0-300-22933-2 associated with signifcantly higher levels of Hardcover, $30.00. 184 + xxiv biodiversity. Te detection of long-term trend pp. signals within the noise of natural variation New York Botanical Garden is also hard because of intra- and interannual and Yale University Press. variation in water availability in wetlands. Remote sensing is fundamentally changing the scope of biomonitoring, particularly on Tis is a well-written book, eminently readable the regional and global scale, but in the end we on several levels, on plants and people. First, it learn that remote sensing needs various forms is an engaging description of work in tropical of complimentary ecological knowledge for it forests, some infested with tigers, and the to be of conservation value. culture of the people who depend upon these forests. Second, it discusses forestry research Next Generation Biomonitoring: Part 1 is techniques, using methods and equipment successful in describing important modern suitable to local people. Lastly, and especially approaches to biomonitoring. Te six chapters meaningful to me as an ethnobotanist, it of this book consistently present the logic describes culturally sensitive ethnobotanical of methods, along with their strengths and methodology, weaknesses, and ofer practical insight into their implementation. Peer-reviewed journal Peters accepts the local people as partners articles have established a hegemony on in his research, gaining autochthonous publication in the scientifc community, but knowledge from the experts. His respect for the chapters of Next Generation Biomonitoring: their culture and his humility of approach Part 1 show the benefts of leeway in word is palpable. In this way, he models what count to fully articulate ideas and approaches successful ethnobotanical practice should be. beyond a condensed journal form. For most In a wonderful balance, he collects forestry target readers, it is likely that only several data on timber and non-timber use of plants chapters will be of direct interest, but those (agave in the dry forests of Central America, chapters are likely to be insightful. rattans in Borneo and other parts of Southeast Asia), which has resulted in many papers --Tan Bao, Department of Biological Sciences, in scientifc journals but also provided an University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. appreciation of forest metrics for local people. We learn that the “pristine forests” do not mean there has been no human activity. Contrariwise, Peters shows that the forests have been maintained for hundreds of years— if not longer—so that they are truly sustainable. Hence, the title Managing the Wild. Sadly, he documents the sometime disastrous results 130 PSB 65 (2) 2019 of well-intended bureaucratic government this reviewer. foresters. Starting with the earliest depictions of trees Te coverage of the book is global with in art, both B.C. and less than 100 years A.D., short, pithy chapters of work in Mexico, the author reviewed various teachers and Peru, Indonesia, Uganda, China, Papua New their techniques. I was fascinated with ‘blot’ Guinea, Myanmar, and Vietnam. For anyone depictions of foliage and landscape, which who loves ethnobotany, there is a treasure Alexander Cozens developed as a technique trove of information on a wide diversity of for teaching students; he was inspired by a plants and plant products. comment made by Leonardo da Vinci, that you can imagine faces, woods, and landscapes I highly recommend this book for the and other things from the patterns of marks general public, anthropologists, botanists, found on an old wall (or clouds for that ethnobotanists, ecologists, foresters, and matter!). But da Vinci himself made many anyone interested in sustainable tropical drawings and paintings of trees with extreme forestry. detail and accuracy. Grimm (who also --Lytton John Musselman, Blackwater Ecologic illustrated Natural History and Antiquities of Preserve, Department of Biological Sciences, Selbourne for Gilbert White) was considered a Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia good artist but lacking in his portrayal of trees, 23529-0266 which were “not pleasing” and drawn with too much “humor.” Not many artists before 1800 drew trees with great accuracy.

