City Disaster Management Cell, Municipal Corporation Shimla

CIPAL CO NI R U P O M R

A A

T I

O I

H S

WORK IS WORSHIP Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

Prepared by

City Disaster Management Cell, Municipal Corporation Shimla

Under the GoI‐UNDP Urban Risk Reduction Project (2009-12)

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla

Disclaimer

‘City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla’ has been prepared by the Disaster Management Cell, Municipal Corporation- Shimla and no part of this document shall be republished or modified without the prior permission of the MC Shimla. While sincere efforts have been made to ensure the correctness of the information given in this document, the Municipal Corporation- Shimla bears no responsibility for any inadvertent technical/factual inaccuracies and typographical errors.

I N D E X

1. Chapter- I Basic Profile of Shimla……………………………………………………………………… 1-11

2. Chapter- II Hazard-Risk Analysis of Shimla………………………………………………………… 12-29

3. Chapter- III Vulnerability of Shimla in context of various hazards………………...... 30-47

Chapter- IV 4. Risk Assessment of Shimla in context of various hazards and associated vulnerabilities………………………………………………………………… 48-55

5. Chapter- V Mitigation Plan for Shimla City………………………………………………………… 56-62

6. Chapter- VI Incident Response System for Disasters in Shimla…………………...... 63-69

ANNEXURES

Annexure 1: Roles and Responsibilities of IRS Officers….…………………… 70-91

Annexure 2: Incident Response Forms ……………………………………………… 92-102

Annexure 3: Emergency Support Functions………………………..…………..… 103-112

Annexure 4: Standard Operating Procedures ……………………..……………. 113-143

Annexure 5: Emergency Contact Detail of Shimla City……………………….. 144-157

Annexure 6: List of NGOs & CBOs…………………………………………………….… 158-159

Annexure 7: Contingency Plan- Snow District Administration……………. 160-161

Annexure 8: List of Volunteers…………………………………………………………… 1 62 - 1 64 City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Basic Profile of Shimla Chapter- I

1. Location

Located in the middle ranges of the Himalayas, Shimla is a lovely hill station that is a favourite among tourists. In 1864, Shimla was declared the summer capital of the British Raj in India. A popular tourist destination, Shimla is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,205 metres (7,234 ft) above the sea level, this beautiful hill station lies between 31o 06’ North to 77o 13’ East. The high altitude has a fitting vegetation cover of evergreen pine trees. The city is spread over an area of 25 square kilometres. Though it seems small, the hills and undulating terrain surrounding it give it the look of a majestic hill station. The city is famous for its British architecture dating from the colonial era.

2. Area and Divisions 2.1 Natural Division The 25 square kilometre of the city area is Hill Spur Elevation (Mts.) spread over seven hill spurs. The average Jakhoo Hill 2454 elevation of these spurs varies from 2073 m Elysium Hill 2257 to 2454 m from the mean sea level. Jakhoo Museum Hill 2201 Hill is the most elevated spur of Shimla. Prospect Hill 2177 These spurs are inter-connected by roads. Observatory Hill 2150 The important character of the road network Summer Hill 2104 Potters Hill 2073 circumscribing these hills is that it is Hill spurs & their mean elevation connected to the Mall Road from Boileauganj to Chhota Shimla.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

2.2 Administrative Division Having almost 160 years of history of Municipal Corporation Shimla the autonomous existence starts with the passing of the Himachal Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1994 (H.P. Municipal Corporation Act, 1994) government revised the delimitation of wards into 21. With 5 retention policies now the city is having 25 wards. The details are as under:

Ward No. Ward Name Ward No. Ward Name 1 Bharari 14 Jakhoo 2 Ruldu Bhatta 15 Banmore 3 Kaithu 16 Engine Ghar, Sanjauli 4 Annadale 17 Dhalli 5 Summer Hill 18 Sanjauli Chowk 6 Tutu 19 Sanjauli

7 Boileauganj 20 Maliyana 8 TutiKandi 21 Kasumpati 9 Nabha 22 Chotta Shimla 10 Phagli 23 Patiyog 11 Krishna Nagar 24 Khalini 12 Ram Bazar 25 Kanlog 13 Lower Bazar Ward details of Shimla

3. Salient Physical Features and Land Use Patterns

3.1 Soil Type The soils type Shimla is mainly grey wooded or podzolic soils.

3.2 Existing Land Use Plan Of the total area of 9950 hectares of Shimla Planning Area (SPA), about 1475 hectares which accounts for 15% of the total SPA is under urban use. The existing land use of urban area is given below:

S. Area (in % of Urban % of Planning Land Use No. Hectares) Area Area 1 Residential 903.13 61.19 9.07 2 Commercial 25.22 1.71 0.25 3 Industrial 9.00 0.62 0.09 4 Tourism 21.70 1.47 0.22 5 Public & semi- public 138.78 9.40 1.39 6 Parks & open spaces 6.00 0.41 0.06 7 Traffic and Transportation 371.93 25.20 3.75 Sub total 1475.76 100.00

8 Agriculture 2174.75 21.85

9 Forest 6080.15 61.12

Water bodies and undevelopable 10 219.34 2.20 land Grand Total 9950.00 100.00

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Land use patter of Shimla Urban and SPA (Source: CDP, MC website) The current land use plan of the Shimla reflects that there are hardly any open spaces are available in the city. For better response to any emergency situation open spaces help to prevent, organising community shelters, organising health and rationing camps, etc. In congested geographical location it is difficult to provide efficient response in any emergency situation.

3.3 Geology and Geomorphology In Shimla the sediment eroded from the Himalayas 30 million years ago and deposited by ancient rivers The town is situated on the rocks of Jutogh Group and Shimla Group. Jutogh group occupies main Shimla area and extends from Annadale-Chaura Maidan- Prospect Hill-Jakhoo- US Club and highland area. Shimla Group comprising of earlier Chail Formation and Shimla Series represented by Contours, Elevation & Spurs of Shimla city shale, slate, quartzite greywacke and local conglomerate is well exposed in Sanjauli-Dhalli area.

The City is situated at the traverse spur of the Central Himalayas, south of the river Satluj at 31o04' North to 31o10' North latitude and 77o05' East to 77o15' longitude, at an altitude of 2130 metres above mean sea level. In shape, it has been described as an irregular crescent. It is 88 kilometres from Kalka having “exquisite” scenery. It is spread over an area of 9950 Hectares along with its commanding position. It has a panoramic view and scenic beauty all around. The city is a unique combination of hills, spurs and valleys. To the north and east, a network of mountain ranges which are crossed at a distance by magnificent crescent of new peaks, the mountains of Kullu & Spiti in the North, the central range of the eastern Himalayas stretching East and South-east. The East-West axis have emerged major axis of development for the city.

3.4 Climate and Rainfall Shimla in general has a mild highland climate, with temperatures in peak winters, falling below 0°C. Shimla features a subtropical highland climate under the Koppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summers. The temperatures range from -4°C (24.8°F) to 31°C (87.8°F) over the year. The average temperature during summer is between 19°C and 28°C, and between -1°C and 10°C in winter. Monthly 3

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

precipitation varies between 24 mm. in November to 415 mm. in July. It is typically around 45 mm. per month during winter and spring and around 115 mm in June as the monsoon approaches. The average total annual precipitation is 1520 mm (62 inches). Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.

Climate data for Shimla

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

17.2 19.4 23.9 28.3 30.0 30.6 27.8 25.6 24.4 23.9 19.4 20.0 30.6 Record high °C (°F) (63.0) (66.9) (75.0) (82.9) (86.0) (87.1) (82.0) (78.1) (75.9) (75.0) (66.9) (68.0) (87.1)

8.3 8.9 13.9 18.3 22.2 22.8 20.6 19.4 19.4 17.2 13.9 10.6 16.3 Average high °C (°F) (46.9) (48.0) (57.0) (64.9) (72.0) (73.0) (69.1) (66.9) (66.9) (63.0) (57.0) (51.1) (61.3)

2.2 2.8 6.7 11.1 14.4 16.1 15.6 15.0 13.9 10.6 7.2 4.4 10.0 Average low °C (°F) (36.0) (37.0) (44.1) (52.0) (57.9) (61.0) (60.1) (59.0) (57.0) (51.1) (45.0) (39.9) (50.0)

−9.4 −7.7 −5.6 0.0 4.4 7.8 10.0 11.1 5.0 3.9 0.0 −6.1 −9.4 Record low °C (°F) (15.1) (18.1) (21.9) (32.0) (39.9) (46.0) (50.0) (52.0) (41.0) (39.0) (32.0) (21.0) (15.1)

Precipitation mm 61 69 61 53 66 175 424 434 160 33 13 28 1,577 (inches) (2.4) (2.72) (2.4) (2.09) (2.6) (6.89) (16.69) (17.09) (6.3) (1.3) (0.51) (1.1) (62.09)

Source: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System 3.5 Socio-Economic Features Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism. Being the administrative capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh, the city houses several central and state government offices. Government jobs account for almost half (47%) of the working population. Direct hospitality industry personnel such as tour guides, hotel and restaurant employees, etc., are few (10%). Individual crafts and small scale industries, such as tourist souvenir production and horticultural produce processing, comprise most of the remainder. In addition to being the local hub of transportation and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals: the Indira Gandhi Hospital (formerly known as Snowdon Hospital) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital,) Kamala Nehru Hospital, and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialization, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development. 3.6 Demographic Features

Shimla city consists of the Shimla Municipal 160000 140000 Corporation and Shimla planning areas 120000 (SPA). The SPAs are Dhalli, Tutu, and New 100000 Population 80000 Shimla urban agglomerations. In 2011 the 60000 40000 total population of District Shimla is 20000 0 813,384 compared to 722,502 of 2001. 1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001 Year

Male and female are 424,486 and 388,898 Trend of population growth in Shimla City respectively. Population Growth for Shimla District recorded in 2011 for the decade has remained 12.58 percent. Same figure for 1991-2001 decade was 17.02 percent. Total Area of Shimla District was 5,131 with average density of 159 per sq. km. Shimla Population constituted 11.86 percent of total Himachal Pradesh Population. Sex Ratio of Shimla District is now 916, while child sex ratio (0-6) is 922 per 1000 boys. Children below 0-6 age were 80,778 which forms 9.93 of total Shimla District population. Average Literacy rate for Shimla District is 84.55 percent, a change of from past figure of 79.12 percent. In India, literacy rate is counted only for those above 7 years of age. Child between 0-6 ages are exempted from this. Total literates in the Shimla District increased to 619,427. The population projections have been made for the year 2011 and 2021. It is anticipated that there will be a population of 2,35,970 and 3,18,560 respectively. The increasing trends of migration and decreasing death rate will affect the projected population. Shimla’s changing socio-economic conditions and better amenities are now the major pull factors for rural population migrating to the city. If the migration is unchecked, no doubt, it will have its adverse effect on the growth of population and overall development of Shimla City. 4. Culture 4.1 Heritage Structures Perceived and established by the British during colonial period in first half of 19th century as their Summer Capital. It is known to all over the world for its heritage value. Shimla has total 92 identified heritage structures (source SUC) as per the

following details: Institute of Advance Studies, Shimla 5

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

S. S. Name of the Building Name of the Building No. No. 1 Post Office Summer Hill 47 Convent of Jesus and Mary 2 Indian Institute of Advanced Study 48 Aira Holme 3 Post Office Chaura Maidan 49 Sterling Castle 4 The Cecil 50 Hainault 5 Carton House 51 Jakhoo Temple 6 Clermont 52 Corner House 7 Race View 53 Torrentium 8 Vidhan Sabha HP 54 Pari Mahal (Old Mahal) 9 Gorton Castle 55 Holly Lodge, Main Building 10 Raiway Board Building 56 Walsingham (D.C. Residence) 11 Prakash Niwas 57 Kamla Nehru Hospital (Old) 12 State Bank of India 58 Manorville 13 St. Mark’s 59 Bishop Cotton School 14 Kali Bari Temple 60 Govt. Boys Degree College, Sanjauli

15 Grand Hotel 61 Sodhwal Lodge 16 Bantony 62 The Kalka Shimla Railway Line 17 Telegraph Office 63 Crow Borough 18 St.Andrew’s Church 64 Inverarm (State Museum) 19 General Post Office 65 Strawberry Hill 20 Building of the ICICI Bank 66 The Bemloe Cottages Whole range of Building from Northern Railway booking agency Opp. to Telegraph 21 67 Spring Field Office Building and upto Ramji Dass Dina Nath Building on the Mall Road 22 Town Hall 68 South Gate 23 Gaitey Theatre 69 Foswell 24 Band Stand 70 Emm Villa 25 M.C. Library, Ridge 71 Craig Gardens 26 Christ Church 72 Dimple Lodge 27 Ladies Park 73 Delphine Lodge 28 United Service Club 74 Eldeston 29 The Clarks 75 Eaglemount 30 The Chalet 76 Railway Station, Summer Hill 31 The Cedars 77 Winter Field 32 Oak Over 78 Thomas Church 33 Cemetry near Oak Over 79 Shimleshwar (Shiv Mandir) 34 Woodvilla 80 St. Edward School 35 Erneston 81 Wood Bank Offices Rest House 36 Yates Place 82 Thistle Bank 37 Raj Bhawan (Barnes Court) 83 Y.W.C.A.

38 Police Station Sadar at Boileauganj 84 Office of the Deputy Commissioner 39 Y.M.C.A 85 Ellerslie Building 40 St.Michael’s Cathedral 86 Police Station, Chotta Shimla Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Hospital (Formerly 41 87 The Burj Ripon Hospital) 42 Green Gate 88 Armsdell 43 Rithey Castle 89 Benmore Estate 44 Tara Hall 90 Toryne House 45 Aukland House 91 Morvyn (I.T. Shimla) 46 Chapslee School 92 Police Station Sadar at Sabji Mandi Heritage Buildings of Shimla City

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

4.2 Religious Centres The Major religious centres of the city are: 1) The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. 2) Jakhoo Temple, for Lord Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla. 3) Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres from the city. 4) The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. 5) Gurudwara near the bus terminus 6) Christ Church: Situated on the Ridge, is the second oldest church in Northern India.

4.3 Tourist Centres Shimla is a major tourist spot of India. The main tourist centers in city are: 1) The Mall 2) The Ridge 3) Christ Church- At the Ridge 4) Jakhoo Hill- 2 km. from the Ridge, at a height of 8000 ft, Jakhoo Hill is the highest peak in Shimla. 5) Institute of Advance Studies- This institute is housed in the Viceregal Lodge, built in 1884-88. 6) State Museum- Asides with the Institute of Advance Studies 7) Annadale- 2-4 km. from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft is a favourite spot for cricket, picnics and polo. 8) Summer Hill- 5 km. from the Ridge is the lovely township of Summer Hill at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line 9) Tara Devi- 11 km. from the Shimla bus-stand 10) Junga- 26 km. north of Shimla 11) Chadwick Falls- A 4 km. long forest road, starting from Christ Church on the Ridge continues along the wooded slopes of Jakhoo Hills

4.4 Government and Semi-Government establishments Shimla is a State capital of Himachal and having all important Government Offices located in Shimla. Many of these offices are resides in heritage buildings. The main Govt. Offices are:

 Vidhan Sabha of the State of Himachal Pradesh, Secretariat, High Court, HP University, Railway Board, AG Office and ARTRAC.  Apart from Government offices many Semi-Government and private agencies are also started their establishment in State Capital. Main Semi Government/

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

private offices such as Commercial Banks, Telecom and Insurance Operators etc. 4.5 Educational Facilities Shimla, the Queen of the Himalayas is a heart of quality education. Since the British India, Shimla had been the hub of good schools. Almost all the schools are affiliated either with ICSE council or the CBSE board. The small city also has medical, dental, engineering as well as MBA College. Shimla is home to Himachal Pradesh University and all the degree colleges are affiliated to Himachal Pradesh University. Famous Public Schools like Jesus & Mary, Auckland House School, Tara Hall, St. Edwards, Bishop Cotton School etc. have very good reputation, not just in the local area, but also in other parts of the country.

Degree Colleges under Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla:

 St Bedes College, Shimla.  Government Degree College, Sanjaulli, Shimla  Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV)  G B Pant Memorial Govt. College, Shimla  H P U Evening College, Shimla  Institute of Vocational Studies

Medical & Dental College under Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla:

 Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla  H P Government Dental College & Hospital, Shimla

4.6 Health Facilities The city provides very good and effective health services in Shimla. People across from State come here for treatment and health care. The main Government Hospitals are as follows:

 Indira Gandhi Hospital, Shimla  Kamla Nehru Hospital, Shimla  DDU Zonal Hospital, Shimla  Regional Ayurvedic Hospital, Shimla The main private hospitals in Shimla are as follows:  Shimla Sanetorium  Indus Hospital  Shri Ram Hospital  Astha Clinic  Tara Clinic  Prabhudas Clinic 8

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

5. Places of Mass Congregation

The main places of mass congregation in the city are as under:

. The Ridge . The Mall Road . Lower Bazar . Temples during festivals, Ridge During Summer festival or Special visits . Vidhan Sabha Complex during sessions . HP Secretariat Complex

6. Power Stations/Electrical Installations (Receiving Station)

The overall electricity consumption of Shimla city is 11,46,94,707 Kw (2010-2011). The total number of consumers in City is 37,805 (Apr. 2011). There is one Grid in Totu and total 6 substations located in Bharari, Eidgaah, Khalini, Totu, Summer Hill and Sanjauli. The main supply is coming from different Hydro Power Plants- Bhabha, Giri and Nabha.

7. Water Supply

The IPH Department is supplying water to Municipal Corporation Shimla in bulk. M.C. Shimla does the distribution of water in entire Shimla. There is metric distribution system of water is in place. There are six water stations which provide supply to entire Shimla: Sanjauli, Chhota Shimla, New Shimla, Central Zone, Lakkar Bazar, Chaura Maidan. There are two big water storage tanks at the Ridge and Sanjauli which are used for bulk water storage and supply.

8. Sewerage System

The existing sewerage system was laid for a population of 16,000 in the year 1880. Sewage is carried through CI pipes of various sizes ranging from 100mm to 225 mm dia. The total length of sewer lines, leading to 5 existing disposal sites namely Lalpani, Kasumpti, North Oak Disposal, Snowdon and Summer Hill is 49564 m. Unsewered areas are being served through as many as 52 Pail Depots. The existing sewerage network caters to needs of Central Shimla Chotta Shimla, Brockhurst, Khalini, Nabha Estate, Phagli, Tuti Kandi, Chakkar, Boileauganj, Summer Hill, Annandale, Kaithu and Bharari.

Population of Shimla township, being scattered on different ridges, STP and disposal units have been provided at five different locations- Lal Pani Disposal, Snowdon Disposal, North Oak Disposal, Kasumpti Disposal and Summer Hill

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Disposal. Under JNNURM Project, the rejuvenation of existing Sewerage System of Shimla City to include other non served parts of the city is in process of getting implement.

9. Economy and Industrialisation

Shimla industries mainly centre around the small scale industries. Since Shimla is a hill resort, so the construction of big industries is quite impossible in Shimla due to a number of valid reasons like the unavailability of adequate human resource and uneven terrain.

Shimla being an ideal place for a getaway, the tourism industry in Shimla has emerged as a booming one. The tourism industry has been a major source of income for the people of Shimla. The overall scenic beauty of Shimla with the rolling hills and salubrious climate drags domestic as well as foreign tourists.

The various other industries of Shimla are:

. Food industry . Hosiery and textile industry . Wood based industry . Paper, glass and leather industry . Fruit Processing industry . Bakery Products industry . Essential Oil industry . Implements of agriculture and horticulture . Jute Bags industry

Category M.C Area. Ghanahatti SA Kufri SA Shoghi SA Total Cultivators 439 1199 2384 2474 6496 Agriculturist 149 115 107 172 543 Household 504 52 42 106 704 Industry Others 53312 2839 2914 2389 61454 Total 54404 4205 5447 5141 69197 Settlement Wise Workforce Participation (Source: Census of India, 2001) 10. Transport and Communication Network

The economy of Shimla is dependent upon tourist activity; Shimla Local Transportation is therefore planned with the tourist as a core customer. Commercial buses in Shimla are either run by the Himachal Pradesh Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) or by private transport operators. Buses are available to transport passengers to every part of Shimla city.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Shimla local transportation is concentrated in and on the vicinity of the Ring road of Shimla city. The Ring road route covers the Main bus stand, Lift, Chhota Shimla, Kasumpti, Sanjauli, Lakkar Bazaar bus stand, Victory Tunnel and Boileauganj. Shimla Local Transportation also includes taxis. There are some restricted roads too in some parts of Shimla on which vehicles are not allowed. Himachal Pradesh tourism also runs a lift from Cart road to the Mall.

10.1 Surface Travel Shimla is connected to the city of Kalka by one of the longest narrow gauge railway routes still operating in India, the Kalka-Shimla Railway. Two National Highways No. 22 and 88 go through the Shimla City. National Highway No. 22 connects Chandigarh to Shimla and National Highway No. 88 connects District Kangra (H.P.) to Shimla. Shimla is connected to Kalka through rail network. The heritage toy train is the main attraction for the tourists. From Kalka trains for major stations like New Delhi, Kolkata are available.

Station Distance (Km.) Approximate Travelling time New Delhi 343 10 hours Ambala 151 5 hours Chandigarh 119 4 hours Kalka 96 3.5 hours Road Distances from Shimla to major nearest Stations

10.2 Parking Facilities Shimla is congested town and one can face parking problem if coming by own vehicle. There are many parking places operated by private parties. Main parking places in Shimla are near Lift, Near Hotel Holiday Home, Main Bus Stand, Railway Station Godown, High Court Parking. MC Parking largest in Shimla town situated just 100 mt. away from lift has capacity for about 400 vehicles at a time.

10.3 Air Travel Shimla Airport is at Jubbarhatti, 23 kms. from city and is connected to Chandigarh, Kullu, Delhi.

Number of National Highways 2 (NH-22 & NH-88) Number of railway stations with mail/ express halts. 2 (Main RLS and Summer Hill) Number of Airports 1 Number of Helipads 1 Details of Transport Network

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Hazard-Risk Analysis of Shimla Chapter- II

1. Potential Hazards for Shimla City

Shimla city is exposed to multiple Natural and Human induced hazards. They may include, but are not limited to the following:

1.1 Natural Hazards 1) Earthquake 2) Landslide 3) Land Sinking 4) Hailstorm 5) Severe Storms, including lightning and high winds (Thunderstorms) 6) Flash Flood/cloud Burst 7) Heavy Snow Falls

1.2 Human Induced Hazards 1) Accidents- Train, Road, Air 2) Monkey Menace 3) Traffic Jams 4) Tree Falling 5) Fires: Household, Forest 6) Lift Disorder 7) Stampede 8) Utilities Failure: Energy, Telecommunication, Water and Sewerage System

Hazards

Natural Human Hazards Induced hazards Earthquake Accidents

Landslide Monkey Menace

Land Sinking Traffic Jams Hailstorm Tree Falling

Severe Storm Fires

Flash Floods Lift Disorder

Cloud Burst Stampede

Heavy Snow fall Utilities Failure 12

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

NATURAL HAZARDS IN SHIMLA

Shimla due to its geological features and location is exposed to various natural hazards. The details of probable Natural Hazards are as under:

(i) Earthquake Hazard in Shimla: . History of Earthquake in Himachal Pradesh The North-Western fringe of the Himalayas is bounded by two major thrusts namely Main Central Thrust and Main Boundary Fault running parallel to the axis. Himachal State therefore, falls in most active seismic zones-IV and V. Shimla being capital and most important city of the State has multifaceted functions. There is a mounting pressure of urbanization forces, whereby the city is susceptible to various hazards like earthquakes, landslides, cloudbursts and fire. In order to ensure safety and preparedness for these hazards, it is imperative to devise a pre-disaster mitigation plan for the Shimla city.

Himachal Pradesh lies almost entirely in the Himalayan Mountains, and is part of the Punjab Himalayas. Due to its location, it weathers dozens of mild earthquakes every year. Large earthquakes have occurred in all parts of the state, the biggest being the Kangra Earthquake of 1905. The Himalayan Frontal Thrust, the Main boundary Thrust, the Karol, the Giri, Jutogh and Nahan thrusts lie in this region. Besides that, there are scores of smaller faults, like the Kaurik Fault which triggered the 1975 earthquake. However, it must be stated that proximity to faults does not necessarily translate into a higher hazard as compared to areas located further away, as damage from earthquakes depends on numerous factors such as subsurface geology as well as adherence to the building codes and population density etc.