Trees in Art Te 19th century saw a turn to realism with Charles Watkins many portraying trees with bark and other 2018. ISBN: 978-1-78-023930-9 features characteristic of the species. But then Cloth, US$55.00. 256 pp. there were the Cubists (Braque, Picasso) and Reaktion Books, London the Impressionists (Matisse, Monet, Redon), A number of attendees of capturing the essence of plants with their botanical and other kinds shapes and textures, without the details. of scientifc meetings look for the nearest art Many ancient stories involved trees. In Ovid’s museum and add that to their schedule. Tis Metamorphoses, many women and men turn book will certainly be of interest to all art to trees. Cyparissus killed his favorite stag by lovers, as well as those who are interested in accident and asked to mourn him until the the role trees have played in depiction of many end of time; he became an evergreen cypress. historical periods, ofen as background, but Trees are strong and can withstand a lot of sometimes as central fgures of the painting abuse, as a chapter devoted to Lopping and or other work of art. Charles Watkins takes Pollarding examines. It is incredible how trees us through the ages, with a decidedly British can withstand such extreme torture (and this and northern European bias, relating the was without any mention of bonsai…)! stories and historical underpinnings of many Watkins discusses sacred trees and woods, beautiful images. He includes work by famous important in many cultures. Tere are trees artists, as well as a number less well known to that stand for the elders in a community, ofen single oaks in temperate zone cultures, 131 PSB 65 (2) 2019 taking on a wizened appearance with their Why Look at Plants? The enormous size. He devotes a chapter to trees Botanical Emergence in and timber, as he reminds the readers there Contemporary Art is no natural woodland without human Giovanni Aloi, author and infuence (including deliberate fre, grazing, editor wood cutting, tree disease, and pollution). 2018. ISBN 978-9-004-37524-6 Te penultimate chapter considers Western Hardcover; US$34.95. 280 pp. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, the art abroad, as there was a need to describe Netherlands. distant lands to those for whom travel was not possible. Many learned of the landscapes Giovanni Aloi, an art of faraway lands by the paintings and other historian specializing in the representation depictions created by western artists traveling of animals and plants in contemporary art— to those places, including works done in who currently teaches at the School of the Art Australia, the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, Institute of Chicago, Sotheby’s Institute of Art Lebanon, and Tenerife. New York and London, and Tate Galleries and is the Editor in Chief of Antennae: Te The fnal chapter considers “more than real Journal of Nature in Visual Culture—ofers trees,” considering many phantasmagoric an uncommon approach to botany in this images, from the grotesque images collection of 35 essays. Combining historical of Hieronymous Bosch and Giuseppe and ecological analyses, he tackles topics Arcimboldo, to the ominous trees depicted from the perspective that local events are a by Arthur Rackham in the fairy tales of The consequence of, or infuenced by, political Brothers Grimm, and the beautiful but made- processes that occur on a world scale. Overall up vegetation in the works of Henri Rousseau. themes embody plant–people relationships, Mind-bending works by Max Ernst, Salvador organized into sections thematically: Forest, Dali, and more contemporary artists such as Trees, Garden, Greenhouse, Store, House, Vera Röhm, Giuseppe Penone, and Ai Weiwei Laboratory, Other Spaces. Some encompass among others are depicted in the last pages—a new, unexpected directions. Aloi opens each forward-looking ending to this enjoyable section, writing his own detailed, thoughtful, book. and engaging introductions to contributions by 27 others. I truly learned a lot reading through this book and recommend it to everyone as a pleasing Aloi’s essential Introduction to the subject addition to your botanical bookshelf. It would opens with tribute to the herbarium, efectively make a nice gift to someone who likes nature, an iconographical precursor of natural history plants, and trees (being coffee-table sized), objectifcation. Te practice of collecting live and a popular choice in any library collection. plant specimens for the purpose of study was introduced by Luca Ghini, founder of --Suzanne Koptur, Plant Ecologist and Profes- the academic study of nature in Bologna and sor of Biology, Florida International University Pisa. Dried specimens provided much-needed truth to begin secular, taxonomic projects based on the empirical scientifc method. Next, Aloi observes the symbolism of plants (e.g., palm, iris, dafodil) and the iconography in Arcimboldo’s vegetal compositions aimed to criticize rich peoples’ conduct. He expands 132 PSB 65 (2) 2019 on the cultural signifcance of fower color on Christmas trees demonstrates how they such as marigolds, now ubiquitous in India, led to commercialization through market- that derive from new varieties received from driven consumption of decorations and South America via Portugal. Chrysanthemum other embellishments. A celebration initially is symbolic in China, of the 9th month, intended as a redeemer of consumerism including a phonetic analogy between “nine” became an emblem of the human–tree and “longtime.” Te pronunciation of the capitalist relationship. name chrysanthemum in Chinese sounds like the verb “to remain.” Fruits appear later in ‘Falling from Grace’, Aloi’s introduction to history (but precede fowers), as in artworks the “Garden” section, features Quinn’s year afer Caravaggio’s 1599 Basket of Fruit; lemons 2000 art installation of plants immersed in 26 symbolize the Virgin Mary; pomegranates, tons of low-viscosity silicone in a cold room resurrection; apples, temptation and original and tank maintained at –20°C. Personally, sin; fgs, fertility. I shudder at the waste of energy resources required to maintain this exhibit. Aloi tackles Aloi stresses the inclusion of imperfections in weeds at length, which he views as a capitalist paintings of that era, as metaphorical language construct, defned by their geography inside to symbolize hardships, such as Courbet’s the garden, edges of roads, fronts of garages, paintings (1871-2) that depict decayed fruit, and cracks in pathways, transgressing and chipped bowls, by a leader of the Realist boundaries. Paradoxically, Aloi views them movement, a revolutionary, highly political as more “natural,” yet demonized. However, congregation of artists. Forbidden to paint Aloi omits from consideration in this volume humans, they painted damaged apples as an act any attention to dangerously invasive weed of resistance. He exposes the British obsession species, whose introduction causes or is likely for ferns, ‘Pteridomania’, and ‘Orchidelerium’ to cause economic or environmental harm, as embodiments of indiscriminate pillaging or harm to human health, such as kudzu, of exotic lands, or destruction of pristine water hyacinth, poison ivy, or lesser celandine environments; he associates climate change (Ranunculus fcaria L.), the classic case of an with the origins in capitalism. invasive species native to Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, and Siberia that was Aloi’s introduction to “Forest: ‘Lost in the brought to the U.S. as an ornamental plant, Post-Sublime Forest’,” initiates readers to his but by its spreading tuberous bulbs, displaces pivotal goal: overcoming plant blindness, many woodland Spring-fowering species, i.e., the inability to see plants other than as destroying natural areas and gardens. resources or aesthetic objects. He views the environmental movement contributing to ‘Toreau’s Beans’ by Marder expands the emerging tourist industries, treating plant discussion of weed sovereignty as expressed appreciation as pornography, as through by Toreau experimenting with self-sufcient capitalism, participants become disconnected living. Toreau cultivated a small bean-feld from other ethical obligations. close to the hut he had built in the woods, but questioned his right to remove the weeds to Aloi’s introduction to “Trees: ‘Upside- encourage his beans to grow. Down, Inside-Out, and Moving’,” illustrates graphically how stunningly Hiroki ‘Greenhouse Efects’, Aloi’s introduction to transformed a value-less rotting tree to luxury “Greenhouse,” provides superb support to the objects validated by the art world. His focus current debate about climate change, using the 133 PSB 65 (2) 2019 example of cultivated hothouse tomatoes, not lurks layers of capitalist exploitation.” Aloi at all ecological, but rather extremely expensive gives as examples Tesco’s carnations and using “mastodonic geodesic domes set in a lilies from South America; based on frst- greenhouse-prototype model intended for hand experience, I would add Kenya’s fower educational/research institutions.” Aloi views farms surrounding Lake Nakuru, expelling the industrial revolution as having irreparably fertilizer-laden waste water into the Lake, tampered with the structure of botanical leading to eutrophication and contamination gardens and research labs as sanctuary to of local drinking water. Aloi considers potted prevent loss of species. One might scrutinize plants as products as well as victims, because Aloi’s condemnation of Kew’s explorations their persistence is unsustainable outside for their ventures in colonial expansion, as the greenhouse, indispensable to maintain a the “principal node for economic botany” controlled environment. Another example is defning that discipline as “the study and the quick turnover expected of plant inventory cultivation of plants for fnancial gain, which at Home Depot, hence no investment is was of crucial importance to the success of the made by Home Depot into plant care. Plants British Empire.” are used only as eye-catching decoys to induce buyers to purchase more expensive One might also question whether the use of outdoor appliances, including lawn furniture, blue and red acrylic, as described by Lufwerk barbeque grills, etc. Subsequently, the in ‘Solarise’, is methodologically sufcient to plants are destroyed, for the same economic subject plants to “plant wavelength spectrum reasons. ‘Home Depot Trowing Out Plants’, absorption,” or whether it