. Seismic Hazard Chamba, Kullu, Kangra, Una, Hamirpur, Mandi, and Bilaspur Districts lie in Zone V. The remaining districts of Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur, Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur lie in Zone IV. Since the earthquake database in India is still incomplete, especially with regards to earthquakes prior to the historical period (before 1800 A.D.), these zones offer a rough guide of the earthquake hazard in any particular region and need to be regularly updated.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Date Locations Affected Magnitude Damage 20,000 people died 53,000 domestic animals perished 4th April 1905 Kangra 7.8 1,00,000 houses destroyed Economic cost of recovery 2.9 million rupees 1st June 1945 Chamba 6.5 NA 60 people died 100 badly injured 19th January 1975 Kinnaur 6.8 2000 dwellings devastated 2500 people rendered homeless 6 people died 26th April 1986 Dharmshala 5.5 Extensive damage to buildings Loss estimated at 65 crore 1st April 1994 Chamba 4.5 NA Fearsome shaking 24th March 1995 Chamba 4.9 More than 70% houses developed cracks 29th July 1997 Sunder Nagar 5 Damage to about 1000 houses Past earthquakes in Himachal Pradesh

. Earthquake in Shimla Shimla is situated on mountainous Middle Himalayas, which form the last traverse spur of the Central Himalayas, south of the river Satluj. The city is spread across twenty six kilometres along a ridge that that overlooks terrace cultivated hillsides. Administratively, The Municipal Corporation Shimla looks after the civil management. The municipal area is further divided into twenty five wards.

The unique setting of Shimla district is that it is bounded by two major thrusts, the Main Central Thrust (MCT) & Main Boundary Fault (MBF). Other thrusts present in the region, such as the Jwalamukhi Thrusts and the Drang Thrust, result in several other lineaments piercing the zone into fractured and faulted blocks and active faults enhancing the structural discontinuities. The region has experienced frequent mild tremors and periodic major earthquakes in the past, and will continue to do so in the future.

Shimla can expect maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 4.0 meters per Second Square. This suggests that Shimla can expect an earthquake of seismic intensity of VIII on the Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale. MM VIII indicates that there can be slight damage in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings; and great damage in poorly built structures. Panel Walls can be thrown out of frame structures. Chimneys, factory stacks, columns, walls and monuments can collapse. Heavy furniture can get overturned. Sand and mud can get ejected in small amounts. Changes can be caused in water levels. Most of the structures in Shimla fall in the ‘poor built’ classification.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Earthquake induced ground failure can be expected along the northern slopes of the ridge, i.e. in Lakkar Bazar, New Shimla and Vikas Nagar, Ruldu Bhatha.

(ii) Landslides Hazard in Shimla: Landslides are slippery masses of rock, earth or debris which move by force of their own weight down mountain slopes or river banks OR Landslides are downslide movement of soil, debris or rocks, resulting from natural causes, vibrations, overburden of rock material, removal of lateral supports, change in the water content of rock or soil bodies, blocked drainage etc. Landslide is the most common disaster in Himachal Pradesh and Shimla which causes immense loss of infrastructure, property and sometimes life too. At present, according to gross yet reliable estimates, landslides occupy about one percent of the land surface in the five central districts of Himachal Pradesh. They have a total volume of more than 2.2 X 106 m3 and a mean age of 6.5 years. This helps to evaluate the denudation rate, which is about 12 mm/year (all erosive process). The fragile nature of rocks forming the mountains along with climatic condition and various anthropogenic activities has made the state vulnerable to the vagaries of nature. Besides earthquakes, landslides are the other geological hazards that are common and peculiar to state.

. Reasons behind landslides: Geologically weak material: Weathered materials, jointed or fissured materials, contrast in permeability and contrast in stiffness (stiff, dense material over plastic materials).

Erosion: Wave erosion of slope toe, glacial erosion of slope toe, subterranean erosion (Deposition loading slope or its crest, Vegetation removal.

Intense rainfall: Storms that produce intense rainfall for periods as short as several hours or have a more moderate intensity lasting several days have triggered abundant landslides.

Human Excavation of slope and its toe, loading of slope/toe, draw down in reservoir, mining, deforestation, irrigation, vibration/blast, Water leakage from services.

Earthquake shaking could trigger landslides in many different topographic and geologic settings. Rock falls, soil slides and rockslides from steep slopes involving relatively thin or shallow dis-aggregated soils or rock, or both have been the most abundant types of landslides triggered by historical earthquakes.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Volcanic eruption Deposition of loose volcanic ash on hillsides commonly is followed by accelerated erosion and frequent mud or debris flows triggered by intense rainfall.

The problem of landslides is common and frequent in Shimla. Almost every year the whole district is affected by one or more major landslides affecting society in many ways. Loss of life, damage to houses, roads, means of communication, agricultural land, and floods are some of the major consequence of landsides in the region. The temporal occurrence of landslides with a peak in the month of monsoon suggests that landslides are directly related to monsoons. These prolong rainfall trigger landslides in the region, eventually jeopardising the stability of the hill as a whole.

The vulnerability of the geologically young, unstable and fragile rocks of the state has increased many times in the recent past due to various unscientific developmental activities. Deforestation, unscientific road construction, terracing and water intensive agricultural practices, encroachment on steep hill slopes are the anthropogenic activities which have increased the intensity and frequency of landslides.

Among the man induced causes, road construction in the hilly terrain is more responsible for landslides. The quantum of the damage by unscientific road construction may be judge by scientific research, which states that one kilometre of road construction in the Himalayas needs removal of 60,000 cubic metres of debris. Due to this and other anthropogenic activities, landslides have become a regular occurrence in the state, especially during the rainy season.

The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is also currently updating its earlier studies on the town to assess the disaster-causing potential of its unstable slopes. GSI's Deputy Director-General PN Razdan says, "The problem of landslides in Shimla town is aggravating and we feel that the town needs urgent treatment for this. Our study will identify the vulnerable areas and suggest remedial measures."

(iii) Sinking Zone in Shimla: Recent geological studies indicate that roughly 25% of the old town is in the sinking zone, and unless improvements are made in the drainage and sewerage systems of the upper reaches, more could go under.

Geologists say that when the famous Ridge of Shimla was constructed, the hilltop was sliced and all the debris was dumped on its northern slopes. Though it has compacted over the years, many parts of Lakkar Bazar and Rivoli bus stand do show a downward creeping movement. Slopes have become overloaded, and

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

buildings in several heavily crowded localities in the central part of the town have become unsafe as they fall in the sinking zone. The Ridge is not only a portion of land in Shimla, it contains its life line. The water reservoir beneath it has storage of ten lac gallons of water. The reservoir was constructed without using a ounce of cement in the eighteen eighties and only lime morter has been used. A major port on of the flat land consists of the debris and has resulted into so called sinking zone.

Geologically weak areas, identified as highly sinking prone areas, which include the northern slope of the Ridge extending upto Grand Hotel in the west, covering Lakkar Bazaar, Central School, upto Auckland Nursery School, Dhobi Ghat below Idgah electric sub-station and sliding areas, including Ladakhi Mohalla, the spur below the office of the Director of education and surrounding areas of Clark’s Hotel are also integral parts of green vertical buildings have led to manifold increase in pressure on land resources and urban infrastructure development are the common problems of Shimla, which are areas. Any further addition of load is likely to be hazardous in these areas.

(iv) Severe Storms, including lightning & high winds (Thunderstorms): Every year severe storms, lighting and high winds cause huge loss to the economy of Shimla City. It results into tree falling, damage to electricity supply wires, telephone cables, street lights, etc. Due to tree falling many time it cause loss to life, buildings or vehicles. As per the BMTPC wind hazard zone map of Himachal Pradesh it is visible that Shimla lies in moderate damage risk zone.

Winds are generally light throughout the year. The mean wind speed for Shimla for different months is given below:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.3 1.6 2.8 3.2 3.8 3.4 Mean wind speed in km/hr source IMD

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(v) Cloud Burst: A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation, sometimes with hail and thunder, which normally lasts no longer than a few minutes but is capable of creating flood conditions. Flash floods, short lived extreme events, which usually occur under slowly moving or stationary thunderstorms, lasting less than 24 hours are a common disaster in state. As a result of the high velocity of the current which can wash away all obstacles in its way, this phenomenon has resulted in enormous loss of life and property in various parts of the region. Prolong monsoons increased the threat of facing cloudburst in Shimla which will cause huge loss to the city. Though there is no recorded history of cloudburst in Shimla City but the vulnerability of the town to this hazard cannot be ruled out.

(vi) Heavy Snow Falls: The climate of Shimla is extremely cold during winters. Snowfall in Shimla occurs during the winter months. The temperature of Shimla city and its adjoining ecosystem varies between minus 7 degrees and 10 degrees in winter. Shimla snowfall usually occurs during December and February. It is worth mentioning that the effect of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions is acutely felt in Shimla. The blatant proof of global warming can easily be found in Shimla- snowfall has decreased over a period of time. The time of snowfall has also changed, even a few years ago it occurred during the month of December; now snowfall can be expected only after the new year has safely passed-after the fifteenth of January.

HUMAN INDUCED HAZARDS

(i) Accidents- Train, Road, Air: On account of limited road width and as a resultant of manifold increase in number of automobiles and regional heavy traffic, entire peace and tranquillity of the city has been disturbed. Traffic jams, bottlenecks, delays and accidents have become common. The problems in peak hours of morning and evening are severe. Besides wastage of man-hours, lot of fuel is wasted and air is polluted. As there is no scope for expansion of roads in central areas due to prevalence of structures on both sides, traffic problems have multiplied. Gradually the population pressure is increasing in Shimla and simultaneously the pressure of vehicles. In peak tourist season this crowd of vehicles multiplies. Also, the poor road conditions and bad

driving cause accidents increased the number of accidents in Shimla.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Road Accidents in Shimla

Apart from accidents Shimla town has serious problem or traffic congestion due to peculiar geography and age old construction. Moreover, the road infrastructure in the town was created in very old times to cater the needs of the then populations and little progress was made in this regards subsequently. With the passage of time the population and inflow of the tourist the traffic congestion has no taken a serious turn. Traffic jams cause huge loss to the economy and productivity of the city.

. Train Accident: Shimla is having the Kalka-Shimla rail route, which has completed 100 years. This is one of the four narrow gauge rail routes on hill terrain in the country, the other three being the Darjeeling, Ooty and Pathankot - Jogindernagar routes. Started during the reign of Lord Curzon in November 1903, this rail route features in the Guinness Book of World Records for offering the steepest rise in altitude in the space of 96 kilometers. More than two-thirds of the track is curved, sometimes at angles as sharp as 48 degrees laid out on a 96 km long narrow gauge track that passes through 103 tunnels and across more than 800 bridges and viaducts, it is one of the most beautiful hill railways in India. There is always a threat of accident being occurred on this track. In 2008 the train got derailed and 1 person got died in that accident.

. Air Accident: Nearest airport to Shimla is at Jubberhatti, 26 km from Shimla. It has connecting flights to Delhi and Kullu. Though the air traffic is very low in Shimla but still due to poor weather conditions during monsoon and winters when sky is not clear there is always a chance of having any air accident in Shimla. Annadale helipad is used for VIP flights very frequently.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(ii) Monkey Menace: The monkey attacks have increased manifold in Shimla City in past few years. They bite the citizens, attack on tourists and destroy the crops as well. In upcoming days if some strong initiative has been not taken monkey menace will cause huge loss to the economy of Shimla City. At present there are around 60,000 monkeys are present in the city.

(iii) Tree Falling: Due to heavy monsoon, high winds, and age of the trees, falling trees is another big hazard which Shimla people face frequently. It causes loss to property and lives. Last year the damage caused to public and private property worth lakhs of rupees across Shimla in one month as nearly 10 deodar trees fell and has created panic among residents.

(iv) Fires: . Forest Fires Forest Fires are not very much prominent in Shimla City.

. Household Fire In Shimla the old historical buildings are made up of wood and also in present buildings as well the flooring etc is made up of wood. Every winters households fires are very common which caused due to overheating, electric fires, etc.

(v) Lift Disorder: Shimla local transportation is concentrated in and on the vicinity of the Ring road of Shimla city. The Ring road route covers the Main bus stand, Chhota Shimla, Kasumpti, Sanjauli, Lakkar Bazaar bus stand, Victory Tunnel and Boileauganj. There is a lift which connects the Cart Road to the Mall Road which is another means of transportation in the city. It has the capacity of 8 persons but in peak tourist

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

season 10-15 people use to travel in this lift. This year also due to overburden this lift got dysfunction and 13 tourists got stuck into the lift.

(vi) Stampede: Due to the congestion especially in central Shimla the chances of stampede is very high. There are single paths in Lower Bazaar, Ram Bazaar and Sabzi Mandi area. If there is any miss happening occur it will result into stampede which due to congestion and slope terrain will cause huge loss. Also at temples in peak festival days huge crowd assembled and there is always an chance of facing stampede in crowded places. Incident of fire, earthquake or terrorist attack can also lead to such incidents.

(vii) Utility Failure: Being a capital city the dependency of public and government is depends upon the supply of basic services like energy, Telecommunications, Water Systems, Sewerage System, etc. The city was initially made for few thousand people and now it is serving the manifold population. It is also causing excess pressure on basic services like water and sanitation. Shimla being a capital city and having cold climatic conditions the energy consumption of city is very high. By increasing population pressure on the city the transportation demand is also increasing which is causing pressure as well. The dependency of public and government business relies completely on energy supplied. The supply of energy based on various small power plants any failure in theses will create hurdle in energy supply and affect the economy directly and indirectly.

. Water Supply Water is vital renewable but finite resource. Water supply system in Shimla largely depends on the surface sources like springs, nallahs or streams for its safe water demand. Shimla had no systematic potable water supply till 1875. Later serious efforts were made when some land was acquired from the neighbouring Rana of Koti and first ever reservoir of 2MG (9 ML) capacity was constructed at Sanjauli in 1884 for systematic supply. 21

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(a) Water Sources and Installed Capacity Water to the City is tapped from main six sources namely, Dhalli catchment area, Churat Nallah, Chair Nallah, Giri Khad,, Nauti Khad and Aswhani Khad. About 54.21 MLD water has been tapped from these sources and have installed capacity of 47.50 MLD. City has mainly 11 old reservoirs, which cater for water needs of about 1.42 lac persons in M.C area as well as adjoining 18.44 % population of the Planning Area. Total intake from above sources is as under:

Capacity Source (in MLD) 1.8 3.86 3 Dhalli Catchment 1.80 15 Churat Nallah 3.86 10.8 19.75 Chair Nallah 3.00

Nauti Khad 19.75

Ashwani Khad 10.80

Giri Khad, 15.00 Dhalli Catchment Churat Nallah Chair Nallah Nauti Khad Total 54.21

Intake Sources (Source: Water Supply & Sewerage Division, New Shimla)

Out of major six sources, Nauti Khad source contributes 19.75 MLD followed by Ashwani Khad (10.80 MLD) and Giri Khad (15 MLD). Besides, Dhalli catchment, Chair and Churat nallahs collectively contribute 8.66 MLD. Sources are situated in different directions of Planning Area. Hill environs of Shimla adequately on all sides on the streams, which will on one hand cater for water supply of the city and on the other, will add to the attraction for tourists in Shimla.

(b) Reservoirs Reservoirs are spatially distributed in and around the Municipal Area as well as Planning Area. Presently, there are 11 major reservoirs having storage capacity of 36.92 mld. Besides, 28 reservoirs having capacity of 5.8 mld, water reservoirs are also available in different localities as per requirements of the various sectors. Existing reservoirs are as under:

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Sr. Reservoirs Capacity 12 10.9 No. (MLD) 10 8.78 01 Carignano 3.0 8 6 4.63 02 Sanjauli 8.78 3.63 4 3 3 03 Ridge 4.63 2 MLD) (in Capacity 2 0.22 0.23 0.32 0.24 04 Mansfield 3.63 0

05 Mashobra 3.00

06 Seog 10.9

07 Kasumpti 2.00

08 Kasumpti 0.22

09 Vice Regal Lodge 0.23 Reservoirs 10 Jakhu 0.32

11 Boileauganj 0.24 Total 36.95

Existing Reservoirs and their Capacity (Source: Deptt. of I & PH)

Capacity of reservoirs has been installed in accordance with population size and commercial activities. 16 reservoirs have been proposed in order to ensure fulfilment of the demand of water supply for city residents, which are spatially distributed at various locations along the main reservoirs in Municipal Area, as well as Planning Area. 23 small and medium reservoirs are under construction at various strategic locations as per population size and commercial activities.

As per survey conducted by Town and Country Planning Department, there are about 41,060 water taps. The category wise description of water taps is as under:

Sr. No. of Heads % No. Taps 3.93 2.24 01 Private 25800 62.83 31 02 Public 12730 31.00 03 Well water 1610 3.93 62.83 Tank & 04 920 2.24 private Public others well tanks 05 Total 41060 100.00

Number of Water Taps (Source- Town & Country Planning Department, HP)

(c) Demand and Supply As per records of the Department of Irrigation and Public Health, in lean period availability of water supply to the city is 12.38 mld, whereas 30.60 mld during non lean period. The installed capacity of water supply system is 47.40 mld against present availability of water intake sources of 39.21 mld. Cost of water supply is Rs. 28 per 1000 litres. The water supply is

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

inadequate to city residents as well as Planning Area population due to rapid growth of population. Presently, as per 2001 Census, 1.74,789 persons are residing in Planning Area, which has been anticipated to increase to about 3,18,560 persons for the year 2021. Existing water supply is not sufficient to rural settlements and water for these settlements is managed through local natural sources i.e ‘Baulies’, springs and nallah’s which have also been tapped for various Government water supply schemes.

Sr. Demand of water (in MLD) Sector No. 2004 2021 1 Residential 24.50 39.00 2 Commercial 0.71 4.10 3 Institution 1.65 5.51 4 Industrial 1.2 5.1 5 Fire 1.31 4.6 6 Floating Population 8.07 15.57 Total 37.44 73.88

Projection of Water Requirement (2021) (Source: Department of I & PH, Shimla)

As 135 liter per capita per day water is required to residents, the same is

100

80 60

40 MLD/Day)

Water Supply in ( Supply Water 20 0 Installed Lean Period Available Existing Future Capacity Demand Demand Existing and Future Scenario (Source TCP) being inadequately supplied due to acute shortage at water sources. So far as demand and supply is concerned, only 30 mld water is available, against demand of 39 mld. In order to cater water requirement of the city by the year 2021 reliable water sources like Giri River, availability of which is about 20 mld have been proposed to be tapped to augment the existing water supply system. It is imperative to adopt rainwater harvesting techniques and water conservation strategies to cater for the future requirements.

A sum of Rs.78 Crore has been sanctioned by the Centre for early completion of the drinking water supply scheme for the state capital from the Giri river. 10 tube wells had also been installed. At present Rs. 70-80 crores are being invested every year on ensuring supply of water. The energy bill works out to the tune of Rs. 50.00 crores per year.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

. Sewerage System Sewerage System is an essential urban utility and forms an integral part of physical planning. Sewerage system for Shimla was designed for a population of 18,000 persons in 1880. The system continued for around 100 years without any augmentation. Population in the intervening period has increased to about 1,50,000. As a result, system has become grossly inadequate. Therefore, due to excess load certain portions have led to frequent leakages, causing environmental hazards and air pollution. The State Government has now taken steps to modernise the system to manage the city sewage and sullage efficiently for congenial environment of Shimla city. This milestone dream has been fulfilled by the financial patronage of OPEC and State Govt. Therefore, the city has now systematic and properly designed sewerage system and most areas are covered with necessary sewerage networks.

(a) Existing Sewerage System As per information received from City Sewerage Division, 192.7 km. long sewerage networks have been laid down in the entire urban area and adjoining rural areas. Sewerage Treatment plants have been installed at strategic locations namely, Lalpani, Dhalli, Malyana, North Disposal, Snowdon and Summer hill, having gross capacity of 36 mld. Sullage is also to be carried through sewer lines to the Treatment Plants. Zone wise Sewerage Treatment Plants are as under:

Sr. No. Location of Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity in MLD 01 Lalpani 19.35 02 Dhalli 0.76 03 Sanjauli & Malyana 4.44 04 North Disposal (Golcha) 5.80 05 Snowdon 1.80 06 Summer hill 3.93 Total 36.08 Zone-wise Sewerage System and Treatment Plants (Source: Sewerage Division, IPH Deptt. Shimla)

Lalpani zone caters for half of the city population. It has a capacity of 19.35 mld. North disposal (Golcha) zone has capacity of 5.80 mld. Besides, treatment plants have also been proposed at Sanjauli and Malyana with a capacity of 4.44 mld. Keeping in view, the present as well as future population growth, Sewerage Treatment Plants have been proposed at Tutu, Rahai, Mashobra, Chharabra and Shoghi. The cost of sewerage per person is Rs. 1000.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

. Solid Waste Management As estimated, the daily waste generation in Shimla City is approx. 90 MT. This translates into waste generation of 350 gms/capita/day.

The collection of the waste through door to door collection and community bins is approx. 70-75 MT. Therefore 15-20 MT of waste could not be collected which leads to waste pilling. The waste gets accumulated day on day and exerts additional pressure on existing infrastructure which is already inadequate. Considering the resident and floating population for projection years, and waste generation @ 350 gms/capita/day (as per SWM DPR), the total waste generated as projected is given in Table.

2011 2021 2031 2041 Resident Population (Nos.) 2,07,063 2,56,883 3,49,361 4,18,296 Floating Population 76,000 1,00,000 1,25,000 1,50,000 Solid Waste Generation (MT) 99.07 124.91 166.03 198.90

Solid Waste Generation – existing and projected (Source: M.C. Shimla)

Based on the land use survey, approx. 85% of the residential population is covered under door to door waste collection system, followed by 150% population dependent on the community bins for waste disposal. The rest of the population either dumps the waste in the open or burns the waste.

The door to door waste collection has been initiated in all the wards, however the percentage population covered under this system varies from ward to ward. With regard to door-to-door collection scheme, most of the residents have outlined that system is effective. In absence of municipal door to door collection system, in several places, people have arranged their own collection system. In case of big hotels and institutions (schools, colleges, offices), most of them have their own cleaning and sweeping staffs.