is merely an artistic by Various Contributors, continues this device. Palmer’s ‘Lichen Museum” celebrates trajectory, revealing that despite persistent the fact that “lichens successfully resist human pleas by customers, Home Depot’s corporate manipulation,” picking up the persistent anti- directive is to discard their plants, viewing capitalist theme running throughout this them as disposable. volume. Overall, I found the section titled “Laboratory” In my view, Aloi’s opening chapter ‘Hyperplant most disappointing. Aloi’s introduction, Shelf-Life’ renders “Store” the strongest ‘Psychoactives and Biogenetics’, discusses section of this compilation. It introduces the artistic, psychotropic, and poisonous PLANT-CAPITAL: Objectifcation and aspects about foxglove but fails to mention its Agency in a Consumerist World, with an stunning medicinal benefts, used to make a 18-minute video (https://www.youtube.com/ prescription drug called digoxin—one of the watch?v=dej18GiPTrA) arguing against few medicines used by cardiac patients derived consumption of plants from big box gardening directly from plants, not synthesized in the centers, documenting details about the side laboratory. Another extreme example given efects of the production of supermarket is of embryonic tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana fowers with associated consequences of (L.) Heynh. fed with steroids extracted from ecological and social exploitation: sex an artist’s urine. Tis causes alterations in the harassment, relentless exposure to dangerous embryos’ epigenetic patterns, leading to the chemicals, and exorbitant demands for water. productions of morphologies that stray from “Behind the beauty of cut fowers always the recurring plant form in the wild, termed

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“monsters”—“an ontogenesis generating from impossible love.” SYSTEMATICS

Aloi’s book is loaded with opinions about Centric, Araphid and plants from an art-historical and contemporary Eunotioid Diatoms of the artist’s perspective. I appreciated Aloi’s select Coastal Laurentian Great quotations placed to open of each of his Lakes Bibliotheca Diato- introductory chapters. Many illustrations are mologica, Volume 62. gorgeous, as would be expected. Teir sources Euan D. Reavie and Amy R. are credited well, and the book’s pages are laid Kireta out beautifully. Tere is a 10-page bibliography, 2015. ISBN: 978-3-443-57053-8 but only a scanty 2-page index that prevented €79. 184 pp. me from locating entries I had not marked; Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, I noticed several misspelled words on pages Germany 10, 103, 129, 214, and 237. For all their depth Tis slim, informative volume is a most and fresh outlook, these essays leave open helpful and informative addition to the “usual the question of why they belong together in suspects” for identifying freshwater algae. a book. Frankly, the essays by other authors Diatoms usually get short shrif because of the seemed to be postscripts on an already- detailed attention and knowledge of “minutiae” developed framework. It’s not evident who required to correctly identify to genus and the target audience is for this interdisciplinary species. Tis volume is based on hundreds work bearing an environmental-conservation of nearshore sampling on the U.S. side of all message; it may appeal to a select group of fve Great Lakes, and includes information on artists or plant lovers. a “suite of environmental measurements.” As is typical, each species has its scientifc name –Dorothea Bedigian, Research Associate, Mis- and authority stated, is clearly described, souri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, and refers to one or more excellent photos. USA Te photography is excellent and allows for a better understanding of morphology to aid in identifcation. Additionally, the authors provide information on the taxon’s presence in one of six nearshore habitats, prevalence in each of the fve Great Lakes, and averaged total P and total Cl for that taxon. Tey have also calculated and presented the “stress power” and “stress rank” that “depict the relative ability of a taxon to track stress and whether the taxon refects low or high stress.” All in all, an excellent and informative volume that is sure to become commonplace in the identifcation of freshwater centric, araphid and eunotioid diatoms of the United States. (Recommended level: Specialist) --Susan T. Meiers, Western Illinois University 135 PSB 65 (2) 2019