. Electricity Shimla Planning Area is divided into nine major zones. The Electric sub-stations are placed in accordance with population size and commercial activities. About 577 medium and large range capacity electric transformers have been installed at different places. Major power supply to city comes from the Dehar Power Station, Northern Grid and other power houses. Main Electric Station is located

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012) at Totu, which is supplying power to urban as well as rural areas. Two main divisions are City as well as Rural and Urban. City Division serves localities namely, Boileauganj, Ridge, Kalibadi and Sanjauli, whereas Rural and Urban division caters areas including Mashobra, Dhalli, Khalini, Jatog and Junga. The capacity details of transformers are as below:

300 No. of 265 Capacity % age 250 Transformers 184 200 150 108 20-200 kva 184 32.17 100 250-500 kva 265 46.33 50 15

No of Transfores of No 0 630 kva 108 18.88 20-200 250- 630 kva 2-3.5mva kva 500kva 2-3.5 kva 15 2.62 Capacity ( in kav & mav) Total 572 100.00

Transformers and their capacities (Source: Shimla Division 1&2 HPSEB)

Shimla is not having any heavy industry. Provisions of HT lines are existing in Planning Area which accounts to 2.87 % of the total electric installation. In addition, 46.33 % of transformers having capacity of 250-500 kva are also installed followed by 20-200 kva, which constitute 32.17 % of the total installation. Spatial distribution of transformers is as below:

20 18.15

14.37 15 15 13.63 9.88 10 8.46 8.97 7.54 4.3 5

No. of Transformers of No. 0

Spatial Distribution of Transformers (Source- TCP)

The table reveals that highest numbers of transformers are existing at Jatog, which accounts for 18.15 % of the total including Cantonment area followed by 13.63 % at Mashobra. Sanjauli zone caters 14.37 % of the total. In addition, 15.00 % of total transformers have been installed at the Ridge and the Mall areas, which is the major hub of the city as well as socio-cultural space of the Planning Area. Adjoining rural areas have also been provided with sufficient number of such facilities to cater for requirements of growing population efficiently. Numbers of different types of electric connections are as under:

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

No. of Sector % age Connections 60000 90 82.8 80 Domestic 56141 82.80 50000 70 40000 60 50 Commercial 9081 13.39 30000 13.39 0.61 40 20000 2.27 0.09 0.2930 20 10000 10 Industrial 1895 2.80 0 0 Connections of No. ND, NC 416 0.61

Public & 65 0.10 Semi Public Sector Others 198 0.30 Total 67796 100 connection % age

Purpose-wise connections in Shimla (Source: H.P SEB Shimla Division I & II)

Domestic consumption of electricity in city is high as compared to other sectors on account of Shimla being an administrative and service city accommodating a huge influx of migrant population as well as possesses peculiar climatic conditions. Therefore, 82.80 % of the total connections are recorded in domestic sector followed by 13.39 % connections in commercial sector. 67796 connections have been recorded, out of which 54.05 % connections are in urban area and 45.95 % connections in rural areas. Percentage total rural and urban connections are given below:

Sector Connection % age 46% Urban 36646 54.05 54% Rural 31150 45.95

Total 67796 100.00 Urban Rural

Total Connections in Shimla (Source: Shimla Division I & II, HPSEB)

. Drainage The Kufri- Dhalli- Sanjauli- Ridge-Totu spinal axis is a drainage divide of Shimla city. The tributaries on southern side go to the Yamuna and those on northern side to the Satluj. Encroachments on nallahs in the city is a common problem and same are susceptible to natural hazards like landslides, flooding and cloud bursts. Disposal of debris is choking natural drainage lines and the same is a matter of serious concern. The courses of many nallahs have been changed during the construction operations and such localities are witnessing drainage problems. There is no proper maintenance and cleanliness of drains along the roads. These aspects need proper attention. Many drains along roads have been encroached upon.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

. Telecommunication Shimla is being served by extensive networks of telecommunications. Private communication providers like AirTel, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Indicom, Reliance and BSNL are providing efficient services to the masses. Telephone exchanges are spatially placed at strategic locations in Planning Area. Majority of households are enjoying communication. Thus, Shimla being a capital has efficient telecommunication networks as compared to other areas.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Vulnerability of Shimla in context of various Chapter- III hazards

Vulnerability is the degree to which people, property, resources, systems, and cultural, economic, environmental, and social activity is susceptible to harm, degradation, or destruction on being exposed to any hazard on its activation. It has different dimensions and could be divided into five broad fields:

I. Natural: It is related with the geography, geology, terrain, climate and biodiversity of any place which increase its vulnerability for various hazards. II. Physical: It is related with the infrastructure, development process of any place which makes it vulnerable for various hazards. III. Social: It is the societal composition, cultural values and belief system which increase the vulnerability of any city towards any hazard. IV. Economic: The economic features of Shimla make it vulnerable for various hazards. V. Institutional: It includes the institutional capacities to deal with any emergency situation which affect the vulnerability of any place.

Vulnerability of Shimla in context of each of the hazard is explained below:

I. VULNERABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL HAZARDS

1. Vulnerability of Shimla in relation to Earthquake Hazards

(a) Natural: i) As Shimla located in seismic zone IV it is highly vulnerable to face an earthquake. Even if the epicentre of the earthquake is outside the Shimla City it is expected to cause huge loss to the city because it is surrounded by the area which is at zone V and zone IV, it means if the earthquake epicentre will be outside Shimla it will create huge loss here. ii) Shimla lies in sinking zone as well and having soft soil. Shimla's northern slope of the historic Ridge, an open space just above the Mall extending to Grand Hotel in the west and the Lakkar Bazar in the east, is sinking. This again increases the vulnerability of the city. As after an earthquake, landslides gets triggered automatically and being in sinking zone the vulnerability of the city for the after effects of earthquake gets multiplied. iii) The terrain of mountains may hinder the rescue and relief work as it happen in Sikkim hence it is again increasing the vulnerability of Shimla city.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(b) Physical: i) Population Congestion The peculiar feature of Shimla demographics is that the real population on the ground is almost double the number of the natives residing in Shimla city. This is due to the fact of Shimla being a tourist attraction; at any time of the year the number of tourists visiting Shimla is equal or more than the local residents.

Age Group Percentage 0-5 8.16 6-15 20.30 16-45 54.52

46-59 11.28 0-5 Jun-15 16-45 > 60 5.81 46-59 > 60 Total 100.00

Age wise Composition of Shimla Urban (Source: TCP)

ii) Slopes and Terrain Majority of localities in Shimla Planning Area with massive construction of buildings on slopes without adhering to provisions of seismic building code and earthquakes resistance measures, are vulnerable to hazards. Localities like Sanjauli, Lower Bazaar, Fingask and Ram Bazaar are prone to disasters. Majority of houses are old and have less load bearing capacity and structurally poor resistance. So far as landslides are concerned, areas like Katchighati, New Shimla Phase III, Chakker, Totu and Cemetery localities are vulnerable to hazards. The city is also susceptible to fire hazards in view of wooden Dhajji walls of houses in areas of Grain market, Lower Bazaar and Lakkar Bazaar of city. Provision of sufficient fire hydrants at every ward level is inadequate. Only core area of city is equipped with this facility. It is imperative to develop fire hydrants networks in other areas to ensure preparedness for the fire hazards.

iii) Transport Network Shimla town has serious problem or traffic congestion due to peculiar geography and age old construction. Moreover, the road infrastructure in the town was created in very old times to cater to the needs of the then populations and little progress was made in this regards subsequently. With the passage of time the population and inflow of the tourist increased resulting into increased traffic congestion. Educational institution particularly the schools are the places of traffic bottlenecks which are characterized by regular traffics jam. Around 200 vehicles are registered in the city every day. During the busy tourist season around 3,000 tourist vehicles also fight for space on Shimla’s narrow roads. 31

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

iv) Rapid Unplanned Growth Planned for a maximum population of 16,000, the town now supports 236,000, as per provisional census figures for 2011. Shimla has seen a very rapid population growth during the last three decades due to huge housing and tourism demands. This, combined with a lack of planning and haphazard growth, has resulted in the construction of buildings on steep and unstable slopes with improper construction practices. High priority lifeline structures like hospitals, power stations, telecommunication installations and water supply stations are located in high vulnerability areas with poor connectivity. Weak enforcement of byelaws and poor emergency management capacity has added to the risk.

v) Distorted Land use and Building Utilisation The major land use is residential, which is estimated at 75% of the total built-up area. Seven Percent of the residential buildings accommodate street level commercial activities. Areas such as Mall Road, Lower Bazar, Krishna Nagar, Summer Hill and Totu are highly commercialised where upto 50% of the total buildings are used for commercial purposes. There is only 4% of total building stock that is used by institutions and facilities such as schools, offices, hospitals, post offices, power stations, water works, and places for worship which could be utilised as community shelters. The built up areas have very few and small open spaces in most of the municipal wards.

The city development plan of Shimla City reflects that in the city only 0.41 % area is meant as parks and open spaces. It would be really a wrong caution for the Shimla City to come out in the open ground when there is an earthquake because Shimla hardly have any. It is again increasing the vulnerability of Shimla. vi) Poor accessibility Accessibility within the city is extremely poor. 72% of all buildings are not accessible by trafficable roads. Out of that, 38% are accessible through pedestrian paths and stair ways with less than one meter in width. Certain areas are built on such steep slopes and with such poor accessibility that in case of a building collapse there will be no escape routes. Many of the trafficable roads too are in such locations that in case of earthquake induced landslides or building collapse on the slopes above the roads, they will get blocked. This can lead to the cutting off of critical rescue and relief routes.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

vii) Inadequate infrastructure and lifeline services There is a serious lack of infrastructure facilities in the city. There is an acute shortage of water, especially in summers, poor sewerage network coverage, and inadequate medical facilities. The primary emergency management service, the fire service, is grossly ill equipped and understaffed. There are three fire stations with six fire hydrants and one hundred fire fighters servicing a total population of 140,000 in the city and, in addition, the population of the surrounding rural areas. viii) Poor Building Condition A ban on forest cutting and high price of timber has led to a rapid shift towards alternative construction materials such as bricks, cement and iron. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) and bricks have become prevalent, but without proper understanding amongst local construction workers on how to use these materials. Shimla has about 12,700 buildings with an average of fifteen occupants per building. The building condition is extremely bad in the wards of Mall Road, Krishna Nagar, Ruldu Bhata, Ram Bazar, Phagli Nabha and Khalini. Buildings classified under ‘very poor’ condition in these wards reach upto 72.70% of the total, which is much higher than the city’s average of thirty six percent. One reason behind this is the lack of maintenance due to the fact that tenants are occupying these buildings on very low rents, and neither tenants nor owners are willing to invest in maintenance. In older parts of the city, poor maintenance, and in newer poor workmanship, has resulted in buildings that will be unable to withstand the expected ground shaking.

According to the Town & Country Planning Department only 1.52 per cent of the buildings of Shimla are safe and not prone to earthquakes. A large number of buildings in Shimla are liable to damage in a high-intensity quake. According to the current statics 78.64 per cent of the buildings fall in category A, followed by 12.96 per cent in category B, 6.88 per cent in category C and 1.52 per cent in category X.

Category of Features Impact of Earthquake % Building A made of mud, adobe and suffer partial damage 78.64 random stones magnitude 8 earthquake B made of large blocks and liable to develop deep 12.96 poor quality of timber cracks C reinforced buildings only small cracks 6.88 X Seismic safe totally safe 1.52

Vulnerability and type of Buildings in H.P.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Most of the buildings that have been categorised as A, may have ignored the traditional practices of seismic proofing such as dhajji and incorporation of wooden beams,” he said. The minister said no specific study or date is available that reflects on the earthquake vulnerability of the buildings. There is a vulnerability atlas for the country based on a building census for the year 1991 for Shimla and as per the census, only 1. 52 per cent buildings are safe. At present, Shimla has 187 buildings with more than five floors. These include a 12-storey commercial building being constructed by Jagson International Ltd, an eight-storey building of Oberoi group’s five-star hotel Cecil and a 10-storey building of the Himachal Pradesh High Court. ix) Inappropriate Building Heights Building height is very important in calculating risk. Approximately 50% of the buildings in Shimla are more than two stories high. 24% of the buildings in Shimla are more than two stories high. 24% of the buildings have 3-4 stories, which is violating the building bye laws. New buildings of three to four stories constructed along steep slopes in the city, 40% of which are on loose land-fill soil without compaction, pose a grave threat to the occupants and those in the vicinity. The building construction activity itself also has an adverse impact on the soil condition, setting a cycle of deteriorating vulnerability.

x) Old Building Age Approximately 15% of Shimla’s buildings were constructed before 1925. The distribution of these buildings varies from 1% in New Shimla to 60% in the Mall Road area. At the city level, about 25% of the houses are more than 60 years old; 13% are between 50-60 years. Another 25% are in the age group of 25% are in the age group of 20-50 years. About 50% of the old structures are not properly maintained and are in very poor condition, prone to collapse even due to heavy rains or a minor earthquake. In most of the wooden, structures the wood has decayed, and joints and other joineries are displaced. The lack of adequate space between buildings increases the vulnerability of structures adjoining these old and unstable buildings. xi) Poor enforcement of laws About 27% of the buildings were constructed before 1971, the year when seismic codes were first introduced by the Public Works Department. Buildings in Shimla flout the design as well construction codes. Even after the introduction of the codes, most engineers, masons, and other persons associated with building construction are either unaware about the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

earthquake resistant structures. There is a provision for building inspectors to examine the buildings at different stages of construction, but acute shortage and poor training of staff renders this provision useless. As a result of all this, more than 80% of all existing buildings do not meet the seismic code standards.

The Department of Town and Country Planning (TCP) has made the amendment in the Section 39-C of the TCP Act 1977 and Rules 19 (E), relating to compounding and retention for public objections. Once this process is over, thousands of buildings with major violations in the 34 Special Areas and 20 Planning Areas in the state would be regularised.

As per the fifth retention policy in the state the 50 per cent deviation from the approved building plan will be compounded and to make matters worse as now an additional storey will also be regularised in restricted areas in places like Shimla, Manali, Dalhousie and Dharamsala. It was at the behest of the opinion of the Law Department that the amendment is being brought about as it was said the earlier retention policies lacked the legal backing, which was necessary. According to the planners and architects had recommended that only 25 per cent deviation from the approved building plan should be allowed under the fifth retention policy but with pressure from influential people this was straightaway raised to 50 per cent, defeating the entire purpose of the TCP Act and the rules. As if 50 per cent deviation from the permissible limit was not enough, the projections have been excluded from this.

Earlier, four storeys and one parking floor were allowed in restricted areas but under the new retention policy one extra floor will be regularised. The only saving grace is that this retention policy shall not be applicable in the green, heritage and core areas as defined in the development plan. Moreover, it will also not apply to builders and on the eight mts. controlled width on the national highways. The government has also been strict with respect to violations in buildings having more than 1.50-m construction above the national highways and state highways on the valley side as they will not be compounded. In case of constructions in the sliding or sinking area, only two storeys will be compoundable subject to the recommendation of the geologist.

(c) Social: The awareness level of the society regarding earthquake is very low. Being highly exposed to the earthquake disaster and living in a vulnerable location

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

with poor awareness level magnify the vulnerability of the community. Neither the government nor the citizens are ready to face the earthquake. This will increase the loss after an earthquake.

Although the whole Shimla is equally vulnerable but the poor population is living in the most vulnerable locations i.e. on slopes and sinking zones. Their exposure makes them more vulnerable to face the effects of an earthquake. Below the table reflects the age composition of the population. It reflects that around 60% population belongs to the productive age and if they face some accident or life loss it will cause adverse impact on the community.

(d) Economic: The Shimla economy is mainly dependent upon the revenue from travel and tourism industry and the agriculture and horticulture in the region. The majority portion of the Shimla people is either placed into the tourism industry or into the administrative department of Shimla. A vast number of the people of Shimla have taken the occupation of either travel agent, guide or photographer or something related to the tourism industry like hotels and the restaurants. Shimla's economy is being run to a large extent by the tourism industry that has developed gradually over the years. Shimla is the administrative capital of the state of Himachal Pradesh. As such there are many important departments and offices of the governing body in Shimla. The people working in these offices are the cogs and screws of the economy of Shimla. Besides the above, Shimla has a number of health care like the Indira Gandhi Hospital, Snowden Hospital and so on that also helps in the economy of Shimla.

25% 75%

Visit Shimla

Annual Tourists Inflow At present tourism industry has no plans for the safety of the buildings or the safety of the tourists. If earthquake occurs in Shimla it will affect directly the tourism industry and hence the economy of the city. At the same time the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

preparedness of various departments is very poor to face any disaster which will affect the functioning of that department also the safety of the workers. About 25% tourists visit Shimla out of the total tourist coming to Himachal every year.

1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 No. of Tourists of No. 1

Indian Foreigner

Monthly Tourists’ Variation (2003) (Source: TCP)

(e) Institutional: The institutional capacity of the city is very weak to address earthquake disaster. Whether it is the district or city administration, Urban Local Bodies, hospitals or schools the institutional capacities missing at the institution level and at city level. No centralised incident response system exists in the city which everybody could follow. Also the clarity of roles and responsibilities of various institutions is missing to response in earthquake or any other disaster. With the result transfer of responsibility is in culture which brings the city at the risk. Urban search and rescue is specialised job and trained manpower equipped with modern equipment is not available. The fire services has stagnant strength of this city which was created to cater to few thousand population. The community networking is not there nor the community is trained and equipped to deal with earthquake like situation.

2. Vulnerability of Shimla in relation to Landslides/ Landslips

(a) Natural: The sinking zone in Shimla is identified by the Town and Country Planning department. This area includes Ladakhi Mohalla the spurs below the office of the Director of Education and the surrounding areas of Clarke’s Hotel. But the vulnerability of landslides not restricted upto these areas the soft soil structure exposed with prolong rainfall in can trigger the landslides any time.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(b) Physical: A recent geological study indicate that roughly 25% of the old town is in the sinking zone, and unless improvements are made in the drainage and sewerage systems of the upper reaches, more could go under. Slopes have become overloaded, and buildings in several heavily crowded localities in the central part of the town have become unsafe as they fall in the sinking zone. The town, which was built for a population of just 25,000 in the early 20th century, today houses close to 300,000 people. And, as against the recommended density of 450 persons per square hectare in hill settlements, the town's localities have densities ranging from 2,500 to 3,500 persons for the same area.

Though the Shimla Municipal Corporation has- quite belatedly now- prohibited any construction on slopes steeper than 45 degrees, the damage has already been done. Most of the town is built on slopes between 45 and 75 degrees. Some 90% of central Shimla, built on a 60 degrees slope, is covered with buildings which are four to five storeys high. In the event of an earth tremor, devastation could be enormous, with buildings on slopes steeper than 45 degrees collapsing in a chain. The problem of landslides in Shimla town is aggravating and the town needs urgent treatment for this. If the structural composition of Shimla's slopes has something to do with its instability, their overburdening with high buildings has exacerbated the condition. Due to shortage of space, multi-storeyed structures have come up all over the town and many of them have been built without geological approval. In the hills, it's imperative to build on pillars which rest on rock strata. People raise pillars for buildings which are embedded in loose soil because the cost of construction goes up substantially if deeper pillars are to be made.

(c) Social: The worst part of the identified landslide zones is that it is having maximum congestion of built structures. In Shimla 3 years back in a massive landslide caused by heavy downpour in the market below Gandhi ground on Rivoli road which destroyed 18 shops of Tibet market and 2 people died. Landslides have various after affects like damage of houses and tree-falling which cause loss to lives and property.

(d) Economic: Vulnerability of loss of property, loss of business and loss of lives due to landslides increased over a period of time in Shimla. It causes economic pressure over the community and the governance as well. Every year business

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

worth crore of rupees got interrupted due to the damage of roads caused by landslides. Then huge resources involved in the repairing of these roads is another cost which involve the attention of man force as well and instead of doing new projects every year the departments like PWD, M.C. Shimla, Revenue department put their energies in crisis management. As the construction congestion increasing on slopes the loss of lives and property is also increasing causing extra burden community and administration.

(e) Institutional: The institutional vulnerability to deal with the landslides is same as it is for any other disaster in Shimla. Being a one of the most frequent disaster Shimla people deal with but still any institutional mechanism for the mitigation of landslides or quick response is still missing. This year (2011) in August a landslide occurred in Totu area of Shimla a day before one holiday. Due to the landslide the debris got inside of many houses and people were forced to come out of the houses. But because it was a holiday no department responded to the situation. The buck kept passing between the MC and the district administration.

3. Vulnerability of Shimla in relation to Sinking Zone

(a) Natural: Shimla is having a history of sinking zones and TCP department has identified the sinking zone to regulate the construction work and other development in this area. High sinking prone area includes the northern slopes of the Ridge extending upto Grand Hotel in the West and covering Lakkar Bazar including Central School extending Aukland Nursery School and extending down below upto Dhobhi Ghat below the Idgah Electric Sub-station.

(b) Physical: The area which is identified as high sinking prone is also the most congested area of the city. It is having heritage buildings- Gaitey Theatre, Mall Road, Town Hall, Church, etc and having the other infrastructure like schools, markets, etc. The huge water tank made during the period of Britishers is also located here through which water supply line spreads in entire area. Increasing number of vehicles moving on this area is also increasing the pressure on this road. From last 2 years M.C. Shimla is working to stabilise the sinking area of the ridge but still it is not helping much and the area involved increasing gradually.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(c) Social: On the one hand it is creating extra burden on the Government departments to take do the repair work which is going continuously from last 2 years and on another hazard it is causing threat in the mind of communities.

(d) Economic: Repair work cause extra economic burden to the M.C. Shimla. Over last 2 years M.C. Shimla has putted lakhs of rupees for repairing related to sinking zone in last 10 years. In future it will put increasing cost over the departments.

(e) Institutional: There is no separate institutional mechanism is available to address such issues at Shimla City level which could properly concentrate and plan for such disasters which occur every day and cause huge losses.

4. Vulnerability of Shimla City related to Severe Storms/Winds, including lightning and high winds (Thunderstorms)

(a) Natural: Shimla like other hill stations face very frequent storms/winds every year. It is accompanied by lightening and hailstorms as well.

(b) Physical: The development done on the slopes is very exposed to face the losses due to storms, hailstorms, lightening. Every year it cause huge loss to the trees, lamp posts, electric wires, telephone line, street lights and other Government and private property.

(c) Social: Many times due to storms and hailstorms it causes accidents and loss of lives as well. It also affects the mobility and day to day activity of the communities.

(d) Economic: Storms cause both direct and indirect losses. Direct losses cover the loss of lives, property and assets and loss in business where as indirect losses include loss of services & productivity and long term occurred due to direct loss.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(e) Institutional: The capacities of the city administration and communities are very poor and no proper institutional mechanism is in place which addresses this hazard and reduces the associated vulnerabilities.

5. Vulnerability of Shimla related to Flash Flood/cloud Burst

(a) Natural: Though there is no reported occurrence of such hazard in Shimla but with the increasing phenomenon of hydro metrological events and climate change the vulnerabilities towards Flash Floods and Cloud Burst is increasing every day. The forest cover of Shimla is increasingly under threat from the development taking place, the change in weather pattern, decrease in snowfall and aging. No serious efforts are in place to plant alternative/replacement species. In many cases forest cover is giving way to developmental projects.

(b) Physical: The infrastructure both residential and commercial is not prepared to face such possible situation of Cloud burst. Lack of adequate drainage system is serious issue. The existing drainage system has been encroached and overburdened.

(c) Social: Communities living in low lying areas or on steep slope will suffered the most. Because their houses are poorly constructed and having no strength to bear the force of water.

(d) Economic: Cloud Burst may cause huge loss to the economy of Shimla. It will affect the tourism Industry at the most. The old heritage structures, public infrastructure, road network, essential services may receive damage.

(e) Institutional: No institutional mechanism exists to address such hazard.

6. Vulnerability of Shimla related to Heavy Snow Falls

(a) Natural: Shimla is located at high altitude and naturally it is blessed with snowfalls. But gradually the intensity of snowfall is decreasing which is causing a sort of vulnerability for the city. The vulnerability is dual facet- in one case if the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

snow fall remains decreasing and other is if there will be sudden increase in snowfall.

(b) Physical: The infrastructure is over burdened now whether it is the road, transportation or it is the services. The capacities of Administration and the communities are reducing gradually to face snowfall. Minor snowfall brings the city to grinding halt. The incident of road accident multiplies. Injuries due to slipping in snowfall increases. Decreasing rate of snow fall is also omitting the phenomenon of snowfall from the vision of city planners.

(c) Social: The vulnerabilities lie in mobility, accidents and loss of day to day business of the communities living in Shimla. It will cause main loss to the daily vendors who are having shops in open areas; their business got interrupted for long.

(d) Economic: Snowfall generally boosts tourism activities in the town as large number of tourist throng the city to enjoy the snowfall. But of preparedness and caution may also cause loss of lives, increase chances of accidents, loss to business and affect the accessibility of the city as well.

(e) Institutional: Though MC is responsible to clear the roads and remove the snow. But the capacity of the MC is also limited. MC doesn’t have modern equipment to remove the snow immediately.

II. VULNERABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN HAZARDS

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Accidents- Train, Road, Air

Accidents are either independent phenomenon or it is the consequence of the natural disasters. But in any case it is important to reduce the vulnerabilities which could increase the chances of accidents.

Road accidents: There are several reasons which cause road accidents in Shimla- drinking while driving, talking on phone, poor visibility, unidentified blind turns, overcrowding inside the vehicle, poor road conditions, slippery roads due to snowfall or rainfall, landslides, unavailability of proper street light, etc.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Train accidents: In Shimla the railway line goes across 103 very narrow tunnels along with zig-zag like paths. It could cause derail of train or landslide get occur in tunnels which could cause train accidents.

Air: Visibility is the most prominent hindering factor with air traffic in Shimla. At any point of time flights get cancelled due to poor visibility/ poor weather conditions. It could cause the air accidents as well.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Monkey Menace

Monkey menace is the new emerging threat to Shimla. According to 2006 data there were around 350,000 monkeys in Himachal Pradesh. This includes 2,200 in Shimla alone, even after about 1,900 of them were shifted to other parts of the state from Shimla town in 2005.

There were big drives for sterilizing of these monkeys but it could not help much. Shimla is famous for its scenic beauty, which attracts large number of tourists every year but the tremendous increase in the monkey population has become a major problem for the tourists as well. Monkey bite cases are increasing and it is posing health hazard to the local population.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Traffic Jams Traffic Jams are big nuisance in Shimla. Narrow roads accompanied with pressure of tourists and vehicles have made traffic jams part of day to day life. Lack of proper parking place is another reason which is enhancing the problem of traffic jams. It causes huge loss to business as it reduces number of trips of heavy vehicles coming for commercial purposes. Traffic within the city causes pollution and loss of productivity of local people.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Tree Falling The tree falling caused by landslides or storms or heavy rains is another frequent disaster which Shimla people face. The vulnerability lies in weak response system of administration towards the potential cases of weak and dangerous trees. Lack of coordination among the agencies increases the cases of tree falling and its consequences.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Fires: (Household; Forest) Every year fire creates huge loss to economy & heritage value of Shimla City. The vulnerability lies in the fact that Shimla has wooden construction and having congested paths which increase the incidents of fire cases and also impacts the response time. Another factor is that Shimla has no Fire Safety guidelines for city which could be followed by the residential and commercial areas. Below is the data of fire incidents took place in last 5 years in Shimla Urban:

S. Fire type Loss Year No. Domestic Commercial Life loss Property loss (approx)

1 2010-11 47 35 2 Rs. 3,96,38,000/-

2 2009-10 45 31 2 Rs. 1,87,11,250/-

3 2008-09 31 33 6 Rs. 98,27,200/-

4 2007-08 45 37 1 Rs. 1,15, 01,400/-

F 5 2006-07 38 29 2 Rs. 74,65,600/- i 206 165 13 Rs 87,14,43,450 r e incidents in Shimla Urban, Source-Fire Services

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Lift Disorder There are two public lifts in city and both twice faced the failure due to over loading. One is placed at Mall Road which links Mall Road to Cart Road and other is placed at Tuti Kandi ISBT. The vulnerability of lift depends upon various factors- Capacity of Lifts and persons travelling, watchman travelling with the lift to assist the person travelling, maintenance and servicing of lift. The unique feature of the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

lift at Mall is one cannot evacuate the persons trapped in between. Lift has to come up or down to evacuate the persons.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Stampede The geography and habitation both makes Shimla vulnerable for stampede. The narrow paths in Lower Bazar, Ram Bazar, congestion at Bus Stop and Public gathering on Ridge during summer festival and other occasions, gathering at temples, etc manifolds the vulnerability of stampede. Also, temples have no proper mobility plans or during special gathering temple administration fails to enforce proper mobility plan considering the occurrence of stampede. There is also strong need of plans to de-congest the overcrowded area of central Shimla.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Contamination of Potable Water Water supply scheme for Shimla town was constructed in the year 1875. Thereafter, its augmentation was done in 1889, 1914, 1923, 1974, 1982, 1992 and 2008. Every year due to the contamination of portable water supply people suffer from Gastroenteritis and Diarrhoea. In 2010 itself approx 200 people suffered from diarrhoea.

 Vulnerability of Shimla related to Utilities Failure: Energy; Telecommunications; Water Systems; Sewerage System With increasing population pressure providing proper utility services to the residents is a big challenge in front of administration. Every year Shimla faces the failure of water supply across the city either due to power failure or silt in the source. During peak tourist season the demand for potable water increases multi- fold coupled with availability of less water at source. Though Shimla is capable of managing the utilities supply during peace time but the there are no plans exists to ensure the supply of basic amenities in the time of emergencies. Apart from this there is also urgent need to develop a plan to restore the utility supply system after any major disaster. In absence of proper scenarios of loss and plan to recover and restore it is the vulnerability will not reduce.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

WARD WISE HAZARD ASSESSMENT Index: High- H, Moderate- M, Low- L, Very Low- VL S. Monkey Tree Cloud Ward Name Earthquake Landslide Accidents Stampede Fire Sinking No. Menace Falling Burst 1. Bharari H H M L L L H L H 2. Ruldu Bhatta H M L L M M L L H 3. Kaithu H M L VL M L L H H 4. Annadale H L VL VL L L L L H 5. Summer Hill H VL H L L L H M H 6. Tutu H M M M L M H H H 7. Boileauganj H H H H M M H H H 8. Tutikandi H H M M L H M M H 9. Nabha H L L L M L M M H 10. Phagli H L L L L L M L H 11. Krishna Nagar H VL L H L H L L H 12. Ram Bazar H L VL H M H VL L H 13. Lower Bazar H L VL H M H VL L H 14. Jakhu H VL H L H VL M M H 15. Banmore H L M L L L M M H 16. Engine Ghar, Sanjauli H L M M M H L L H 17. Dhali H M M M L M H M H 18. Sanjauli Chowk H L H H M H L L H 19. Sanjauli H H H M H M M M H 20. Maliyana H M L L L L L H H 21. Kasumpati H M L VL L H M H H 22. Chotta Shimla H M M L M M M M H 23. Patiyog H M L VL L L M H H 24. Khalini H VL H M L M L M H 25. Kanlog H L L L L H M L H

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

WARD WISE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT Index: High- H, Moderate- M, Low- L, Very Low- VL

S. Monkey Tree Cloud Ward Name Earthquake Landslide Accidents Stampede Fire Sinking No. Menace Falling Burst 1. Bharari M H M L L L H L H 2. Ruldu Bhatta M M L L M M L L H 3. Kaithu L M L VL M L L H H 4. Annadale VL L VL VL L L L L H 5. Summer Hill M VL H L L L H M H 6. Tutu M M M M L M H H H 7. Boileauganj M H H H M M H H H 8. Tutikandi L H M M L H M M H 9. Nabha M L L L M L M M H 10. Phagli L L L L L L M L H 11. Krishna Nagar M VL L H L H L L H 12. Ram Bazar M L VL H M H VL L H 13. Lower Bazar L L VL H M H VL L H 14. Jakhu M VL H L H VL M M H 15. Banmore L L M L L L M M H 16. Engine Ghar, Sanjauli L L M M M H L L H 17. Dhali M M M M L M H M H 18. Sanjauli Chowk L L H H M H L L H 19. Sanjauli M H H M H M M M H 20. Maliyana L M L L L L L H H 21. Kasumpati M M L VL L H M H H 22. Chotta Shimla M M M L M M M M H 23. Patiyog L M L VL L L M H H 24. Khalini M VL H M L M L M H 25. Kanlog M L L L L H M L H

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Risk Assessment of Shimla in context of Chapter- IV various hazards and associated vulnerabilities

Risk is a measure of expected losses due to a hazardous event of particular magnitude occurring in given area over a specific time period. It is the function of probability of particular occurrences of activation of any hazard and losses each would cause. Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable outcome). The notion implies that a choice having an influence on the outcome exists (or existed). Potential losses themselves may also be called "risks". Almost any human endeavour carries some risk, but some are much more risky than others.

Risk in itself exists only theoretically unless the hazard got activated and it gets an exposure with the vulnerability. Considering the situations of Shimla as there are different hazards present here with multi facet vulnerabilities the risks are also multi dimensional. Risk associated with each of the hazard taken into account the various vulnerabilities the risks are as follows:

I. RISK RELATED TO EARTHQUAKE

(i) Probability of Earthquake: Being situated in seismic active zone and having the multi fold vulnerabilities the Shimla is at risk to face an earthquake in near future. Shimla can expect maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 4.0 meters per second square. This suggests that Shimla can expect an earthquake of seismic intensity of VIII on the modified Mercali (MM) Intensity Scale.

(ii) Consequence of Earthquake:

a) Building Collapse: MM VIII indicates that there will be slight damage in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings; and great damage in poorly built structures. Panel walls can be thrown out of frame structures. Chimneys, factory stacks, columns, walls and monuments can collapse. Heavy furniture can get overturned. Sand and mud can get ejected in small amount. Changes can be caused in water levels. The worst part is that 90% of the buildings in Shimla categorised under poorly built.

b) Landslides: Apart from building collapse the most prominent after affect of earthquake is triggering of landslides and which will cause blockage of roads, damage of built property & assets. The roads – the lifelines for search and

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

rescue are also likely to blocked with the collapse of structures along the road. c) Failure of Water Supply System: The water supply and sewerage system in Shimla is already more than 100 years old and is in very poor and weak condition. Even a mild tremor could hit the water and sewerage supply system of Shimla. The supply of water within the city mainly depends upon the big water storage tanks- 02 number main of which are located at Ridge and Sanjauli. There is no scientific study available to say that these tanks could face the tremor upto what extent. Otherwise it could cause floods as an after affect and may wash out the Lower Bazar and Lakkar Bazar area of central Shimla. The water is lifted to Shimla from great distances and the supply line is likely to damaged at many locations.

Same is the situation of the sewerage system as well. At present only 40% of the area in Shimla is served with proper sewerage system which too is weak. The old sewer lines are likely to damaged. The same may cause sanitation and related problems.

Also restoration of these services is again a big challenge for the M.C. Shimla. At present no studies have been done which could state as how much time it will take to restoration of W&S system in Shimla and how it will be done. d) Failure of Electricity Supply: Failure to electricity supply and damage to supply wires is another consequence. Dependency on 24 hrs supply of electricity makes people more vulnerable and they find it hard to manage without electricity as they don’t have alternate options. Disrupted electricity supply will affect the search and rescue operations, health care facilities prominently and also the water supply. e) Shelter Management: Another major risk is to rehabilitate communities after an earthquake as at present no exercise has been done to identify shelters at ward or more micro level. Having mountain terrain and cold weather with shortage of open spaces it will be not possible to put tents in open and make temporary shelters. f) Death Body Disposal: In case of mass causality it is important to identify the places where dead bodies could be buried. Open spaces are very few in the town and nearby areas and lack of additional space may make it the cremation process very difficult. g) Communication: At present there is no centralised communication system available which will address different aspect of emergency management. It 49

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

could create chaos after an earthquake. There is a big risk of conflict generation with multiple commands and actions. Also in absence of clarity of roles few agencies will not respond or others will get over burdened with low capacities.

II. RISK RELATED TO LANDSLIDES/ LANDSLIPS

(i) Probability of Landslides/ Landslips: The probability of Landslides could be high in Shimla. Either the heavy rainfall can trigger the landslides during monsoon or it could be the after effect of an earthquake which will be more threatening than the normal landslide.

(ii) Consequence of Landslide:

a) Collapse of Built Structure: Structures constructed on extreme slopes are liable to damage from landslide. Weak and unstable strata also contribute to the slipping of structures which could cause damage to or collapse of building, infrastructure and utilities.

b) Debris: The buildings, infrastructure or the utilities may also be threatened by mudslide or debris.

c) Blockage of Roads and Paths: After landslide it is possible that important Highways or internal roads/paths get blocked. It is important to develop a mechanism to open these important paths at the earliest to ensure the smooth transportation for search and rescue, medical response and relief operations.

d) Evacuation and Early Warnings: Due to unavailability of proper information of city regarding landslides or micro-zonation maps containing information regarding landslides it is impossible to provide early warnings to communities for evacuation.

III. RISK RELATED TO SINKING ZONE

(i) Probability of Sinking of Shimla: The core area of central Shimla Ridge is gradually sinking over the period and this sinking is on. Administration interventions have proved futile.

(ii) Consequence of Sinking:

a) Threat to Ridge and Heritage Buildings: Continuous sinking in core area is causing threat to the historical Ridge. It is also possible that one day this area

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

will get collapsed and Shimla people will lose the historical buildings situated at Ridge including the Ridge itself.

b) Pressure over Water Supply System: The underground water supply system is also getting pressure due to the sinking. Getting cracks in water supply pipes is now a common feature in this area as sinking area causing pressure over old supply lines which are situated towards sinking side.

c) Threat to Water Tank: A water supply tank is also located at Ridge and seepage due to this tank which could be a reason for sinking of this area. Also if this tank got collapsed any way it will cause big threat in its vicinity.

IV. RISK RELATED TO SEVERE STORMS, INCLUDING LIGHTNING AND HIGH WINDS (THUNDERSTORMS)

(i) Probability of Severe Storms, lightning and high winds: The probability of this hazard of changing into disaster is very high. It is one of the most frequent phenomenon which Shimla faces every year.

(ii) Consequences of Storms, lightning and high winds:

a) Tree falling: Falling trees is one of the most common consequence of Storms and high winds. Weak trees are more vulnerable to get affected by the high winds. If not identified and cut down in advance these trees could cause loss to assets and lives.

b) Clarity of Roles: Another risk is clarity of roles among the forest department and Municipal Corporation Shimla which cause delay in taking corrective action.

c) Electricity and Communication Network: Due to severe storms every year Shimla faces loss of communication network and damage to electricity supply.

d) Accidents: Due to storms, lightning and high winds the trees collapse which cause many accidents.

V. RISK RELATED TO FLASH FLOOD/CLOUD BURST

(i) Probability of Flash Floods/ Cloud Burst: The probability of Flash Flood/ Cloud Burst cannot be predictable. But increase in hydro meteorological events it could be a possible hazard for the town.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(ii) Consequences of Flash Flood/ Cloud Burst:

a) System Failure: The capacities of administration and communities to face the cloud burst are very low hence there are high chances that the system gets disrupted due to any such eventuality.

b) Lack of Scientific Projections: As it is rare phenomenon and there are no projections available to develop a vision for the floods it becomes more difficult to develop a mechanism to respond it.

c) Built Structure: The built up structures in Shimla may not be strong enough to face floods or cloud burst events and it could face huge loss due to this.

VI. RISK RELATED TO HEAVY SNOW FALL

(i) Probability of Heavy Snow Fall: Shimla town receives snowfall regularly. Through in the recent years the snow fall has decreased considerably. However, with the changing climatic conditions the snowfall may escalate.

(ii) Consequences of Heavy Snow fall:

a) Mobility Interruption: Due to heavy snow fall the biggest consequence is interruption of mobility which could further delay other emergency response.

b) Interruption in Basic Supply: Due to heavy snowfall the basic services get disturbed due to burst of water supply pipes, snapping in electric supply lines, etc. c) Accidents: Frozen snow at roads and paths leads to accidents.

d) Capacities Failure: Gradually the amount of snow fall in the city is decreasing and also the capacities of the people to deal with snowfall. If in such case there will be heavy snowfall it will create a disaster like situation which may be beyond the capacities of administration and communities to be manage.

e) Lack of information: After snowfall there is huge information gap among the citizens regarding the condition of paths and transportation.

VII. RISK RELATED TO ACCIDENTS & TRAFFIC JAMS- TRAIN, ROAD, AIR

(i) Probability of Accidents: With increase pressure of population, tourists and vehicles and increase in traffic congestion the probability of accidents is very high.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(ii) Factors increasing the risk of Accidents:

a) Traffic Master Plan: With increase traffic pressure on Shimla it is urgently required to have traffic master plan for Shimla City for de-congestion of the roads and paths.

b) Congestion in Core Area: Increasing congestion in core are of Shimla- Mall Road, Lakkar Bazar, Lower Bazar, Ram Bazar, etc. due to tourists, poor traffic plans and increased road side vendors.

c) Lack of alternate paths: In Shimla there is lack of alternate paths due to congested & narrow roads coupled with high lead of traffic.

d) Number of Vehicles: There is no control over the number of vehicles coming into the city with the result in peak seasons there is big traffic jams in Shimla.

e) Parking Places: The number of vehicles increasing but not the parking places in same proportion. It is another reason behind traffic congestion in Shimla.

VIII. RISK RELATED TO MONKEY MENACE

(i) Probability of Monkey Menace: The risk is very high and it is the most common disaster which Shimla people face every day.

(ii) Factors increasing the risk of Accidents:

a) Growth of Monkeys: With the deterioration of forest area over decades the monkey population has shifted to populated area in search of food and shelter. They are rapidly increasing in numbers and now a big challenge and nuisance for human community.

b) Religious Believes: The Religious believe of communities is not allowing to control the population of monkeys in Shimla.

IX. RISK RELATED TO TREE FALLING

(i) Probability of Tree falling: Very high

(ii) Factors increasing the risk of Tree Falling:

a) Apathy of Departments: Departments are not clear about their roles and there is no mechanism to identify the vulnerable trees and providing quick response. In such cases it takes long time to respond.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

b) Advance Equipment: The non-availability of advance equipment required to cut the tree is another issue which cause delay in response.

X. RISK RELATED TO FIRES: (HOUSEHOLD; FOREST)

(i) Probability of Fire: Very high

(ii) Consequence of Fire:

a) Fire in Core area: There is big chance of fire in the core area of Shimla- Lakkar Bazar, Lower Bazar, Ram Bazar etc. these areas are highly likely to be hit by some big fire incident. It is one of the most congested areas in Shimla having old wooden structure. It is not possible to move fire services vehicle in this area which increases the response time.

b) Delayed Response: Because of multiple factors like terrain of mountains, availability of emergency paths, congestion on roads, etc. it is a big risk that in case of fire incident the response time got delayed.

XI. RISK RELATED TO LIFT DISORDER

(i) Probability of Lift Disorder: Moderate

(ii) Factors increasing the risk of Lift Disorder:

a) Overloading of passengers

b) Servicing of Lift

XII. RISK RELATED TO STAMPEDE

(i) Probability of Stampede: Very High

(ii) Consequence of Stampede:

a) Deaths and injuries

XIII. RISK RELATED TO UTILITIES FAILURE

(i) Probability of Utility failure: Very high

(ii) Consequence of Utility Failure: 54

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

a) Chaos among the people b) Held up of interdependent services c) Interruption in Business and Official work

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Mitigation Plan for Shimla City Chapter- V

Mitigation efforts are attempts to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases in that it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk. The implementation of mitigation strategies is a part of the recovery process if applied after a disaster occurs. Mitigation measures can be structural or non-structural. Structural measures use technological solutions like flood levees. Non-structural measures include legislation, land-use planning (e.g. the designation of non-essential land like parks to be used as flood zones), and insurance. Mitigation is the most cost- efficient method for reducing the effect of hazards although not always the most suitable. Mitigation includes providing regulations regarding evacuation, sanctions against those who refuse to obey the regulations (such as mandatory evacuations), and communication of risks to the public.

Mitigation plan for various hazards in Shimla is given below:

1) Mitigation Plan for Earthquake Risk

I. STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Seismic Retrofitting: Retrofitting refers to the addition of new technology or features to older systems. Whereas seismic retrofitting is the process of strengthening older buildings in order to make them earthquake resistant. Seismic retrofitting is a cost and time intensive process and it cannot be opted for each and every building of the city but it is required to identify such buildings which are crucial in order to response during the earthquake.

(i) Hospitals: During the time of Earthquake the need of health increases by many folds but because the hospitals are not prepared for the earthquake the health facilities go below the normal time many times. It creates a huge gap between the need and supply of health facilities. Hence, it is very much required to identify the most crucial health care centres and do the retrofitting of those buildings at the priority basis. IGMC, DDU and KNH, the 3 major hospitals in the city would require to be examined critically from earthquake safety point of view and wherever needed retrofitting should be carried out on priority.

(ii) Shelters: The other most important requirement after the earthquake is shelter to keep the displaced people. Keeping into consideration the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

climatic conditions and terrain of Shimla it is urgently required to identify the places which could be use as Shelters. These buildings could be schools, dharamshalas, community centres, religious institutions (Kalibari, Gurudwara, Sankat Mochan, Jakhu Temple) etc. It is important these buildings should survive after an earthquake and for the purpose retrofitting of these buildings is urgently required.

(iii) Life Line Buildings: The buildings of District Administration, Government Offices, Secretariat, Fire Services, Municipal Corporation, PWD, etc are important to provide response after an earthquake and it is important these building should be safe at any cost.

(iv) Critical Infrastructure: Critical infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage, telecommunication, power supply etc. should also be evaluated from seismic risk point of view and must be strengthened to withstand earthquake threat.

(v) Heritage Structures: Shimla is known for its heritage value and if the heritage buildings get harm due to the earthquake Shimla will lose its value. Hence it is required to do the retrofitting wherever required of important heritage structures such as Church, Advanced Studies, Railway Board Building, AG Office, and Hotel Clark etc.

(vi) Phases for Retrofitting: Retrofitting cannot be done for all the building at common time it is required that there should be a city wide phase wise plan for doing the retrofitting of buildings based on priority.

(b) Decongestion of Road Network: It is very important that the road connectivity remains intact during disasters. In the present scenario it is very likelihood that all the roads would be cut off at various locations due to collapse of structures constructed very close to the roads. The uprooting of trees will also lead to blockage of roads. The landslide is another hazard which will affect roads. A comprehensive plan needs to be worked out for Shimla to achieve the target. Most of the critical facilities such as hospitals, important offices are located in congested localities. And there is very likelihood that the roads leading to these facilities would be blocked and access cut off. As a first priority the roads leading to hospitals, Annadale Helipad etc. should be examined from this point of view and decongestion action plan prepared. There are many traffic bottlenecks in the town. There is need to look at these points and prepare an action plan to improve them. Road connecting Chhota Shimla to Panthaghati, Road connecting DC Office needs to be widened on priority.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(c) Power Supply: Power supply is going to play critical role in post disaster situation. In the present scenario there is very likelihood the overhead power lines are likely to be snapped to the collapsing structures or the falling trees. The power lines need to be laid underground. To begin with the supply lines connecting the hospitals, telecommunication facilities and critical buildings can be laid underground. The HPSEB Ltd. needs to work out a schedule for this action.

(d) Open Spaces: Lack of adequate open spaces is one of the major drawbacks of this hill town. Open spaces are required to be created in all the localities so that the same can be utilised for evacuation and emergency response. These spaces can be created by removal of encroachment or re-location of government infrastructure/facilities.

(e) Removal of Dilapidated Structures: One of the reason contributing to the seismic vulnerability of the town is the old and dilapidated structures. The structures which cannot be strengthened needs to be demolished so that they don’t collapse during earthquakes and cause avoidable loss of life. The building which can be strengthened must be ordered to be done so.

(f) Completion of Unfinished Structures: A typical phenomenon which can be seen in Shimla town is large number of structures constructed using pillar construction and most of the stories awaiting completion. These unfinished stories act as soft stories and attract large earthquake forces. A deadline may be given to all such owners to complete the construction within stipulated time frame.

II. NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Seismic Micro-zonation: Seismic Micro-zonation will provide a technical and scientific insight into seismic vulnerability of city in detail which will further provide guidelines and recommendation which would be location specific. For this purpose it is required to hire any technical agency which could perform the seismic micro-zonation.

(b) Training and capacity Building:

(i) Awareness: General awareness generation among the communities regarding earthquake risk mitigation, preparedness and response should be carried out on regular intervals.

(ii) Training: Training of volunteers on First Aid, Search and Rescue, Health Care, medical first response etc is required. It is also important that the

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

CBOs and ward disaster management teams are formed and trained in various aspects of disaster management so that emergencies can be handled locally. Trainings should focus of hands on methods.

(i) Household Plans: Each household should have their own earthquake management plan which is properly shared with the family members.

(ii) School Safety Plans: Each school should have earthquake management plan and regular mock drills are required to be conducted to institutionalise the system.

(iii) Institutional Plans: Each private and government institution should have their own earthquake management plans which are properly shared with all the staff of the organisation.

(iv) Hospital Safety Plans: Each hospital should have their own earthquake management plan and plan to deal with mass casualties.

All the above Plans need to be shared with the District Administration, Municipal Corporation and Emergency Services such as Fire, and Police so that they are aware of the arrangement.

(d) Emergency Support Functions:

(i) All the departments which have role in emergency support functions (ESFs) for them should be designed in advance so that departments know their role and responsibilities and they make preparations in advance. (ii) Regular coordination meetings are required with the District Administration, MC and the ESF departments to have clarity about the ESFs.

(e) Amendment in Building Bye Laws:

(i) There is urgent need of doing amendments in Building Bye Laws and TCP Act. This will help to have safe development in future.

(ii) BIS Codes should be made applicable for new construction forthwith.

(iii) Risk sensitive land use planning and development control regulations should be enforced.

(iv) City Development should be re-visited and re-drafted on the basis of HRVA of the city. All the stakeholders should be involved in this process.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(f) Community Networking:

(i) Community is both the victim and first responders in disasters. It is therefore needed that networking with all the community based organisations such and CBO, NGO, Market Organisations, Faith based organisation, etc. should be done and their database created.

(ii) Ward wise response plans and committees should be constituted to look into various aspects of disaster management.

(iii) The government functionaries at ward level should also be made part of the core committee at the ward level and the core committee should be delegated authority to take decisions in emergencies.

(iv) The committees so formed should be trained and equipped to handle emergencies.

(g) Emergency Operation Centre (EOC):

(i) City level EOC would be established at the MC level.

(ii) To improve the inter-departmental coordination and response mechanism it is important to have a centralised command system which coordinates with various departments both for mitigation and response work.

(iii) The EOC would act as central focus point for information gather, dissemination and coordination.

(iv) It would be a never centre for emergency response.

(v) During the normal time the EOC would work for awareness and preparedness for emergency response.

(h) Risk Transfer: Entire risk cannot be mitigated. Whatever risk cannot be mitigated must be transferred by way of risk insurance. Insurance coverage is available against all the major hazards and this need to be promoted amongst the stakeholders.