Diatom taxonomy and Flora of Florida, Volume ecology: From France VI: Dicotyledons, Con- to the sub-Antarctic volvulaceae through Islands. Paulowniaceae Nova Hedwigia, Beihaft 146. Richard P. Wunderlin, Bruce F. Bart Van de Vijver, Loïc Hansen, and Alan R. Franck. Tudesque, and Luc Ector (eds) 2019. ISBN: 978-0-8130-5613- 2017. 5 ISBN 978-3-443-51068-8 Cloth US$70. 372 pp. Paperback; €139.00. 325 pp. University Press of Florida. J. Cramer, in Borntraeger Science Publishers, Stuttgart Te Flora of Florida, Volume VI is part of a series of books comprising 10 volumes; Volume 1 Editors Bart Van de Vijver, Loïc Tudesque, focuses on pteridophytes and gymnosperms, and Luc Ector have gathered a wealth Volumes 2 through 7 on identifcation of information and techniques from 40 of dicotyledons, and volumes 8 through authors in 20 chapters to help illuminate the 10 on monocotyledons. Flora of Florida, biogeography, ecology, paleoecology, and Volume VI (6) concentrates on taxonomic biodiversity of diatoms from France to the treatments of 19 families: Convolvulaceae, Keguelen Islands (“Desolation Islands”) of Solanaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Hydroleaceae, the Southern Indian Ocean. Te fne volume Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, is dedicated to Dr. René Le Cohu, a noted Scrophulariaceae, Linderniaceae, Pedaliaceae, French diatom ecologist and taxonomist for Martyniaceae, Acanthaceae, Bignoniaceae, his 80th birthday. Lentibulariaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Te chapters address population succession Mazaceae, Phrymaceae, and Paulowniaceae. over multiple decades in the small pond at Te book begins with an introduction that Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium; explores explains the organization of fora within the contrasting methods in DNA barcoding and book: taxa included, taxa excluded, systematic morphological methods in diatoms from the arrangement, descriptions, common name, Eightmile River in Connecticut, USA; and derivation of scientifc names, synonymy, details multiple new species and genera from habitat, distribution, endemic or exotic status, around the world. Tis is a solid ofering of reproductive season, hybrids, and references. techniques and well-documented descriptions Te organization of taxa included are specifed of new and/or reorganized taxa, which shows by the following: (1) an herbarium specimen how active diatom ecology and taxonomy still has been seen to document its occurrence is. Te fnal chapter is a bibliography of the in Florida, or (2) a specimen is cited from works of Professor René Le Cohu from 1965 Florida in a monograph or revision whose to present. treatment is considered sound. It is noted --Susan T. Meiers, Western Illinois University periodically within the book when a taxon is excluded due to a misidentifed specimen(s), a lack of documentation by means of a specimen, or a misapplied name. Te end of the introduction includes a section titled “Taxonomic Concepts.” Tis states that the references provided are updated monographs or revision of various groups, except fora 136 PSB 65 (2) 2019 that are believed to have recent evidence that may need to carry. As mentioned, the book is necessitates a change. hard cover and the weight is not unreasonable, yet if I am going out into the feld to study Afer the brief but thorough introduction dicotyledons, I would have to bring Volumes to the contents within the book, it 2-7; I personally would not enjoy lugging begins with references to the “Systematic around that many. In hindsight, Florida does Treatments” and “Keys to Major Vascular have more than 4300 taxa and having to carry Plant Groups.” Tis ofers what volumes many books in order to identify species is the are related to each step of the key and a nature of plant identifcation in Florida. description of pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledon, and monocotyledons. Starting Richard P. Wunderlin is professor emeritus with Convolvulaceae, the families are in of biology at the University of South Florida, morphologically similar order and the genera Bruce F. Hansen is curator emeritus of within each family is alphabetical. Each family biology at the University of South Florida and genus has a very thorough description Herbarium, and Alan R. Frank is curator at of the specifed fora. Te book includes a Florida International University. As per the literature cited, an index to common names, acknowledgments, many herbaria collections and an index to the scientifc names. and facilities were utilized in preparing this volume. In addition, Flora of Florida In terms of design, the book is very well is an ongoing project that has been strongly made. It is hardcover and printed on quality supported by the University of South Florida paper. As far as the contents, the descriptions Institute for Systematic Biology. are thorough and the book is laid out simplistically, yet includes what you need in --Erin Downey, University of Southern Florida order to identify taxa while in the feld. My biggest issue with the book is the layout of the 19 families within the book. Without fipping Syllabus of Plant Fami- constantly to the “contents” page, there is lies, Part 1/3: little indication when you have reached a Basidiomycota and new family. Te family font is bigger, but it is Entorrhizomycota still difcult to search for without a contents Dominik Begerow, Alistair McTaggart, and Reinhard check. In conjunction, the “contents” of the Agerer (Series editor: Wolf- book should be more complete, and it should gang Frey) number the pages for the genea for ease 2018. ISBN: 978-3-443- of identifcation, since it only includes the 01098-0 “acknowledgments, introduction, families, €139.00. 471 pp. literature cites, index to common names, and Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany index to scientifc names.” Tis volume represents the fnal installment dealing with Kingdom Fungi within the Overall, I truly think the authors have done a thirteenth edition of the recently resurrected wonderful job and are very descriptive in the Engler’s Syllabus of Plants Families. Tis new way you need in the feld or just a tool to refresh version of the classic series considers the major your knowledge. Te issue with bringing this groups of diverse organisms once treated as book into the feld is the number of books you “plants” (and still ofen taught together in