2) Mitigation Plan for Landslide/Sinking Zones/Storm Waters etc.

I. STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Tree Plantations: The areas which are vulnerable to this hazard require to have tree plantation to reduce the phenomenon of landslides. Suitable varieties of species need to be identified and planted. The old Devdar trees

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

of Shimla have also become aged. An action plan also needs to be prepared to replenish the dwindling forest wealth of the town.

(b) Regulation for Construction: It is required to have strong laws for regulating the construction at steep and unstable slopes.

(c) Drainage Improvement: It is important to have proper drainage system to cater to the storm water. All the encroachment on the drainage system needs to be removed so that storm water flows down smoothly causing least damage to the soil, infrastructure and property. The existing water ways also needs channelization wherever needed to reduce soil erosion. This activity would also reduce the pace of landslides and reduce the impact of heavy rains/cloudburst etc.

II. NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Land Slide Micro-Zonation: Landslide micro-zonation is needed for further plan for the city.

(b) Cutting of Hill Slopes: One of the major reasons of landslides is unscientific cutting of slopes. And construction in high steep slopes. There is need to enforce the development control regulations for such areas.

(c) Awareness: There is a need of community awareness regarding landslide and associated threat so that communities could be sensitised.

3) Mitigation Plan for Fire Hazards

I. STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Strengthening of Fire Department: The staff strength of fire department is inadequate keeping in view the fire vulnerability of the town. Also the department has special needs to match the requirement of the town. Fire fighting equipment and vehicle capable of moving in the narrow lanes of the town needs to be added to the fleet of the Fire Department.

(b) Decongestion of critical locations: Areas such as Lower Bazar, Ram Bazar and other such locations which are vulnerable to fire hazard need decongestion. The Temporary structures need to be removed at these locations.

(c) Identification of Vulnerable Building: Shimla Town has very old and important structures which have generally a lot of wood in the shape of building content. Fire safety concerns of these building should be addressed.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

II. NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES:

(a) Enforcement of Building Codes on Fire Safety: Building Codes on Fire Safety (BIS Codes) must be made compulsory and forcefully enforced. No structures complying with these codes housing large number of occupants such as offices, hospitals, schools etc. should be allowed to function till it adheres to these codes. Regular mock drills on fire safety should be held in all building housing large number people.

(b) Hands on Training on Fire equipment: The school children, government functionaries should be given hands-on training to handle fire-fighting equipment.

(d) Risk Transfer: Entire risk cannot be mitigated. Whatever risk cannot be mitigated must be transferred by way of risk insurance. Insurance coverage is available against all the major hazards and this needs to be promoted amongst the stakeholders.

4) Common Efforts required to mitigate hazards in Shimla (a) At each ward level Buildings and Open spaces will be identified and list will be prepared for probable shelter and later these buildings could be retrofit. (b) The community has traditional wisdom to cope up with natural hazards. The best practices should be documented and promoted. (c) The people of Shimla are traditionally capable of dealing with natural phenomenon such as snowfall. The traditional practices and administrative preparation need to be revived and put on alert during the winter season. (d) The Urban Search and Rescue is a specialised job. The existing network of Fire and Emergency Services needs to be strengthened to perform this job. Fire & Emergency set up also needs to be equipped with modern equipment for SAR. (e) The capacity of MC Shimla also needs improvement to deal with role and responsibility vis a vis disaster management in terms of trained manpower and equipment and machinery. (f) The blind curves and accident prone area needs to be identified and improved in a phased manner. (g) Monkey menace needs to be tackled in a scientific way.

(h) In order to promote culture of safety local leadership should be motivated and roped in.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Chapter- VI Incident Response System for Disasters in Shimla

Need of Incident Response System:

The DM Act 2005 has heralded a paradigm shift in DM from a post-event response to one of pre-event prevention, mitigation and preparedness. In view of the paradigm shift towards improved pre-disaster preparedness, there is an urgent need for a proper and a well prepared response system which would have;

a) Well thought out pre-designated roles for each member of the response team b) Systematic and complete planning process; c) System of accountability for the IRT members; d) Clear cut chain of command; e) Effective resource management; f) Proper and coordinated communications set up; g) System for effectively integrating independent agencies into the planning and command structure without infringing on the independence of the concerned agencies; and h) Integration of community resources in the response effort.

The response mechanism during emergencies works with close connection of ward and city level EOCs. In this system each 24 wards will have 01 incident command centre and these centers will connect with the City Emergency Center based at Municipal Corporation Shimla. The City EOC will coordinate with different departments who are having the Emergency Support Functions. There will be Standard Operating Procedures for each action who will provide guidelines to each department.

During emergency, Commissioner M.C. Shimla will be the nodal officer of the City EOC. He/ She will provide instructions to every department and coordinate with different agencies.

Definition and Context: The Incident Response System (IRS) is an effective mechanism for reducing the scope for ad-hoc measures in response. It incorporates all the tasks that may be performed during DM irrespective of their level of complexity. It envisages a composite team with various Sections to attend to all the possible response requirements. The IRS identifies and designates officers to perform various duties and get them trained in their respective

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012) roles. If IRS is put in place and stakeholders trained and made aware of their roles, it will greatly help in reducing chaos and confusion during the response phase. Everyone will know what needs to be done, who will do it and who is in command, etc. IRS is a flexible system and all the Sections, Branches and Units need not be activated at the same time. Various Sections, Branches and Units need to be activated only as and when they are required.

Incident Response System (IRS) Organization The IRS organisation functions through Incident Response Teams (IRTs) in the field. In line with the administrative structure and DM Act 2005, Responsible Officers (ROs) have been designated at the State, District and City level as overall in charge of the incident response management. The RO may however delegate responsibilities to the Incident Commander (IC), who in turn will manage the incident through IRTs. The IRTs will be pre-designated at all levels; State, District, City and Ward Levels. On receipt of Early Warning, the RO will activate them. In case a disaster occurs without any warning, the local IRT will respond and contact RO for further support, if required. A Nodal Officer (NO) has to be designated for proper coordination between the District, State and National level in activating air support for response. Apart from the RO and Nodal Officer (NO), the IRS has two main components:

(a) Command Staff and (b) General Staff

RESPONSIBLE OFFICER Nodal Officer (Air Operations) INCIDENT COMMANDER Deputy

COMMAND STAFF Information & Media

Officer Liaison Officer Safety Officer

GENERAL Operations Planning Section Logistics Section STAFF Section

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

GENERAL STAFF

Operations Section Planning Section Logistics Section

Transportation Resource Response Service Support Finance Branch Unit Branch Branch Branch Branch

Situation Time Unit Divisional Road Unit Communicatio Resource (Geographical n Unit Provisioning ) Unit Compensatio n /Claim Unit Rail Documentation Group Medical Facilities Unit Procurement (Functional) Unit Unit Unit (Single Resource Task Force/ Air Demobilization Food Unit Ground Strike Team) Unit Support Unit

D.M. Cell, M.C. Shimla City IRS WARD IRS

I II III IV V VI VII Summer Hill Kasumpati Ram Bazar Kaithu (3) Dhalli (18) Tutikandi (8) Bharari (1) (5) (21) (12) Chamyana Chhota Lower Bazar Annadale (4) Totu (6) Nabha (9) Roldu Bhatta (2) (19) Shimla (22) (13) Boileuganj (7) Malyana (20) Patyog (23) Phagli (10) Jakhoo (14) Sanjauli (17) Krishna Nagar Banmore Khalini (24) Engine Ghar (18) (11) (15)

25 Incident Communication Center (ICC)- 1/ ward

Ward wise Team of Volunteers

Structure of ward level response plan at Shimla City

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

City Emergency Operation Center:

The City Emergency Operation Center will be the physical location to coordinate the Incident Command System in Shimla City. An emergency operation center has been established at Rain Basera, Near SBI Bank, Bharari Shimla. Disaster Management Information Center works as the nerve center for all emergency events and disasters, and is the hub of all activities. The principal role involves collection of data, analysis and dissemination of information to relevant organisation. Thus control can also be called as information center. The Disaster Management Information Center/ Emergency Operations Center (E.O.C.) is the City's coordination center for emergency services during any major emergency affecting the City. It acts as DMIC in normal time and activated as E.O.C. is when ordered by the Municipal Commissioner or one of his designated representatives. The city DMIC is located at first the floor of Rain Basera, Bharari Shimla along with SHEB Society.

Normally day-to-day operations are conducted from various Government departments and agencies that are widely dispersed throughout the City. When will be any major emergency or disaster strikes, centralized emergency management is needed. This facilitates a coordinated response by the Commissioner M.C. Shimla and Emergency Management Staff and representatives from City and non-City organizations who are assigned specific emergency management responsibilities.

The DMIC/ EOC operate under the guidelines provided by NDMA/ HPSDMA and State EOC and provide a central location of authority and information and allows for face-to- face coordination among personnel who must make emergency decisions.

The purpose of Shimla City DMIC is to mitigate the disaster risk in the city and provide quick and centralised response during emergency followed by better recovery.

In the DMIC all the major activities will be distributed among different government officials to ensure accountability, proper information, assimilation and record keeping. This will also help in easy coordination and reporting to the City/ District/ State Disaster Managers.

Officer In Charge under City IRS:

Following officers will be Incharge under City IRS are mentioned below. The detail of roles and responsibilities of each IRS Officer is mentioned at Annexure: 1 and forms to collect the information during any incident took place is mentioned at Annexure-2 IRS Position Officer In charge RESPONSIBLE OFFICER DC, Shimla INCIDENT COMMANDER Commissioner, M.C. Shimla Deputy IC ADM (P) Information & Media Officer DPRO

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

IRS Position Officer In charge Liaison Officer Assistant Commissioner, M.C. Shimla Safety officer Divisional Fire Officer, DSP, MS-IGMC Operations Section CHIEF SP-City Staging Area Manager DRO Response Branch Director SDM (U) & (R) Municipal Engineer: Water Supply, Operation of Fire Hydrants XEN (R&B): Maintenance of Roads leading to: major hospitals-IGMC, KNH, DDU, DC Office, Secretariat CHO: Sanitation, Casualty Disposal Division Supervisor / Group-incharge SHOs of the concerned areas Task Force / Strike Team Representatives from Army, Civil Defence, Home Guards, NCC, NSS, ITBP Single Resources Health- Dy. CMO Electricity- City XEN Stray Cattle: VPHO Transportation Branch DFO (M.C.Shimla), RM HRTC Road Group Group-in-charge Police Inspector, RM HRTC Vehicle Coordinator Loading-in-charge / Inspector Incharge Unloading-in-charge PLANNING SECTION CHIEF ADM (P), Assistant Commissioner Resource unit SDM (U) & (R) Check-in-status Recorder DRO Situation unit Display Processor DPRO Field Observer Kanoon Go, Patwari, Nayab Tehsildar Weather Observer MD IMD Documentation unit DRO Demobilisation Unit DSP Technical Specialist DFO (Fire) Logistics Section CHIEF ADM (P) Service Branch Director DFSC Communication unit I/c Police Wireless Medical Unit MS Rippon Hospital Food Unit DFSC Support Branch Director DRO Resource Provisioning Unit XEN (PWD) Division I Facilities Unit Tehsildar (U) & (R)

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

IRS Position Officer In charge Ground Support Unit RMHRTC Finance Branch Director District Nazarat Time Unit Sadar Kanoon go, D.C. Office Compensation / Claim Unit SDM (U) & (R) Procurement Unit SDM (U) & (R)

Zones Ward Name & number Incident Commander Zone I Annadale Ward Councilors Kaithu Ward Councilors Zone II Summer Hill (5) Ward Councilors Totu (6) Ward Councilors Boileuganj (7) Ward Councilors Zone III Dhalli (18) Ward Councilors Chamyana (19) Ward Councilors Malyana (20) Ward Councilors Zone IV Kasumpati (21) Ward Councilors Chhota Shimla (22) Ward Councilors Patyog (23) Ward Councilors Khalini (24) Ward Councilors Zone V Tutikandi (8) Ward Councilors Nabha (9) Ward Councilors Phagli (10) Ward Councilors Krishna Nagar (11) Ward Councilors Zone VI Ram Bazar (12) Ward Councilors Lower Bazar (13) Ward Councilors Jakhoo (14) Ward Councilors Banmore (15) Ward Councilors Zone VII Bharari (1) Ward Councilors Roldu Bhatta (2) Ward Councilors Sanjauli (17) Ward Councilors Engine Ghar (18) Ward Councilors

Note: Directory of contacts of the all incident Response System Officer will be prepared and will be updated on monthly basis to make it functional.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Steps and actions for Incident Response:

Management of every incident needs an action plan and proper briefing of all personnel. The purpose of the action plan and briefing is to provide all concerned personnel with appropriate directions for the various tasks in hand. Before taking up response activities, the RO/IC will need to take stock of the situation, availability and mobilisation of resources for listing out the various tasks and to provide proper briefing to the responders. For this, he will need to hold a proper briefing meeting at the beginning of each operational period. At the end of the operational period, he will take a debriefing meeting where he will be able to again review whether the objectives were achieved or not and then decide what further steps need to be taken in the next operational period. Both the briefing and debriefing meetings are the basis on which the IAP will be prepared and tasks assigned. For the convenience of the IC, a briefing form 001 has also been prepared and placed at Annexure-II. The briefing form - 001 can also be used for briefing of senior officers who arrive on the scene.

IAP can be written or oral depending on the duration and magnitude of the incident. The incident may be of low, medium or large levels. Low level incident would be of less than 24 hours, medium would be of more than 24 hours and less than 36 hours and a large incident would be of more than 36 hours of emergency operations. In low or medium level incidents, oral action plan may suffice. The directions given orally may be jotted down by the Command Staff and handed over to the PS to be integrated in the IAP. At times there may be sudden disasters without warning and the IC may have to respond immediately. In such cases also the Command Staff will jot down the decisions taken for response and hand it over to the PS when it is activated and it should be incorporated in the IAP.

In larger incidents when there is adequate early warning, a written IAP will be required. IAP may consist of incident objectives, organisation assignment and division assignment list, incident communication plan, traffic plan, safety plan and incident map etc.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-1: Roles and Responsibilities of IRS Officers a) Command Staff The Command Staff consists of Incident Commander (IC), Information & Media Officer (IMO), Safety Officer (SO) and Liaison Officer (LO). They report directly to the IC and may have assistants. The Command Staff may or may not have supporting organisations under them. The main function of the Command Staff is to assist the IC in the discharge of his functions.

Roles and Responsibilities of Incident Commander The IC will: i. obtain information on: a) situation status like number of people and the area affected etc.; b) availability and procurement of resources; c) requirement of facilities like ICP, Staging Area, Incident Base, Camp, Relief Camp, etc.; d) availability and requirements of Communication system; e) future weather behavior from IMD; and f) any other information required for response from all available sources and analyse the situation. ii. determine incident objectives and strategies based on the available information and resources; iii. establish immediate priorities, including search & rescue and relief distribution strategies; iv. assess requirements for maintenance of law and order, traffic etc. if any at the incident site, and make arrangements with help of the local police; v. brief higher authorities about the situation as per incident briefing form - 001 enclosed in Annexure-II and request for additional resources, if required; vi. extend support for implementation of AC and UC if considered necessary by the RO; vii. establish appropriate IRS organisation with Sections, Branches, Divisions and/or Units based on the span of control and scale of the incident; viii. establish ICP at a suitable place. There will be one ICP even if the incident is multijurisdictional. Even a mobile van with complete communication equipment and appropriate personnel may be used as ICP. In case of total destruction of buildings, tents, or temporary shelters may be used. If appropriate or enough space is not available, other Sections can function from a different convenient location. But there should be proper and fail safe contact with the ICP in order to provide quick assistance; ix. ensure that the IAP is prepared; 70

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

x. ensure that team members are briefed on performance of various activities as per IAP; xi. approve and authorise the implementation of an IAP and ensure that IAP is regularly developed and updated as per debriefing of IRT members. It will be reviewed every 24 hours and circulated to all concerned; xii. ensure that planning meetings are held at regular intervals. The meetings will draw out an implementation strategy and IAP for effective incident response. The decision to hold this meeting is solely the responsibility of the IC. Apart from other members, ensure that PSC attend all briefing and debriefing meetings; xiii. ensure that all Sections or Units are working as per IAP; xiv. ensure that adequate safety measures for responders and affected communities are in place; xv. ensure proper coordination between all Sections of the IRT, agencies working in the response activities and make sure that all conflicts are resolved; xvi. ensure that computerised and web based IT solutions are used for planning, resource mobilisation and deployment of trained IRT members; xvii. consider requirement of resources, equipment which are not available in the functional jurisdiction, discuss with PSC and LSC and inform RO regarding their procurement; xviii. approve and ensure that the required additional resources are procured and issued to the concerned Sections, Branches and Units etc. and are properly utilised. On completion of assigned work, the resources will be returned immediately for utilisation elsewhere or to the department concerned; xix. if required, establish contact with ULBs, CBOs, NGOs etc. and seek their cooperation in achieving the objectives of IAP and enlist their support to act as local guides in assisting the external rescue and relief teams; xx. approve the deployment of volunteers and such other personnel and ensure that they follow the chain of command; xxi. authorise release of information to the media; xxii. ensure that the record of resources mobilised from outside is maintained so that prompt payment can be made for hired resources; xxiii. ensure that Incident Status Summary (ISS) is completed and forwarded to the RO (IRS form-002 is enclosed at Annexure-II); xxiv. recommend demobilisation of the IRT, when appropriate; xxv. review public complaints and recommend suitable grievance redressal measures to the RO; 71

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

xxvi. ensure that the NGOs and other social organisations deployed in the affected sites are working properly and in an equitable manner; xxvii. ensure preparation of After Action Report (AAR) prior to the demobilisation of the IRT on completion of the incident response. xxviii. perform any other duties that may be required for the management of the incident; xxix. ensure that the record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure-II) by members of Branches, Divisions, Units/Groups are collected and maintained in the Unit Log (IRS Form-003) enclosed at Annexure-II; and xxx. perform such other duties as assigned by RO.

Roles and Responsibilities of Information and Media Officer (IMO)

The IMO will: i. prepare and release information about the incident to the media agencies and others with the approval of IC; ii. jot down decisions taken and directions issued in case of sudden disasters when the IRT has not been fully activated and hand it over to the PS on its activation for incorporation in the IAP; iii. ask for additional personnel support depending on the scale of incident and workload; iv. iv. monitor and review various media reports regarding the incident that may be useful for incident planning; v. organise IAP meetings as directed by the IC or when required; vi. coordinate with IMD to collect weather information and disseminate it to all concerned; vii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II); and viii. perform such other duties as assigned by IC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Liaison Officer (LO) The LO is the focal point of contact for various line departments, representatives of NGOs, PRIs and ULBs etc. participating in the response. The LO is the point of contact to assist the first responders, cooperating agencies and line departments. LO may be designated depending on the number of agencies involved and the spread of affected area.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

The LO will: i. maintain a list of concerned line departments, agencies (CBOs, NGOs, etc.) and their representatives at various locations; ii. carry out liaison with all concerned agencies including NDRF and Armed Forces and line departments of Government; iii. monitor Operations to identify current or potential inter-agency problems; iv. participate in planning meetings and provide information on response by participating agencies; v. ask for personnel support if required; vi. vi. keep the IC informed about arrivals of all the Government and Non Government agencies and their resources; vii. vii. help in organising briefing sessions of all Governmental and Non Governmental agencies with the IC; viii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II); and ix. perform such other duties as assigned by IC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Safety Officer (SO) The SO’s function is to develop and recommend measures for ensuring safety of personnel, and to assess and/or anticipate hazardous and unsafe situations. The SO is Incident Commander and authorised to stop or prevent unsafe acts. SO may also give general advice on safety of affected communities. The SO will: i. recommend measures for assuring safety of responders and to assess or anticipate hazardous and unsafe situations and review it regularly; ii. ask for assistants and assign responsibilities as required iii. participate in planning meetings for preparation of IAP; iv. review the IAP for safety implications; v. obtain details of accidents that have occurred within the incident area if required or as directed by IC and inform the appropriate authorities; vi. review and approve the Site Safety Plan, as and when required; vii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II); and viii. perform such other duties as assigned by IC.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

b) General Staff The General Staff has three components which are as follows;

GENERAL STAFF

Operations Section Planning Section Logistics Section

Response Transportation Branch Branch Resource Unit Service Support Finance Branch Branch Branch Divisional Road (Geographical) Situation Time Unit Unit Communication Resource Unit Provisioning Rail Unit Compensation /Claim Unit Documentation Group Medical Facilities Unit Procurement (Functional) Unit Unit Air Unit (Single Resource Task Force/ Demobilization Food Unit Ground Strike Team) Cost Unit Unit Support Unit

i. Operations Section (OS) The OS deals with all types of field level tactical operations directly applicable to the management of an incident. This section is headed by an Operation Section Chief (OSC). In addition, a deputy may be appointed to assist the OSC for discharging his functions depending on the magnitude of the work load. OS is further sub-divided into Branches, Divisions and Groups which assist the OSC / IC in the execution of the field operations. The OS comprises Response Branch (RB), Transportation Branch (TB) and Staging Area (SA) and is headed by the Operation Section Chief (OSC). The activation of the RB and TB is situational.

Operations Section Chief (OSC) On activation of the OS, the OSC will assume command of all the field operations and will be fully responsible for directing all tactical actions to meet the incident objectives. The OSC will report to the IC. He will be responsible for activation, deployment and expansion of his Section as per IAP. As the operational activities increase and because of geographical reasons, the OSC will introduce or activate and expand the Branch into Divisions for proper span of control and effective supervision.

Roles and Responsibilities of Operations Section Chief (OS)

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

The OSC will: i. coordinate with the activated Section Chiefs; ii. manage all field operations for the accomplishment of the incident objectives; iii. ensure the overall safety of personnel involved in the OS and the affected communities; iv. deploy, activate, expand and supervise organisational elements (Branch, Division, Group, etc,) in his Section in consultation with IC and in accordance with the IAP; v. assign appropriate personnel, keeping their capabilities for the task in mind and maintain On Duty Officers list (IRS Form-007) for the day as enclosed in Annexure-II; vi. request IC for providing a Deputy OSC for assistance, if required; vii. brief the personnel in OS at the beginning of each operational period; viii. ensure resolution of all conflicts, information sharing, coordination and cooperation between the various Branches of his Section; ix. prepare Section Operational Plan in accordance with the IAP; if required; suggest expedient changes in the IAP to the IC; x. consult the IC from time-to-time and keep him fully briefed; xi. determine the need for additional resources and place demands accordingly and ensure their arrival; xii. ensure record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure-II) xiii. by members of Branches, Divisions, Units/Groups are collected and maintained in the Unit Log IRS Form-003 (enclosed in Annexure-II); and xiv. perform such other duties as assigned by RO / IC.

Staging Area Manager (SAM)

The SA is an area where resources are collected and kept ready for deployment for field operations. These may include things like food, vehicles and other materials and equipment. The SA will be established at a suitable area near the affected site for immediate, effective and quick deployment of resources. More than one SA may be established if required. If resources are mobilised at other locations to be ultimately despatched to the affected areas, these locations are also known as SAs. The overall in-charge of the SA is known as Staging Area Manager (SAM) and he needs to work in close liaison with both the LS and PS through the OSC. School and college playgrounds, community halls, cyclone shelters and Panchayat Offices, stadia etc. may be used as SA. In case of total destruction of buildings in an incident, tents or temporary shelters may be used for such purposes.

For Air Operations, open space of Airport Authority of India (AAI) may be used for loading and unloading of relief materials. If area of AAI is not available, other suitable places near Helipads, Helibases etc. will have to be selected for such purpose. 75

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

For parking of vehicles, playgrounds of the schools or any large plain areas may be used. Such parking area will preferably have separate entry and exit points. The SAM will arrange for separate entry and exit points to avoid and reduce traffic jam in an emergency.

Roles and Responsibilities of the Staging Area Manager (SAM) The SAM will: i. establish the SA with proper layout, maintain it in an orderly condition and ensure that there is no obstruction to the incoming and outgoing vehicles, resources etc; ii. organise storage and despatch of resources received and despatch it as per IAP; iii. report all receipts and despatches to OSC and maintain their records; iv. manage all activities of the SA; v. utilise all perishable supplies expeditiously; vi. establish check-in function as appropriate; vii. request maintenance and repair of equipment at SA, as needed; viii. ensure that communications are established with the ICP and other required locations e.g. different SAs, Incident Base, Camp, Relief Camp etc; ix. maintain and provide resource status to PS and LS; x. demobilise SA in accordance with the Demobilisation Plan IRS Form-010 as enclosed in Annexure-II; xi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Sections concerned; and perform any other duties as assigned by OSC.

Response Branch Division Response Branch is the main responder in the field dealing with the situation and performing various functions. Depending on the scale of disaster, the RBD may have to expand the number of Groups which in turn may require creation of Division. This structure is meant for close supervision by the OSC in the management of a large incident.

The RBD will: i. work under the supervision of the OSC and is responsible for the implementation of IAP as per the assigned role; ii. attend planning meetings as required by the OSC;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

iii. review Assignment Lists IRS Form-005 (enclosed in Annexure -II) for Divisions or Groups under his Branch; iv. assign specific tasks to Division and Groups-in-Charge; v. supervise Branch functions; vi. resolve conflicts reported by subordinates; vii. report to OSC regarding modifications required if any in the IAP, need for additional resources, availability of surplus resources and when hazardous situations or significant events occur, etc. viii. provide Single Resource, Strike Team and Task Force support to various operational areas; ix. ensure that all team leaders maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) relating to their field Operations and send to OSC; x. perform any other duties assigned by the OSC;

Division Supervisor and Groups-in-charge As the operational activity increase because of the largeness and magnitude of the disaster, the OSC who is responsible for directing all tactical actions to meet the incident objectives will have to deploy more and more functional teams. There may be such locations which are distant, isolated and difficult to reach. There may also be a situation when simultaneously different types of incidents occur requiring different specialised handling. For example while a lot of building may have collapsed in case of earthquake, gas leaks may also have occurred resulting in fire at a number of places. The OSC may create a Division for close and proper supervision, when the span of control becomes larger or when some locations are very distant and difficult to reach. Except for the hierarchical difference, the roles and responsibilities of the Division Supervisors and the Groups-in-charge are the same. Divisions are activated when there are supervisory requirements in an isolated and distant geographical area or for the purpose of a proper span of control when the number of functional Groups increases or for various specialised response. While Groups-in-charge are assigned to accomplish specific functions within the Branch, Divisions are created for effective supervision over a large number of Groups.

Roles and Responsibilities of Division Supervisor and Groups-in-charge The DS and Groups-in-charge i. implement Division or Group assignment list; ii. assign resources within the Division or Group under them; iii. report on the progress of Operations, and the status of resources within the Division or Group;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

iv. circulate Organisational Assignment List (Divisional / Group) IRS Form-005 as enclosed in Annexure – II to the leaders of the Group, Strike Team and Task Force; v. review assignments and incident activities with subordinates and assign tasks as per the situation; vi. coordinate activities with adjacent Divisions or Groups, if required; vii. submit situation and resource status to the RBD and the OSC; viii. report all hazardous situations, special occurrences or significant events (e.g., accidents, sickness, deteriorating weather conditions, etc.) to the RBD and the OSC; ix. resolve problems within the Division or Group; x. participate in the development of IAP for next operational period, if required; xi. ensure that record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure- II) are collected and sent to the RBD and OSC; and xii. perform any other duties as assigned by the RBD/OSC.

Transportation Branch (TB)

The TB in the OS supports the response effort by transporting different resources, relief materials, personnel to the affected site and also transportation of victims if necessary. Though there is a Ground Support Unit (GSU) in the LS which is responsible for providing all transportation and other related resources, the TB in the OS manages the actual deployment and utilisation of the transport at ground zero according to the needs of the IRT and the IAP. The TB may comprise four operational Groups such as Road, Rail, Water and Air. These Groups may be activated as and when required. Air Operations is an important transportation activity during disasters which requires coordination at the National, State and District level. For coordination of Air Operations, the RO of the State and District will identify and designate a NO.

Roles and Responsibilities of Transportation Branch (TB)

All functional Groups (Road, Rail, Water and Air) of the TB are managed by the TBD. Since the air transportation is to be coordinated at the State and District levels, the TBD also needs to function in close coordination with RO, IC and NO for Air Operations. He will collect the details of all related flights from the concerned NO and organise the ground support requirement. The TBD will also be responsible for the activation and expansion of various functional Groups as per the IAP.

The TBD will: 78

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

i. activate and manage different Operations Groups like Road, Rail, Water and Air; ii. coordinate with the LS for required resources, and activate Groups of his Branch; iii. coordinate with railways, road transport, waterways and airport authorities for supports required; iv. ensure that Organisational Assignment List (Divisional / Group) IRS Form- 005 as enclosed in Annexure – II is circulated among the Group-in- charge(s) and other responders of his Branch; v. provide ground support to the air operations and ensure appropriate security arrangements; vi. provide Road transport support to the Rail and Water Operations Group as required; vii. ensure safety of all personnel of his Branch involved in the Incident Response activities; viii. ensure that all units moving in the area are familiarised with route with the help of road maps or local guides; ix. report to the OSC and IC about progress of the TB; x. prepare transportation plan as per the IAP, if required; xi. determine the need for additional resources, their proper and full use and place demand accordingly in advance; xii. resolve problems and conflicts, if any; xiii. ensure the maintenance of the status of hired resources, their full utilisation and timely release; xiv. ensure that the record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure-II) by different operational groups (Road, Rail, Water and Air) are collected and sent to the Section concerned; and xv. perform any other duties assigned by the IC or OSC;

ii. Planning Section (PS) The PS deals with all matters relating to the planning of the incident response. It is headed by the Planning Section Chief (PSC). This section helps the IC in determining the objectives and strategies for the response. It works out the requirements for resources, their allocation and subsequent utilisation. It maintains up-to-date information about the ongoing response and prepares IAP. For the closing phase of the Operations, this Section also prepares the Incident Demobilisation Plan (IDP). PS comprises Resource Unit, Situation Unit, Documentation Unit and Demobilisation Unit. The Section is headed by a chief known as Planning Section Chief.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Planning Section Chief (PSC) The PSC is responsible for collection, evaluation, dissemination and use of information. It keeps track of the developing scenario and status of the resources. In case of need, the PS may also have Technical Specialist for addressing the technical planning matters in the management of an incident. A list of such specialists will be kept available in the PS. The PSC reports to the IC and will be responsible for the activation of Units and deployment of personnel in his Section as per requirement.

Roles and Responsibilities of PSC The PSC will: i. coordinate with the activated Section Chiefs for planning and preparation of IAP in consultation with IC; ii. ensure that decisions taken and directions issued in case of sudden disasters when the PS had not been activated are obtained from the IMO (Command Staff) and incorporated in the IAP; iii. ensure collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information about the incidents including weather, environment toxicity, availability of resources etc. from concerned departments and other sources. The PS must have a databank of available resources with their locations from where it can be mobilised; iv. coordinate by assessing the current situation, predicting probable course of the incident and preparing alternative strategies for the Operations by preparing the IAP. The IAP contains objectives reflecting the overall incident strategy and specific tactical actions and supporting information for the next operational period (24 hours is considered as one operational period). The plan may be oral or written. Written plan may have a number of attachments, including incident objectives, organisation assignment list IRS Form-005 (enclosed in Annexure-II), incident communication plan IRS Form-009 (enclosed in Annexure-II), demobilisation plan IRS Form-010 (enclosed in Annexure-II), traffic plan, safety plan, and incident map etc. The major steps for preparing IAP areas follows; a. Initial information and assessment of the damage and threat; b. Assessment of resources required; c. Formation of incident objectives and conducting strategy meetings; d. Operations briefing; e. Implementation of IAP; f. Review of the IAP; and g. Formulation of incident objectives for the next operational period, if required; v. ensure that Incident Status Summary (IRS Form-002) enclosed in Annexure-II is filled and incorporated in the IAP; vi. ensure that Organisational Assignment List (Divisional / Group) IRS Form- 005 as enclosed in Annexure – V is circulated among the Unit leaders and other responders of his Section;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

vii. plan to activate and deactivate IRS organisational positions as appropriate, in consultation with the IC and OSC; viii. determine the need for any specialised resources for the incident management; ix. utilise IT solutions for pro-active planning, GIS for decision support and modelling capabilities for assessing and estimating casualties and for comprehensive response management plan; x. provide periodic projections on incident potential; xi. report to the IC of any significant changes that take place in the incident status; xii. compile and display incident status summary at the ICP; xiii. oversee preparation and implementation of Incident Demobilisation Plan (IRSForm-010) enclosed in Annexure-II; xiv. assign appropriate personnel, keeping their capabilities for the tasks in mind and maintain on Duty Officers List (IRS Form-007) for the day as enclosed in Annexure-II; xv. ensure that record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure-II) by members of Units are collected and maintained in the Unit Log (IRS Form-003) enclosed at Annexure-II xvi. Perform any other duties assigned by IC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Resource Unit Leader (RUL) The Resource Unit Leader will: i. maintain and display the status of all assigned resources (Primary and Support) at the incident site by overseeing the check-in of all resources, and maintaining a resource status-keeping system. Primary resources are meant for responders and support resources are meant for affected communities; ii. compile a complete inventory of all resources available. He will also access information about availability of all required resources at other locations and prepare a plan for their mobilisation, if required. IDRN, CDRN and IDKN facilities will also be used for this purpose; iii. ensure and establish Check-in function at various incident locations; iv. update the PSC and IC about the status of resources received and despatched from time to time; v. coordinate with the various activated Branches, Divisions and Groups of OS for checking status and utilisation of allotted resources; vi. ensure quick and proper utilisation of perishable resources; vii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Section concerned viii. perform any other duties assigned by PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Check-in/Status Recorder The Check-in and Deployment Status Recorder will: i. report to the RUL;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ii. Ensure that all resources assigned to an incident are accounted for at each check-in point; iii. obtain required work materials, including Check-in Lists, Resource Status display boards showing different locations for deployment of resources, collection of resources with time of arrival and type of resources etc. The status of resources would be displayed through T card board or through a computerised programme on the computers; iv. establish communications with the EOC and Ground Support Unit (GSU) of LS; v. ensure displays of check-in locations on signboard so that arriving resources can easily locate the Check-in location(s); vi. enter or record information on Incident Check-in and deployment list as per the IRS Form-006 enclosed at Annexure - II; vii. transmit Incident Check-in and deployment information to Resource Unit on a regular and prearranged schedule or as needed; viii. forward completed Check-in Lists to the Resource Unit; ix. ix. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Sections concerned; and x. perform any other duties as assigned by PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Situation Unit Leader (SUL) The SUL will: i. collect, process and organise all incident information as soon as possible for analysis. For such purposes, he can take the help of members of the Single Resource, Task Forces, Strike Teams, field level Government officers and members of PRIs, CBOs, NGOs etc; ii. prepare periodic future projections of the development of the incident (along with maps if required) and keep the PSC and IC informed; iii. prepare situation and resource status reports and disseminate as required; iv. provide authorised maps, photographic services to responders, if required; v. attend IAP Meeting with required information, data, documents and Survey of India maps etc; vi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Section concerned; and vii. perform such other duties assigned by SUL or PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Display Processor (DP) The DP is responsible for the display of incident status information obtained from Field Observers (FOs), Single Resource, Strike Teams, Task Forces, and through other sources. The DP will: i. display incident status obtained from Field Observers (FOs), Single Resource, Strike Teams, Task Forces, aerial photographs and other data received from technical sources; ii. report to the SUL; 82

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

iii. ensure timely completion of display chart; iv. obtain necessary equipment and stationery; v. assist in analysing and evaluating field reports; vi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to the SUL vii. perform such other duties as assigned by SUL or PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Field Observer (FO) The FO is responsible for collecting situation information from personal observations of the incident and provide this information to the SUL. He may be a local private individual or a member of any of the operational Units / Groups. The PSC will specially designate the individuals for such purpose. The FO will: i. report to SUL immediately on any situation observed which may cause danger and safety hazard to responders and affected communities. This should also include local weather conditions; ii. gather intelligence that may facilitate better planning and effective response; iii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to the SUL iv. perform such other duties as assigned by SUL or PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Documentation Unit Leader (DUL) The DUL will: i. ensure that all the required forms and stationery are procured and issued to all the activated Sections, Branches, Divisions, Groups and Units; ii. compile all information and reports related to the incident; iii. review and scrutinise the records and various IRS forms for accuracy and completeness; iv. inform appropriate Units of errors or omissions in their documentation, if any, and ensure that errors and omissions are rectified; v. store files properly for post-incident analysis; vi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Sections concerned vii. perform any other duties as assigned by the PSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Demobilisation Unit Leader (Demob. UL) In the management of a large incident, demobilisation can be quite a complex activity and requires proper and separate planning. When the disaster response is nearing completion, the resources mobilised for response need to be returned. This should be done in a planned and phased manner. Demobilisation requires organising transportation of both equipment and personnel to a large number of different places both near and far away. The Demob. Unit will prepare the demobilisation plan in consultation with RO, IC and PSC. The plan should include

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

the details of the responders to be demobilised, the date, mode of transport, location from where they will be demobilsed, the destination where they have to finally reach etc. There will be a similar plan for out of service equipment and sick personnel also.

The Demobilization UL will: i. prepare Incident Demobilisation Plan (IDP) as per IRS Form-010 given in Annexure-II; ii. identify surplus resources and prepare a tentative IDP in consultation with the PSC and give priority to demobilisation of surplus resources; iii. develop incident check-out functions for Sections, Branches, Divisions and units in consultation with all Sections and send to the PS; iv. plan for logistics and transportation support for Incident Demobilisation in consultation with LS; v. disseminate IDP at an appropriate time to various stakeholders involved; vi. ensure that all Sections, Units, Teams and Resources understand their specific Incident Demobilisation responsibilities and avail Demobilisation facilities; vii. arrange for proper supervision and execution of the IDP; viii. brief the PSC on the progress of Demobilisation; ix. request the PSC for additional human resources, if required; iii. Logistics Section (LS) LS provides all logistic support for effective response management. The Units under different Branches of the LS are responsible not only for the supply of various 'kinds' and 'types' of resources, but also for the setting up of different facilities like the Incident Base, Camp, ICP and Relief Camp etc. This would entail the involvement of several line departments of Government and other agencies. It would require a proper and smooth coordination at the highest level of the administration. The LS will work closely with the RO, EOC and the IC. The District and City DM plans will have comprehensive details like where the required resources can be procured from and manpower mobilised, etc. IDKN, IDRN and CDRN may also be useful for the mobilisation of equipment and manpower.

Logistics Section Chief (LSC) The LS comprises Service, Support and Finance Branches. The Section is headed by a chief known as the LSC. The activation of various Branches of the LS is context specific and would depend on the enormity and requirements of the incident. The Finance Branch (FB) constitutes an important component of the LS to specially facilitate speedy procurement, and proper accounting following financial procedures and rules.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Roles and Responsibilities of LSC The LSC will: i. coordinate with the activated Section Chiefs; ii. provide logistic support to all incident response effort including the establishment of SA, Incident Base, Camp, Relief Camp, Helipad etc.; iii. participate in the development and implementation of the IAP; iv. keep RO and IC informed on related financial issues; v. ensure that Organisational Assignment List (Divisional / Group) IRS Form-005 as enclosed in Annexure – II is circulated among the Branch Directors and other responders of his Section; vi. request for sanction of Imprest Fund, if required; vii. supervise the activated Units of his Section; viii. ensure the safety of the personnel of his Section; ix. assign work locations and preliminary work tasks to Section personnel; x. ensure that a plan is developed to meet the logistic requirements of the IAP with the help of Comprehensive Resource Management System; xi. brief Branch Directors and Unit Leaders; xii. anticipate over all logistic requirements for relief Operations and prepare accordingly; xiii. constantly review the Communication Plan, Medical Plan and Traffic Plan to meet the changing requirements of the situation; xiv. assess the requirement of additional resources and take steps for their procurement in consultation with the RO and IC; xv. provide logistic support for the IDP as approved by the RO and IC; xvi. ensure release of resources in conformity with the IDP; xvii. ensure that the hiring of the requisitioned resources is properly documented and paid by the FB; xviii. assign appropriate personnel, keeping their capabilities for the tasks to be carried out and maintain On Duty Officers List (IRS Form-007) for the day as enclosed in Annexure-II; xix. ensure that cost analysis of the total response activities is prepared; xx. ensure that record of various activities performed (IRS Form-004 enclosed in Annexure- II) by members of Branches and Units are collected and maintained in the Unit Log IRS Form 003 as enclosed at Annexure-II; and xxi. Perform any other duties as assigned by RO or IC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Service Branch Director (SBD) The SBD will: i. work under the supervision of LSC, and manage all required service support for the incident management; ii. manage and supervise various Units of the Branch like Communication Unit, Medical Unit, Food Unit and any other activated Unit; iii. discuss with activated Unit leaders for the materials and resources required and procure the same through LS; iv. ensure proper despatch of personnel, teams, resources etc as per the IAP; v. prepare an assignment list, if required;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

vi. keep the LSC informed about the progress of Service Branch, from time-to- time; vii. resolve Service Branch problems, if any; viii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to sections concerned; and ix. perform any other duties assigned by the IC and LSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Communication Unit Leader (Com. UL) The Com. UL will: i. work under the direction of the SBD; ii. provide communications facility as and when required; iii. ensure that all communications equipment available are in working condition and that the network is functional; iv. supervise Communication Unit activities; v. maintain the records of all communications equipment deployed in the field; vi. recover equipment provided by Communication Unit after the incident is over. Ensure that it is properly linked with the IDP; vii. ensure setting up of a message centre to receive and transmit radio, telephone and other messages from various activated Sections, Branches, Units and higher authorities and maintain their records; viii. prepare an alternative communication plan for execution in case of possible failure of the normal communications network. The alternative communications network may have wireless, satellite phones, cell phones, HAM radios etc; ix. prepare a plan for integration of the communications set up of the central teams (NDRF, Armed Forces) with the local communications set up for the management of large scale disasters when they come to assist in the response effort; x. ask for and ensure adequate staffing support; xi. ensure that the communications plan is supporting the IAP; xii. demobilise Communications Centre in accordance with the IDP; xiii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to SBD; and xiv. Perform any other duties assigned by the SBD or LSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Medical Unit Leader (MUL) The MUL will: i. work under the direction of the SBD; ii. prepare the Medical Plan and procurement of required resources as per IAP, provide medical aid and ambulance for transportation of victims and maintain the records of the same, as given in IRS Form 008 (Annexure-II), obtain a road map of the area from the PS for the ambulance services, transportation of medical personnel and victims; iii. respond to requests of the OS for medical aid, transportation and medical supplies etc. under intimation to the SBD and LSC;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

iv. maintain the list of medical personnel who could be mobilised in times of need; v. requisition more human resources as and when required to meet the incident objectives; vi. prepare and circulate list of referral service centres to all the medical team leaders; vii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to SBD; and viii. perform any other duties assigned by the SBD and LSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Food Unit Leader (FUL) The FUL will: i. work under the direction of the SBD; ii. supply resources to various activated Sections, Branches, Units and Groups of IRT as per direction of the SBD; iii. supply food to: a) Personnel of IRT(s) at ICP, Camps, Incident Base, SA, etc., and b) Victims at the temporary shelters, relief camps etc.; iv. request for assistants if the task becomes very large. The FUL may request the LSC to split the unit into two groups—one to supply food for personnel and another for victims. Requisition transport for supply of food to incident base, relief camp and other facilities; v. determine food and drinking water requirements and their transportation, and brief the SBD and LSC; vi. maintain an inventory of receipt and despatch of resources; vii. supervise the Unit activities; viii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to SBD; and ix. perform any other duties assigned by the SBD and LSC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Support Branch Director (Sup. BD) The Sup. BD will: i. work under the supervision of LSC, and supervise the function of Resource Provisioning Unit, Facility Unit and Ground Support Unit; ii. procure and despatch required tactical materials and resources for Operations with the concurrence of the Section Chief; iii. participate in the planning meeting of the LS; iv. ensure that organisation assignment list concerning the Branch is circulated to all Units under him; v. coordinate various activities of the Support Branch; vi. keep the LSC informed about the progress of work; vii. resolve problems within his unit, if any; viii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Section concerned; and ix. perform any other duties assigned by the LSC.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Roles and Responsibilities of Resource Provisioning Unit Leader (RPUL) The RPUL will: i. work under the supervision of Sup.BD; ii. organise movement of personnel, equipment and supplies, iii. receive and store safely all supplies required for the incident response, iv. maintain the inventory of supplies and equipment; v. maintain the records of receipt and despatch of supplies including equipment and personnel; vi. organise repair and servicing of non-expendable supplies and equipment; vii. participate in the planning meeting of LS; viii. monitor the 'Kind', 'Type' and quantity of supplies available and despatched; ix. receive and respond to requests for personnel, supplies and equipment from the activated Sections, Branches, Divisions, Units and Groups of the IRS organisation under intimation to Sup. B.D.; x. requisition additional human resource assistance, if needed. These assistants may be deployed for different functional activities such as Resource Ordering, Resource Receiving and Tool & Equipment maintenance; xi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-IV) and send to Sup.BD; xii. Perform any other duty as assigned by LSC or Sup.BD.

Roles and Responsibilities of Facilities Unit Leader (Fac. UL) The Fac. UL will: i. prepare the layout and activation of incident facilities, e.g., Incident Base Camp(s), Relief Camp(s), ICP, etc., and provide basic amenities to the responders; ii. report to the Sup.BD; iii. locate the different facilities as per the IAP; iv. participate in the planning meeting of the Section, prepare list for each facilities and its requirements in coordination with the LSC; v. ask for additional personnel support if required to monitor and manage facilities at Incident Base and Camp etc; vi. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Sup. BD; and vii. perform such other duties as assigned by the Sup. BD.

Roles and Responsibilities of Ground Support Unit Leader (GSUL) The GSUL will: i. work under the supervision of the Sup. BD; ii. provide transportation services for field operations to TBD; iii. in case Air Operations are activated, organise and provide required ground support through TBD; iv. provide maintenance and repair services for all the vehicles and related equipment used for incident management as per proper procedures and keep the concerned line departments informed through the Sup. BD and LSC; v. develop and implement the Incident Traffic Plan;

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

vi. inform Resource Unit about the availability and serviceability of all vehicles and equipment; vii. arrange for and activate fuelling requirements for all transport including Aircrafts in consultation with the Sup. BD; viii. maintain inventory of assigned, available and off road or out of service resources; ix. ensure safety measures within his jurisdiction; x. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to the Sup. BD; and xi. perform any other duties as assigned by the Sup. BD.

Roles and Responsibilities of Finance Branch Director (FBD) The FB is responsible for managing all financial aspects of response management. The FB has been kept under the LS for quick and effective procurement. Due diligence is very important in all financial transactions and proper procedure needs to be followed. Special precautions will be taken in selecting knowledgeable and experienced personnel conversant with the financial rules for functioning in this Branch. The FBD will: i. work under the LSC; ii. attend planning meetings; iii. prepare a list of resources to be mobilised, procured or hired in accordance with the IAP. Obtain orders of the competent authority as per financial rules and take steps for their procurement without delay; iv. ensure that time records of hired equipment, personnel and their services are accurately maintained as per Government norms for payment; v. examine and scrutinise cost involved in the entire response activity including the demobilisation, analysis the cost effectiveness and keep the LSC informed; vi. ensure that all obligation documents initiated at the incident are properly prepared, completed, verified and signed by the appropriate Section Chief and BD; vii. brief the LSC or IC on all incident related financial issues needing attention or follow-up; viii. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to Sections concerned; and ix. perform any other duties as assigned by the LSC or IC.

Roles and Responsibilities of Time Unit Leader (TUL) The TUL will: i. maintain time recording of hired equipment and personnel and ensure that it is ii. maintained on a daily basis and according to government norms; iii. examine logs of all hired equipment and personnel with regard to their optimal

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

utilisation; iv. ensure that all records are correct and complete prior to demobilisation of hired resources; v. brief the FBD on current problems with recommendations on outstanding issues, and any follow-up required; vi. ask for additional support of human resources for assistance, if required; vii. maintain record of the activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to FBD; and viii. perform any other duties as assigned by the FBD.

Roles and Responsibilities of Compensation / Claims Unit Leader (Com./CUL) DM Act 2005, Section 65 and 66 provides for payment of compensation. Payments are also to be made for requisitioned premises, hired services, resources and vehicles for the purpose of disaster response and rescue operations etc. The Government may also decide to makeex-gratia payments depending upon the magnitude and the quantum of damage. There are some benchmarks for quantifying the level of loss in different scenarios like flood, drought, etc. While some states may have their own norms for such purposes the GoI has also laid down the CRF Norms which should be followed. If the incident is such that there may be a requirement of making payments concerning compensations and claims, the IC in consultation with the RO will activate a Compensation / Claims Unit and appoint a leader to collect and compile figures of loss of life and property etc. as provided by the relevant Government norms and directions. The leader in such cases should be advised to get photographs taken of the damages that may have occurred and even get the photographs of the dead victims and animals. He will also compile details of premises requisitioned, services and resources hired for which payments have to be made. These details should be sent to RO through IC for further necessary orders and payments.