137 PSB 65 (2) 2019 introductory botany classes), subjecting each particularly the diverse feshy fungi most to a contemporary biosystematic overhaul familiar to the feld mycologist and forager. that utilizes the most recent data sets and Tey obtain carbon as saprotrophs, parasites, current phylogenetic principles. Te basal mycorrhiza-formers, and lichen-formers. groups of true Fungi were treated in a previous volume (Part 1/1), which also included Many useful fgures—color photographs, light myxomycetes, heterotrophic stramenopiles and electron micrographs, and line drawings— such as the oomycetes, and, unexpectedly, the are provided. All fgures are arranged in cyanobacteria, whereas the Ascomycota were plates grouped together at the end of the text dispatched in their own volume (Part 1/2, treatment of each of the three subphyla. Te reviewed in PSB 63[3]:116). Although the organization is not particularly user-friendly. rationale for how the series is organized at the Te fgures are called out in the text not by broadest levels is not always clear, a predictably page number but according to plate and fgure phylogenetic scheme is followed within each number, making it more time-consuming to major group considered. Te present volume fnd them. Furthermore, the legends are all treats the Basidiomycota, plus a page and a half grouped apart from the fgures themselves, dedicated to the Entorrhizomycota, a small, so one needs to triangulate among three isolated clade of root parasites once thought separate locations to interpret the images in to have afnities among the smut fungi but context. For the Pucciniomycotina and the now placed in uncertain relationship to the Ustilagomycotina, a cladogram is provided Dikarya and Glomeromycota. among the fgures, helping the reader to place the taxonomic scheme in phylogenetic context. Te Basidiomycota are currently resolved into Unfortunately, however, no cladogram three major clades: the Pucciniomycotina, the is provided for the Agaricomycotina, the Ustilagomycotina, and the Agaricomycotina. largest of the three subphyla and the one that Te frst of these includes not only the rust includes most of the macrofungi. Tese taxa fungi (Pucciniales), a familiar group of have undergone profound rearrangement obligate plant parasites, but also a considerable in the last few decades, with once-familiar diversity of less well-known fungi with diverse groupings of commonly observed fungi such structure and ecology, some of which even as the “aphyllophorales” and “gasteromycetes” produce fruiting bodies. Te fungal kingdom’s now dissolved in favor of new placements most complex life cycles occur in this group, that are more meaningful phylogenetically where a single species may show as many as but ofen unexpected morphologically. A fve diferent spore types and two distinct, cladogram would help the reader assimilate obligate plant hosts. Te second subphylum, these changes and better appreciate the extent Ustilagomycotina, encompasses mainly plant to which convergent evolution has repeatedly parasitic fungi, most notably the smuts, generated the same syndromes in basidiocarp that show characteristic interaction zones structure and spore dispersal. It’s a bit ultrastructurally at the fungus-host interface, disappointing that the text barely comments now considered a synapomorphy for the group. on such trends. Indeed, there is little text Te third subphylum, the Agaricomycotina, discussion at all; most of the prose consists includes the bulk of the Basidiomycota, and of character description lists for each taxon

138 PSB 65 (2) 2019 considered. Te fungal taxonomist will surely Dictionary of the Fungi (or similar reference) appreciate the authors’ painstaking work in will therefore be needed to interpret the compiling and systematizing the current state specialized terminology that abounds in of basidiomycete diversity, but the paucity of the character descriptions, as well as to discussion means that this work will serve distinguish some typos from unfamiliar terms primarily as a reference tool rather than as any (e.g., [sic:] teilospores, peridal, biozonate, sort of textbook. hypgrophanus…). In many places, the text would have benefted Imperfections aside, this volume is clearly from copyediting by a native-speaking a signifcant work that provides a thorough, proofreader. Tere are many instances contemporary treatment of a fungal class that where errors of grammar, punctuation, and is of central importance in the biosphere. diction require one to pause and re-read, although ultimately most meanings are clear --William B. Sanders, Florida Gulf Coast from context. No glossary is provided. Te University

139 PSB 65 (2) 2019

140 Plant Science Bulletin Plant Science Bulletin

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