The Com./CUL will: i. collect all cost data and provide cost estimates; ii. prepare and maintain a list of requisitioned premises, services, resources and vehicles, etc. with correct date and time of such requisition; iii. follow appropriate procedures for preparation of claims and compensation; iv. requisition additional human resources, if required; v. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to FBD; and vi. perform any other duties as assigned by the FBD. 90

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Roles and Responsibilities of Procurement Unit Leader (PUL) The PUL will: i. attend to all financial matters pertaining to vendors and contracts; ii. review procurement needs in consultation with the FBD; iii. prepare a list of vendors from whom procurement can be done and follow proper procedures; iv. ensure all procurements ordered are delivered on time; v. coordinate with the FBD for use of imprest funds, as required; vi. complete final processing of all bills arising out of the response management and send documents for payment with the approval of the FBD, LSC and IC; vii. brief FBD on current problems with recommendations on outstanding issues and follow-up requirements; viii. maintain record of activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to FBD; and ix. perform any other duties as assigned by the FBD.

Roles and responsibilities of Cost Unit Leader (CUL) The CUL is responsible for collecting all cost data, and providing cost estimates. At the end of the response the CUL provides cost effectiveness analysis. The CUL will: i. develop incident cost summaries in consultation with the FBD on the basis of Cost Analysis Report; ii. make cost-saving recommendations to the FBD; iii. complete all records relating to financial matters prior to demobilisation; iv. maintain record of various activities performed as per IRS Form-004 (enclosed in Annexure-II) and send to FBD; and v. perform any other duties as assigned by the FBD.

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-2: Incident Response Forms

IRS Form 001

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

100

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

101

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

102

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-3: Emergency Support Functions

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Make available police  Coordination of wireless network at the  Responsible for coordination national actions to affected locations; of national actions to assure assure the provision

the provision of of telecommunication  Coordinate for the other Police telecommunication support support to the state networks available such as the state and city response and city; Ham Radios or HPSEB 1. Communication BSNL Units of elements; network etc.; Armed Forces  Coordinate the

in the area  Coordinate the requirement requirement of  The units of armed forces in of temporary temporary the area would provide telecommunication in the telecommunication in communication network on affected areas. the affected areas. the request of the

competent authority.  Provide systematic approach  To coordinate, direct  To perform the same to patient care; and integrate City functions as assigned to the level response; primary agency;

 Perform medical evaluation  Direct activation of  Provide manpower to the Department of and treatment as needed; medical personnel, primary agency wherever 2 Public Health Health and I.G.M.C. supplies and available and needed; Family Welfare equipment;

 Maintain patient tracking  Make available its resources system to keep record of all  Coordinate the to the primary agency patients treated; evacuation of wherever needed and patients; available.  Mobilization of the private

103

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency health services providers for  Provide human emergency response. services under the Dept of health;  In the event of CNBR disaster to provide for mass  To prepare and keep decontamination of the ready Mobile affected population; Hospitals and stock;

 Maintain record of dead and  To network with arrange for their post private health service mortem. providers;

 To provide for mass decontamination;

 Check stocks of equipment and drugs.  Ensure cleanliness and  Make arrangement for hygiene in their respective proposal disposal of areas; waste in their  Repair the sewer leakages respective areas;  To arrange for the disposal immediately; Sanitation/ Irrigation and of unclaimed bodies and 3. Sewerage M.C. Shimla  Arrange adequate Public Health keeping record thereof;  Provide bleaching powder to Disposal material and the primary agencies to manpower to  Hygiene promotion with the check maintain sanitation. maintain cleanliness availability of mobile toilets; and hygiene.

 To dispose off the carcass.

104

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Support to Local Administration;  Provide and  Review the total extent of coordinate State damage to the power supply support until the local installations by a authorities are reconnaissance survey; prepared to handle all  Make arrangement for and power related  To provide alternative to provide the alternative problems; M.C. Shimla, means of power supply for sources of lighting and 4. Power HPSEB Ltd. Himurja emergency purposes; heating to the affected  Identify requirements populations and for the relief of external equipment  Dispatch emergency repair camps. required such as DG teams equipped with tools, sets etc; tents and food;

 Assess damage for  Hire casual labour for the national assistance. clearing of damaged poles etc.  Overall coordination  Make available its fleet for of the requirement of the purpose of SAR,  Coordinate arrangement of transport; transportation of supplies, vehicles for transportation victims etc; of relief supplies from

helipads/airports to the Department of  Act as stocking place for fuel Transport HRTC designated places; 5. Civil Aviation for emergency operations;

 Make an inventory of  Coordinate arrangement of vehicles available for  Making available cranes to vehicles for transportation various purposes; the Distt. Administration; of SAR related activities.

 Coordinate and  GAD and Civil aviation will

105

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency implement emergency coordinate for helicopter related response and services etc. required for recovery functions, transportation of injured, search and rescue and SAR team, relief and damage assessment. emergency supplies.  108 and Red Cross to make available ambulances as per  Establish, maintain requirement;  GIS is used to make an and manage state

estimate of the damage area search and rescue  NDRF, SDRF,  SDRF, VOs and Volunteers to and the deployment of the response system; Armed and assist the primary agency in  Civil Defence, SAR team in the area Para military SAR; Home Guards, according to the priority;  Coordinate search and Search and forces, 6. Fire and rescue logistics during Rescue  Police, Red  NDRF, Armed and para Emergency  Discharge all ambulatory field operations; Cross, VOs, military forces to provide Services patients for the first aid Volunteers assistance to civil authorities which has the least danger  Provide status reports and 108. on demand; to health and others of SAR updates

transported to safer areas. throughout the  Police to arrange for the affected areas. transportation and postmortem of the dead.  Establish a priority list of  Emergency clearing of CPWD, roads which will be opened debris to enable Making machinery and National first; reconnaissance; Public Works manpower available to the Highways 7. and HP PWD PWD and to keep national Authority of  Constructing major  Clearing of roads; Engineering highways and other facilities India, MES, temporary shelters; in functional state. BRO  Assemble casual  Connecting locations of labour;

106

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency transit/relief camps;  Provide a work team  Adequate road signs should carrying emergency be installed to guide and tool kits, depending assist the relief work; on the nature of disaster, essential  Clearing the roads equipment such as connecting helipads and airports;  Towing vehicles

 Restoring the helipads and  Earth moving making them functional; equipments

 Rope in the services of  Cranes etc. private service providers and secondary services if the  Construct temporary department is unable to roads; bear the load of work.  Keep national and other main highways clear from disaster effects such as debris etc.;

 Networking with private services providers for supply of earth moving equipments etc.

107

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Operate a Disaster Welfare Information (DWI) System to collect, receive, and report and status of victims and assist family reunification;

 Apply GIS to speed other facilities of relief  Documentation of response/ and search and relief and recovery rescue;  Render necessary assistance Department of Information measures; in terms of resources, Revenue Department of and  Enable local expertise to the primary 8. through City IT/NIC Communication  Situation reports to be authorities to agency in performing the EOC prepared and completed establish contact with assigned task. every 3-4 hours. the state authorities;

 Coordinate planning procedures between district, the state and the centre;

 Provide ready formats for all reporting procedures as a standby. Department of  Support to Local  To collect, process and  To assist the primary agency Department of Relief Supplies Food and Civil Administration; disseminate in arranging and supplying 9. Revenue Supplies information about an relief supplies;

108

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Allocate and specify type of actual or potential requirements depending on disaster situation to  To assist the primary agency need; facilitate the overall in running the relief camps. activities of all  Organize donation (material) responders in for easy distribution before providing assistance entering disaster site. to an affected area in consultation;

 Coordinate activities involved with the emergency provisions;

 Temporary shelters;

 Emergency mass feeding;

 To coordinate bulk distribution of emergency supplies;

 To provide logistical and resource support to local entities;

 In some instances, services also may be provided to disaster workers;

109

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency

 To coordinate damage assessment and post disaster needs assessment.  Requirement of food and clothing for affected population;

 Control the quality  Make emergency food and and quantity of food, clothing supplies available to clothing and basic Department of population; medicines;  Ensuring the distribution of Department of Cooperation, food supplies to the affected 10. Food& Supplies Food and Public M.C. Shimla,  Ensure the provision of  Ensure the timely population through the PDS Distribution Ward specific nutrients and distribution of food network etc. Councillors supplementary diet for the and clothing to the lactating, pregnant women people; and infants.

 Ensure that all food that is distributed is fit for human consumption.  Support to local  Procurement of clean Administration; drinking water;  To assist the primary agency Department of wherever ULB is associated 11. Drinking water M.C. Shimla I & PH  Water purification  Transportation of in the distribution of potable installation with halogen water with minimum water. tablets etc. wastage;

110

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency

 Special care for women with infants and pregnant women;

 Ensure that sewer pipes and drainage are kept separate from drinking water facilities.  Provide adequate and appropriate shelter to all population;

 Support to Local  Quick assessment and  HIMUDA and HP PWD would Administration; identifying the area assist the primary agency in for the establishment establishing temporary  Locate adequate relief of the relief camps; shelters of larger camps based on survey of dimensions; District damaged houses;  Identification of public 12. Shelter M.C. Shimla Administration buildings as possible  Department of Panchayati  Develop alternative shelters; Raj through local Panchayats arrangements for population would assist the primary living in structures that  Identifying the agency in establishing might be affected even after population which can shelters of smaller the disaster. be provided with dimensions. support in their own place and need not be shifted reallocated;

111

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Locate relief camps close to open traffic and transport links.  To Provide and collect reliable information on the status of the disaster and disaster victims for effective coordination of relief work at state level;

 Use and place geographical  Not to intrude on the Information to guide people privacy of individuals towards relief operation; and families while

collecting information;  Use appropriate means of

Department of Local DD and disseminating information To assist the primary agency in Media  Coordinate with DOCs 13. Public Relations AIR to victims of affected area; discharge of its role. at the airport and

railways for required  Curb the spread of rumours; information for

international and  Disseminate instructions to national relief all stakeholders. workers;

 Acquire accurate scientific information from the ministry of Science and Technology;

112

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Coordinate with all TV and radio networks to send news flashes for specific needs of Donation;

 Respect the socio- cultural and emotional state of the disaster victims while collecting information for dissemination.  To maintain law and order;

 To take measure against looting and rioting;  Having sound communication and  To ensure the safety and security plan in place security of relief workers to coordinate law and and material; order issues;  To assist the primary agency  To take specific measure for 14. Law and Order Police Home Guards by making available the protection of weaker  Training to security manpower. and vulnerable sections of personnel in handling the society; disaster situations and issues related to  To provide safety and them. security at relief camps and temporary shelters.

113

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

ESF Primary Secondary Responsibilities of ESF Activities for Response Role of Secondary Agency No. Agency Agency Primary Agency  Removal of fallen  Arrange for timely removal trees; of trees obstructing the movement of traffic;  To provide fuel wood  Arrange for timely removal for the relief camps of tress which have become and public; Removal of dangerous;  To support and supplement Forest trees and fuel M.C. Shimla  Have adequate the efforts of the primary 15. Department wood  Make arrangement for fuel storage of fuel wood agency. wood for the relief camps and make and for general public; arrangement for distribution thereof;  Provide fuel wood for mass cremation etc.  To provide fuel wood for cremation.

114

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-4: Standard Operating Procedures

FOREST DEPARTMENT

Normal time situation:  There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.  The department is required adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.  For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercise will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER – Forest” at city level.

Disaster Situation:  Protection of Forest with city area and removal of damage trees

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of Emergency Operation Centre:

 Within the affected part of city all available personnel will be made available to the City Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officer or those on leave may be recalled.  All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of City Disaster Manager.  Establish communications with City control room and your departmental offices within the division.  Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER – Forest” at City level.  Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post- disaster procedures to be followed.  Fill departmental vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.  Check available stocks of equipments and materials which are likely to be most needed after disaster.

115

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Provide information to all concerned, about disasters, likely damages, and information about ways to protect the same.  All valuable equipments and instruments should be packed in protective covering and stored in room the most damage-proof.  Establish work schedules to ensure that the adequate staff are available

Relief and Rehabilitation:

 Assess the extent of damage to forests, nurseries and storage facilities and the requirements to salvage or replantation  Establish contact with remote sensing department to assess damage  Afforestation measures should be coordinated with M.C. Shimla to ensure employment assurance to disaster hit people, with Soil Conservation Officer to ensure stabilization of slopes and city control room.  Ensure that the adequate conditions through cleaning operations are maintained to avoid water-logging and salinity in low lying areas.  A pests and disease monitoring system should be developed to ensure that a full picture of risks is maintained.  Plan for emergency accommodations for forest staff from outside the area.  Information formats and monitoring checklists should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to DCR. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.  Establishment of a public information centre with a means of communication, to assist in providing an organized source of information. The department is responsible for keeping the community informed of its potential and limitations in disaster situations.  The NGOs and other relief organizations should be aware of the resources of the department.  Ensure availability of fuel and fodder for disaster effected people.

POLICE DEPARTMENT

Normal Time situation:  For effective preparedness the need is for the disaster response procedures to be clearly defined.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercises will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER – Police” at the City level. 116

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to City Control Room every six months  Maintain a list of disaster prone areas in the City  Organise training on hazardous chemicals for police officers to facilitate handling of road accidents involving hazardous materials  Designate an area, within police station to be used as public information center

Disaster Situation:  Maintain Law and order

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of Emergency Operation Centre:

 Within the city, all available personnel will be made available to the City Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.  All personnel required for disaster management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of City Disaster Manager.  Establish radio communications (and assist in precautionary evacuation activities) with . State Emergency Operations Center . District control room . City EOC . Departmental offices  All city level officials of the department would be asked to report to the DM.  Appoint one officer as “Officer–in-Charge – Police” at the city level  The CDM shall provide “Officer-in-Charge - Police” or the field staff as the need be, with all needed authorizations with respect to . Recruiting casual labourers. . Procuring locally needed emergency tools and equipment and needed materials. . Expending funds for emergency needs.  The “Officer-in-Charge - Police” will ensure that all field staff and other officers submit the necessary reports and statement of expenditure in a format as required by CDM.  Provide guards as needed for supply depots such as cooperative food stores and distribution centers.  Identify anti-social elements and take necessary precautionary measures for confidence building.

117

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Evacuation:

 All evacuations will be ordered only by the DC, SP, Fire Brigade.  For appropriate security and law and order, evacuation should be undertaken with assistance from community leaders.  All evacuations should be reported to DC or District Superintendent of Police immediately.

Relief and Rehabilitation:

 Immediately after the disaster, dispatch officers to systematically identify and assist people and communities in life threatening situations.  Help identify the seriously injured people, and assist the community in organizing emergency transport of seriously injured to medical treatment centers.  Ensure that the police stations are functioning immediately after the disaster at all required locations, as may be requested by the district control room, and that staff are available for the variety of needs that will be presented.  Assist and encourage the community in road-clearing operations.  Identify roads to be made one-way, to be blocked, alternate routes, overall traffic management and patrolling on all highways, and other access roads to disaster site.  Provide Security in transit and relief camps, affected villages, hospitals and medical centres and identify areas to be cordoned off.  Transport carrying transit passengers (that is, passengers travelling through buses and passing through the district), should be diverted away from the disaster area.  Provide security arrangements for visiting VVIPs and VIPs.  Assist district authorities to take necessary action against hoarders, black marketers and those found manipulating relief material.  In conjunction with other government offices, activate a public information centre to: . Respond to personal inquiries about the safety of relatives in the affected areas . Compile statistics about affected communities, deaths, complaints and needs . Respond to the many specific needs that will be presented . Serve as a rumour control centre . Reassure the public  Make officers available to inquire into and record deaths, as there is not likely to be time or personnel available, to carry out standard post-mortem procedures.

118

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Monitor the needs and welfare of people sheltered in relief camps.  Coordinate with military service personnel in the area.

119

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

FOR HEALTH DEPARTMENT

 There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.  For effective preparedness, the department must have disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures, accompanied by simulated exercises, will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during disaster situations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff.  Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER”.

Disaster Situation:  Providing efficient and quick treatment  Preventing outbreak of epidemics.

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of Emergency Operation Centre:

 Within the affected district all available personnel will be made available to the City Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officers or those on leave may be recalled.  All personnel required for disaster management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of City Disaster Manager.  Ensure that personnel working within the district come under the direction and control of the CDM.  Appoint one person as “NODAL OFFICER”.  Review and update precautionary measures and procedures, and review with staff, the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post- disaster procedures to be followed.  Stock emergency medical equipment which may be required after a disaster.  Determine type of injuries/illnesses expected and drugs and other medical items required, and accordingly ensure that extra supplies of medical items be obtained quickly.  Provide information to all hospital staff about the disasters, likely damages and effects, and information about ways to protect life, equipment and property.  Discharge all ambulatory patients whose release does not pose a health risk to them. If possible, they should be transported to their home areas. 120

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Non–ambulatory patients should be relocated to the safest areas within the hospital. The safest rooms are likely to be: . On Ground Floor . Rooms in the center of the building away from windows . Rooms with concrete ceilings.  Equipment supplies such as candles, matches, lanterns and extra clothing should be provided for the comfort of the patients.  Surgical packs should be assembled and sterilized. A large enough number should be sterilized to last four to five days. The sterilized surgical packs must be stored in protective cabinets to ensure that they do not get wet. Covering the stock with polythene is recommended as an added safety measure.  All valuable instruments, such as surgical tools, opthalmoscopes, portable sterilizers, CGS, dental equipments, etc., should be packed in protective coverings and store rooms considered to be the most damage-proof.  Protect all immovable equipment, such as x-ray machines, by covering them with tarpaulins or polythene.  All electrical equipments should be unplugged when disaster warning is received.  Check the emergency electrical generator to ensure that it is operational and that a buffer stock of fuel exists. If an emergency generator is not available at the hospital, arrange for one on loan.  All fracture equipment should be readied.  If surgery is to be performed following the disaster, arrange for emergency supplies of anaesthetic gases.  Check stocks of equipments and drugs which are likely to be most needed after the disaster. These can be categorized generally as: . Drug used in treatment of cuts and fractures, such as tetanus toxoid, analgesics and antibiotics. . Drugs used for the treatment of diarrhoea, water-borne diseases and flu (including oral rehydrating supplies). . Drugs required to treat burns and fight infections. . Drugs needed for detoxification including breathing equipments.  Assess the level of medical supplies in stock, including : . Fissure materials . Surgical dressings . Splints . Plaster rolls . Disposable needles and syringes . Local antiseptics.  Prepare an area of the hospital for receiving large number of casualties.

121

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Develop emergency admission procedures (With adequate record keeping).  Orient field staff with CDMAP, standards of services, procedures including tagging.  Hospital administrators should . Establish work schedules to ensure that adequate staff is available for in- patient needs. . Organise in-house emergency medical teams to ensure that adequate staff are available at all times to handle emergency casualties. . Set up teams of doctors, nurses and dressers for visiting disaster sites.

Relief and Rehabilitation:

 Transport should be arranged for the transfer of seriously injured patients from villages and peripheral hospitals to general hospitals. If roads are blocked, a method should be established to request helicopter transport.  Establish health facility and treatment centres at disaster sites.  The provision of medical services should be coordinated by the CMO with district control room.  Procedures should be clarified between . Peripheral hospitals . Private hospitals . Blood banks . General hospitals and . Health services established at transit camps, relief camps & affected villages.  Maintain check posts and surveillance at Transport depots and all entry and exit points from the affected area, especially during the threat/ existence of an epidemic.  An injury and disease monitoring system should be developed to ensure that a full picture of health risks is maintained.  Monitoring should be carried out for epidemics, water and food quality and disposal of waste in transit and relief camps, feedings centers and affected villages.  Plan for emergency accommodations for auxiliary staff from outside the area.  Information formats and monitoring checklists should be used for programme monitoring and development and for reporting to Emergency Operations Center. This is in addition to existing reporting system in the department.  Seek security arrangements from district police authorities to keep curious persons from entering hospital area and to protect staff from hostile actions.

122

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Establishment of a public information centre with a means of communication to assist in providing an organized source of information. The hospital is responsible for keeping the community informed of its potential & limitations in disaster situations.  The Local Police, rescue groups, and ambulance teams should be aware of the resources of each hospital. Standards of Service: Tagging: Tagging is the process of prioritizing transfer of injured, based on first hand assessment of the medical officer on the disaster site. It is based on the medical criterion of chance of survival. Decision is made regarding cases which can wait for treatment, these which should be taken to more appropriate medical units, and these which have no chances of surviving. The grouping is based on the benefit that the casualties can expect to derive from medical care, not on the seriousness of the injuries.

Whenever possible, the identification of patients should be accomplished concurrently with triage. This is done by attaching a tag to each patient, usually color-coded to indicate a given degree of injury and the priority for evacuation.

Red Tag This tag signifies that the patient has a first priority for evacuation. Red-tagged patients need immediate care and fall into one of the following categories:

1. Breathing problems that cannot be treated at the site. 2. Cardiac arrest (witnessed). 3. Appreciable loss of blood (more than a litre). 4. Loss of consciousness. 5. Thoracic perforations or deep abdominal injuries 6. Certain serious fractures: a. Pelvis b. Thorax c. Fractures of cervical vertebrae d. Fractures or dislocations in which no pulse can be detected below the site of the fracture or dislocation e. Severe concussion. f. Burns (Complicated by injury to the air passages)

Green Tag

123

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

This tag identifies those patients who receive second priority for evacuation. Such patients need care, but the injuries are not life-threatening. They fall into the following categories:

1. Second-degree burns covering more than 30 per cent of the body. 2. Third-degree burns covering 10 percent of the body. 3. Burns complicated by major lesions to soft tissue or minor fractures. 4. Third –degree burns involving such critical areas as hands, factor face but with no breathing problems present. 5. Moderate loss of blood *(500-1000cc) 6. Dorsal lesions, with or without injury to the spinal column. 7. Conscious patients with significant craniocerebral damage (serious enough to cause a subdural hematoma or mental confusion). Such patients will show one of the following signs: a. Secretion of spinal fluid through ear or nose b. Rapid increase in systolic pressure c. Projective vomiting d. Change in respiratory frequency e. Pulse below 60ppm f. Swelling or bruising beneath the eyes g. Anisocoric pupils h. Collapse i. Weak or no motor response j. Weak reaction to sensory stimulation (Profound stupor)

Yellow Tag Used on patients who are given third priority for evacuation and who fall into the following categories: 1. Minor Lesions 2. Minor fractures (fingers, teeth, etc). 3. Other minor lesions, abrasions, contusions. 4. Minor burns: a. Second-degree burns covering less than 15% of the body b. Third degree burns covering less than 2% of the body surface c. First-degree burns covering less than 20% of the body, excluding hands, feet, and face. 5. Fatal Injuries a. Second and third-degree with burns over more than 40 percent of the body with death seeming reasonably certain.

124

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

b. Second and third-degree burns over more than 40% of the body with other major lesions, as well as major cranio-cerebral lesions etc. c. Cranial lesions with brain tissue exposed and the patient unconscious. . Cranio-cerebral lesions where the patient unconscious and has major fractures. . Lesions of the spinal column with absence of sensitivity and movement. . Patients over 60 years old with major lesions.

It should be noted that the line separating these patients from red-tag casualties is very tenuous. If there are any red-tag patients, this system will have to be followed. If there are none, the yellow-tag patients with apparently fatal injuries become red-tag candidates. The reason is simple: If there are many red-tag patients who apparently cannot be saved because of there injuries, the time spent on the dying wounded could be better spent on the patients with chance to survive.

Black Tag Black tags are placed on the dead, i.e. casualties without a pulse or respiration who have remained in that condition for over 20 minutes, or whose injuries render resuscitation procedures impossible.

Evacuation Procedure under the following conditions: 1) Casualties not trapped or buried. Evacuate in the following order: a. Red-tag casualties. b. Green-Tag casualties. c. Yellow-Tag casualties.

2) Casualties not trapped or buried. Evacuate in the following order: a. Red-tag casualties. b. Green-Tag casualties. c. Yellow-Tag casualties. d. Black-tag casualties not trapped or buried. e. Trapped black-tag casualties.

Vector Control Standards: Vector control programmes should be planned so as to cope with two distinct situations:  The initial phase immediately following the disaster, when control work should concentrate on the destruction, by a physical or chemical process, of vermin on persons, their clothing, bedding and other belongings and on domestic animals.

125

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

An emergency sanitation team should be available from the beginning for carrying out these disinfestations.  The period after the disaster subsided, control work should be directed towards proper food, sanitation, safe disposals of wastes, including drainage, and general personal cleanliness.

Suggested Vector Surveillance Equipment and Supplies:  Collecting Bags  Collecting forms  Mouth or battery powered aspirations  Tea strainer  Flashlight and spare batteries  Grease pencil  Memo pad  Sweep net  Pencil  Tweezers  White enameled dipper  Keys and other references  Labels  CDC light traps (Optional)  Collecting vials  Aedes aegypti Ovitrap (Optional)  Bulb syringe or medicine dropper  Fly grill  Mirror

Suggested Rodent Surveillance Equipment and Supplies:  Teaching aids  Transfer bags  Plastic bags  Vials  Plastic cups  Alcohol  Rubber bands  Forceps  Scissors  Insecticide dusting pan  Snap traps 126

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Formaldehyde  Live Traps  Acute rodenticides  Gloves  Anti Coagulant rodenticides  Flashlights and batteries.

Materials and equipment: In the absence of clear indication from field, a minimum kit comprising of the following materials and equipments should be carried by the advance party to the disaster site:

S. No. Item Quantity 1. Equipment for pediatric intravenous use 36 2. Tensiometers for children and adults 12 3. Assorted ferrules Boxes 2 4. Tracheal cannulae 36 5. Set of laryngoscopes for infants, children And adults 1 Each 6. Endotracheal tubes, No. 7 Murphy 36 7. Endotracheal tubes, No. 8 36 8. Nasogastric probes 36 9. Oxygen masks, for adults and children 2 10. Large scissors for cutting bandages 3 11. Plastic linings 60 12. Phonendoscopes 15 Table: Kit for Medical Team

S. No. Item Quantity 1. Tracheotomy set 6 2. Thorachotomy set 6 3. Venous dissection set 6 4. Set for small sutures 12 5. Bottles for drainage of thorax 10 6. Hand scissors No. 4 7. Syringes (disposables) x 2cc 60 8. Syringes (disposables) x 10cc 90 9. Syringes (disposables) x 50cc 60 Table: Sterilization Unit Supplies

127

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

S. No. Item 1. Oxygen, Oxygen Mask, and manometer. 2. Stretchers and blankets 3. Emergency first aid kit 4. Suction equipment 5. Supplies for immobilizing fractures 6. Venoclysis equipment 7. Drugs for emergency use 8. Minimal equipment for resuscitation maneuvers Table: Ambulance Fleet

The ambulances will carry the above mentioned equipments. Each ambulance should be staffed by at least a physician, a nurse, a stretcher-bearer and a driver. The medical and paramedical personnel should be experienced in procedures for the management of patients in intensive care units.

S. No. Item Quantity 1. Power sprayers 2 2. Hand-pressured sprayers, capacity 20-30 litres 50 3. Dusters (hand-operated, plunger type) 50 4. Dusters (power-operated) 2 5. Space sprayer 1 Equipments and Supplies required for Vermin control for a population of 10,000

 Adequate supply of accessories and spare parts for the above equipment:

S. No. Item Quantity 1. DDT, technical powder 0.5 tons 2 DDT, 75% water wettable 1-2 tons 3 DDT, 10% powder 1 ton 4 Dieldrin, 0.625 – 1.25% emulsifiable concentrate / wettable powder 100 Kg 5 Lindane, 0.5% emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder 100 Kg 6 Chlordane, 2% emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder 100 Kg 7 Malathion, 1% emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder 100 Kg 8 Dichlorvos emulsion 100 litres 9 Rodenticides, anticoagulant type (warfarin, etc.) 1-2 Kg 10 Rodent traps 100 11 Screen for fly control 10 rolls

128

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

12 Garbage cans, capacity 50-100 litres 300-500 Insecticides (Quantity depends on availability on distribution points)

IRRIGATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT

Normal Time Activity:  There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.  Operating procedures for mobilizing community participation during various stages of disaster management. The department is required to adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.  For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercise will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER – Water supply” and “Officer-in-Charge – Water supply” at state and district level respectively.  To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DDMAP should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.  Assess preparedness level and report the same as per the format to the District Control Room every six months.  Identify flood prone rivers and areas and activate flood monitoring mechanisms.  Mark water level gauges on rivers, dams, and reservoirs.  Establish disaster management tool kits with at sub-divisional levels consisting of ropes, pulley blocks, jungle knives, shovels, cement in bags, concrete pans, gunny bags, cane baskets.

Disaster Situation:  Restoration of water supply to the affected area  Monitor flood situation  Monitor and protect irrigation infrastructure  Restore damaged infrastructure

129

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of Emergency Operation Centre:

 Within the affected district/sub-division all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officer or those on leave may be recalled.  All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.  Establish communications with Emergency operations Centre at State HQ, District Control Room and your departmental and field offices within the division.  Appoint one officer as “Officer-in-Charge – Water Supply and Irrigation” at district level.  Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post- disaster procedures to be followed.  Fill departmental vehicles with fuel and park them in protected area.  Make sure that the hospital storage tank is full and hospital is conserving water.  Inform people to store an emergency supply of drinking water.  Organize on the receipt of disaster warning continuous monitoring of: . Wells . Intake structures . Pumping stations . Buildings above ground . Pumping mains . The treatment plant . Bunds of Dams . Irrigation Channels  The inlet and outlet to tanks should be inspected to ensure that waterways are unobstructed by trees and vegetation.  Any repairs/under construction activity should be well secured with sandbags, rockfalls, etc.

Relief and Rehabilitation:

 Carry out emergency repair of all damages to water supply system  Assist health authorities to identify appropriate source of potable water.  Identify unacceptable water sources and take necessary precautions to ensure that no water is accessed from such sources, either by sealing such arrangements or by posting department guards.

130

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Arrange for alternate water supply and storage in all transit camps, feeding centers, relief camps, cattle camps, and also the affected areas, till normal water supply is restored.  Ensure that potable water supply is restored as per the standards and procedures laid down in “Standards of Potable Water”.  Continue round the clock inspection and repair of bunds of dams, irrigation channels, control gates and overflow channels.  Continue round the clock inspection and repair of pumps, generators, motor equipment and station building.  Plan for emergency accommodations from staff from outside the area.  Report all activities to the head office.  On the recommendations of “NODAL OFFICER – “Water Supply”/ Deputy Commissioner/District Control Room  Provide for sending additional support along with food, bedding, tents  Send vehicles and any additional tools and equipments needed.  Standby diesel pumps or generators should be installed in damage proof buildings.  A standby water supply should be available in the event of damage.  Establish procedures for emergency distribution of water if existing supply is disrupted.  Make provisions to acquire tankers and establish other temporary means of distributing water on and emergency basis.  Make provisions to acquire containers and storage tanks required for storing water on an emergency basis.  Prepare plan for water distribution to all transit and relief camps, affected villages and cattle camps and ensure proper execution of these plans.  A minimum level of stock should be maintained for emergencies, and should include extra lengths of pipe, connections, joints, hydrants and bleaching powder. Adequate tools should be on hand to carry out emergency repair.  Make sure auxiliary generators and standby engines are in good working order.  Acquire a buffer stock of fuel for the motors and store in a protected place.  Establish emergency work gangs for immediate post-disaster repair.

Standards of Services: Water Supply

Piped Water

131

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 After any repair on the distribution system, the repaired main should be flushed and disinfected with a chlorine solution of 50 mg/litre for contact period of 24 hours, after which the main is emptied and flushed again with potable water.  If the demand for water is urgent, or the repaid main cannot be isolated, the concentration of the disinfecting solution may be increased to 100mg/litre and the contact period reduced to 1 hour.  At the end of disinfection operations, but before the main is put back into service, samples should be taken for bacteriological analysis and determination of chlorine residue.  When a water treatment plant, pumping station, or distribution system is so badly damaged that operation cannot be restored for some time, other methods described in the following paragraphs must be used.

Private System (Open well or tube)  Water from these sources, with adequate chlorination as necessary, can be connected to a distribution system or hauled to points of consumption.  Springs and wells (non-private)  Ground water originating from deep aquifers (such as is obtained from deep wells and certain springs) will be free from contamination if certain simple protective measures are taken.  When springs are used as a source of water supply for disaster area, careful attention must be paid to geological formations. Limestone and certain rocks are liable to have holes and cracks, especially after earthquake, that may lead to the contamination of ground water.  A sanitary survey of the area surrounding a well site or spring is of utmost importance. This survey, which should be carried out by a qualified professional environmental health worker, should provide information on source of contamination, geological structures (with particular reference to overlying soil and rock formations) quality and quantity of ground water, direction of flow etc.  The well selected as a source of water, should be at least 30m away from any potential source of contamination, and should be located higher than all such sources. The upper portion of the well must be protected by an external impervious casing, extending at least 3m below and 30cm above ground level. The casing should be surrounded by a concrete platform at least 1m wide, that slope to allow drainage away from the well; it should connect to the drain that will carry the spilled water away. The opening for drop pipes should be sealed to prevent outside water from entering the well. The rim of manholes should project at least 8cm above the surrounding surface, and the manhole cover must overlap this rim.

132

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Immediately after construction or repair, the well should be disinfected. First the casing and lining should be washed, and scrubbed with strong chlorine solution containing, 100mg of available chlorine per litre. A strong solution is then added to produce concentration of 50-100 mg/litre in the water stored in the well. After adequate agitation, the well water is left to stand for at least hours, then pumped out. The well is then allowed to refill. When the residual chlorine of the water drops below 1 mg/litre the water may be used.  Most of water is stated above applies also to the location and protection of springs. The following points may be added: . The collection installation should be so built as to prevent the entrance of light. . The overflow should be so located as to prevent the entrance of surface water at times of heavy rainfall. . The manhole cover and gates should be locked. . Before using the water, the collection chamber should be disinfected with a chlorine solution. . An area within a radius of 50m around the spring should be fenced off to prevent ground surface contamination.

Surface Water  Surface water should be used as source of water supply only as a last resort.  Measures should be taken to protect the watershed from pollution by animals and people. As it is usually difficult to enforce control regulations, the point of intake for water supply should be located above any tributary carrying grossly contaminated water. The pump intake should be screened and placed so that it will not take in mud from the stream bed or floating debris. The device can be something extremely simple, such as perforated drum fixed in the middle of the stream.

Treatment:  Water should be tested for the presence of Escherchia coli and unsafe concentrations of nitrate as soon as possible. Detection of E. coil indicates contamination by human waste and therefore requires immediate protective and corrective measures.  Monitoring of water quality should be restored or initiated immediately. During the disaster, daily determination of the chlorine residual in public water supply is sufficient.

Disinfection:

133

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Chlorine and chlorine-librating compounds are the most common disinfectants. Chlorine compounds for water disinfectation are usually available in three forms: . Chlorinated lime or bleaching powder, which has 20% by weight of available chlorine when fresh. Its strength should always be checked before use. . Calcium hypochlorite, a more stable compound sold under various proprietary names. This compound contains 70% by weight of available chlorine. If properly stored in tight container and in dark cool place, it preserve its chlorine contents for considerable period. . Sodium hypochlorite, usually sold as solution of approximately 5% strength under a variety of proprietary names. Its use in water disinfectation is limited to small quantities and special circumstances.

Methods of chlorination: Gas chlorinator  These machines draw chlorine gas from a cylinder containing liquid chlorine, mix it in water and inject into supply pipe. Mobile gas chlorinators are made for field use.

Hypochlorinators  These are less heavy than gas chlorinator and more adaptable to emergency disinfection. Generally, they use a solution of calcium hypochlorite or chlorinated lime in water and discharge it into a water pipe or reservoir. They can be driven by electric motors or petrol engines and their output can be adjusted.  Hypochlorinators are small and easy to install. They consists usually of a diaphragm pump and standard accessories, including one or more rubber-lined, solution tanks and a chlorine residual testing set. The usual strength of solution is 0.1% and it seldom rises above 0.5%

The Batch Method  In the absence of the chlorinators, water is disinfected by batch method. This method is more likely to be used in emergencies. It involves applying a predetermined volume of chlorine solution of known strength to a fixed volume of water by means of some gravity arrangements. The strength of the batch solution should not be more than 0.65% of chlorine by weight as this is about the limit of solubility of chlorine at ordinary temperatures. For example 10g of ordinary bleaching powder (25% strength) dissolved in 5 litres of water gives a stock solution of 500mg/litre. For disinfection of drinking water, one volume of 134

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

the stock solution added to 100 volumes of water gives a concentration of 5mg/litre. If after 30 minutes contact the chlorine residual is more than 0.5mg/litre this dosages could be reduced.  After the necessary contact period, excess chlorine can removed to improve the taste by such chemicals as sulphur dioxide, activated carbon, or sodium thiosulphate. The first two are suitable for permanent installations, whereas sodium thiosulphate is more suitable for use in emergency chlorination. One tablet containing 0.5g of anhydrous sodium thiosulphate will remove 1mg/litre of chlorine from 500 litres of water.

Continuous Chlorination  This method, in which porous containers of calcium hypochlorite or bleaching powder are immersed in water, in use mainly for wells and springs but is also applicable to other types of water supply. A free residual chlorine level of 0.7 mg/litre should be maintained in water, treated for emergency distribution. A slight taste and odor of chlorine after half an hour gives an indication that chlorination is adequate. In flooded areas where the water distribution system is still operating, higher chlorine residual should be maintained. Occasionally, an unpleasant taste develops from the reaction of chlorine with phenolic or the other organic compounds. This taste should be accepted, as it is an indication of safe disinfection.

Filtration-Disinfection  In this method water is mixed with diatomaceous earth, then passed through the filter unit in which filtering partitions (septa) are installed. Mobile purification units using this process have been produced with capacities up to 50,000 litres per hour. They consist essentially of: . A centrifugal pump driven by a rope-started gasoline engine. . A filter (diatomic) . A hypochlorinator . A slurry feeder and an air compressor. . A precoat and recirculating tank. . A chlorine solution tank. . Hose adapters . Valves (pump suction, inlet, drain, outlet, flow control air release, etc) and . A tool box. Instructions in the manuals supplied with such units must be followed.

Physical Protection:

135

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 In disaster situation, physical protection of water supplies for use, is a major consideration. In addition to such barriers as walls and fences, guards may be necessary to prevent mobs from overrunning and damaging treatment units, pumping stations, tankers, distribution stations, and temporary collection facilities. Intake structures, wells and springs should also protected against misuse. The character and extent of such protection will depend on the local situation.

Ice Supply:  Required ice should be supplied from a commercial manufacturing plant where it is made from safe water and where sanitary regulations are observed.  It should be distributed in trucks designed for the purpose, equipped with tools for the safe handling of ice.  After drinking water is secured within stricken areas, making water available for domestic use (such as leaning and washing) should be considered.

Coagulation-Disinfection:  Removal of the organic matter greatly lessens the amount of chlorine needed for disinfection. There are many factors that govern the coagulation process. These include: 1. Hydrogen-ion concentration. The optimum pH value for coagulation is the value that the best floe formation and setting. The pH value of water changes when coagulants are used and has to be adjusted to its optimum value by addition of alkali or acids. 2. Mixing. Coagulants must be thoroughly mixed with the water to give satisfactory results. This may be accomplished by (a) pump action, whereby the coagulant solution is added to the suction pipe of the pump and pump does the mixing; (b) the drip bottle method i.e. hanging a drip-bottle over the discharge pipe or hose of raw water that feeds the tank and letting the coagulant solution drip on to the water jet; or (c) dissolution, i.e. allowing the discharge of raw water to splash on to a basket containing solid coagulant. 3. Coagulant dosage. The amount of the coagulant and chemicals required to adjust the pH value of water may be calculated when the pH and the type of alkalintiy are known. However the optimum dosage for a given water may be determined approximately using the jar test.

Coagulation-Filtration-Disinfection:

136

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 In this method filtration is added to the procedures described above. If temporary reservoir can be arranged, it is preferable to let the water settle before filtering it. In mobile purification units, however the water is filtered through a pressure filter without setting. They usually have a capacity of 4000- 7000 litres per hour, and consist essentially of: . A centrifugal pump directly coupled to a gasoline engine. . A filter (pressure, rapid and filter) . A hypochlorinator . A chemical solution tank . (one for alum and one for soda ash) . A chlorine solution tank. . Hose adapters . Valves (pump suction, inlet, drain, outlet, flow control air release, etc) and . A tool box. Instructions in the manuals supplied with such units must be followed.

PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT

Planning Assumptions:  There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.  The department is required to adopt appropriate measures to ensure that the community participates substantially.  For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercise will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER – PWD” at district level respectively.  To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DDMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Disaster Situation:  Restoration of roads to their normal condition.  Repair/reconstruction of public utilities and buildings. 137

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of CDMAP:  Within the affected district all available personnel will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officer or those on leave may be recalled.  All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.  Establish communications with District control room and your departmental offices within the division.  All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the Deputy Commissioner/DDM.  Appoint one officer as “Nodal Officer - PWD” at district level.  The “Nodal Officer - PWD” will be responsible for mobilizing staff and volunteers to clear the roads in his section, should a disaster strike.  The “NODAL OFFICER – PWD” should be familiar with pre-disaster precautions and post disaster procedures for road clearing and for defining safe evacuation routes where necessary.  All officers3 should be notified and should meet the staff to review emergency procedures.  Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post- disaster procedures to be followed.  Vehicles should be inspected, fuel tanks filled and batteries and electrical wiring covered as necessary.  Extra transport vehicles should be dispatched from HQ and stationed at safe and strategic spots along routes likely to be effected.  Heavy vehicles should be moved to areas likely to be damaged and secured in a safe place.  Inspection of all roads, bridges, government buildings and structures must be done and structures which are endangered by the impending disaster identified.  Emergency tool kits must be made available and should include . Crosscut saws . Axes . Power chain saw . Sharpening Files . Chains and tightening wrenches . Pulley block with chain and rope  The designation of routes strategic to evacuation and relief should be identified and marked in close coordination with the DCR.

138

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 Establish a priority listing of roads which will be opened first, the most important being roads to hospitals and main trunk routes.  Give priority attention to urgent repair works in disaster affected areas.  Identify locations for setting up transit and relief camps, feeding centers and quantity of construction materials required and inform the DCR accordingly.

Relief and Rehabilitation:

 All works teams should be issued two-way communication link.  Provide a work team carrying emergency tool kits, depending on the nature of the disaster, essential equipments such as . Towing vehicles . Earth moving equipments . Cranes etc.  Each unit should mobilize a farm tractor with chain, cables and a buffer stock of fuel.  Adequate road signs should be installed to guide and assists the drivers.  Begin clearing roads. Assemble casual labor to work with experienced staff and divide into work gangs.  Mobilise community assistance for road clearing by contacting community organizations.  Undertake clearing of ditches, grass cutting, burning, removal of debris and the cutting of dangerous trees along the roadside in the effected area through maintenance engineer’s staff.  Undertake repair of all paved and unpaved road surfaces including edge metalling, potholes patching and any failure of surface, foundations in the affected areas by maintenance engineer’s staff and keep monitoring their conditions.  Undertake construction of temporary roads to serve as access to temporary transit and relief camps and medical facilities for disaster victims.  As per the decision of the district control room, undertake construction of relief camps, feeding centres, medical facilities, cattle camps.  An up-to-date report of all damages and repairs should be kept in the district office report book and communicate the same to the district control room.  If possible, review of the extent of damage (by helicopter) should be arranged for the field Officer-in-Charge, in order to dispatch most efficiently road clearing crews, and determine the equipments needed.

139

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Standards for Relief Camps: Tent Camps  The layout of the site should meet the following specifications. 1. 3-4 hectares of land/1000 peoples 2. Roads of 10 meters width 3. Minimum distance between edge of roads and tents of 2 mtrs. 4. Minimum distance between tents of 8 mtrs. 5. Minimum floor area/tent of 3 square meters per person.  Water distribution in camp sites consists of 1. Minimum capacity of tanks of 200 litres 2. Minimum capacity per capita of 15 liters/day 3. Maximum distance of tanks from farthest tent of 100 meters.  Solid waste disposal containers in tent camps should be 1. Waterproof 2. Insect-proof and 3. Rodent-proof 4. The waste should be covered tightly with a plastic or metallic lid 5. The final disposal should be by incineration or by burial.

 The capacities of solid waste units should be, 1 litre/4-8 tents; or 50-100 litres/25-50 persons.  Excreta and liquid waste should be disposed in bore-holed or deep trench latrines in tent camps. Specifications for these are: 1. 30-50 meters from tents. 2. 1 seat provided/10 persons 3. Modified soakage pits should be used for waste water by replacing layers of earth and small pebbles with layers of straw, grass or small twigs. The needs to be removed on a daily basis and burned.

Buildings: Buildings used for accommodating disaster victims should provide the following: 1. Minimum floor area of 3.5 sq. meters/person 2. Minimum air space of 10 sq. meters/person 3. Minimum air space circulation of 30 cubic meters/person/hour and 4. There should be separate washing blocks for men and women. 5. Washing facilities to be provided are:  1 hand basin/10 persons  1 wash bench of 4-5 meters/100 persons and 1 shower head/50 persons in temperate climates

140

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

6. Toilet accommodation in buildings housing displaced persons, should meet these requirements: . 1 seat/25 women . 1 seat plus 1 urinal/35 men . Maximum distance from building of 50 meters. 7. Refuse containers are to be plastic or metallic and should have closed lids. To be provided are:  1 container of 50-100 litres capacity/25-50 persons.

HIMACHAL PRADESH STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD

Planning Assumptions:  There is no substitute for maintaining standards of services and regular maintenance during normal times. This affects the response of the department to any disaster situation.  The department is required to adopt appropriate measures to ensure that community participates substantially.  For effective preparedness, the department must have a disaster response plan or disaster response procedures clearly defined in order to avoid confusion, improve efficiency in cost and time.  Orientation and training for disaster response plan and procedures accompanied by simulated exercise will keep the department prepared for such eventualities. Special skills required during emergency operations need to be imparted to the officials and the staff. Select personnel can be deputed for training as “NODAL OFFICER – Power Supply” at district level.  To the extent possible, preventive measures as recommended in the preparedness and mitigation document of DDMAP, should be undertaken to improve departmental capacity to respond to a disaster.

Normal Time Activities:  Assess preparedness level and report the same as per format to District Control Room every six months.  Establish at each sub-station a disaster management tool kit comprising cable cutters, pulley blocks, jungle knives, axes, crowbars, ropes, hacksaws and spanners. Tents for work crews should also be storage.

Disaster Situation:  Restore the power supply and ensure uninterrupted power to all vital installation, facilities and site.

141

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Activities on Receipt of Warning or Activation of Emergency Operation Centre:

On the occurrence of disaster all available personnel at City level will be made available to the District Disaster Manager. If more personnel are required, then out of station officer or those on leave may be recalled.

 All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Disaster Manager.  Establish communications with District control room and your departmental offices within the division.  All district level officials of the department would be asked to report to the Deputy Commissioner/DDM.  Appoint one officer as “NODAL OFFICER – Power Supply” at district level .  Review and update precautionary measures and procedures and review with staff the precautions that have been taken to protect equipment and the post- disaster procedures to be followed.  Assist the state authorities to make arrangements for standby generators in the following public service offices from the time of receipt of alert warning . Hospitals . Water Supply Stations . Collectorate . Police stations . Telecommunications buildings  Fill departmental vehicles with fuel and park them in a protected area.  Check emergency tool kits, assembling any additional equipment needed.  Immediately undertake inspection from the time of receipt of alert warning of . High tension lines . Towers . Substations . Transformers . Insulators . Poles and . Other equipments  Review the total extent of the damage to power supply installations by reconnaissance flight, if possible.

142

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

 On the recommendations of the Deputy Commissioner/District Control Room/ “Nodal Officer– Power Supply” of the department in the district . Instruct district staff to disconnect the main electricity supply for the affected area. . Dispatch emergency repair gangs equipped with food, bedding, tents, and tools.

Relief and Rehabilitation:  Hire casual labourers on an emergency basis for clearing of damaged poles and salvage of conductors and insulators.  Begin repair/reconstruction  Assist hospital in establishing emergency supply by assembling generators and other emergency equipments, if necessary.  Establish temporary electricity supplies for other key public facilities, public water systems, etc.  Establish temporary electricity supplies for transit camps, feeding centres, relief camps, district control room and on access roads to the same.  Establish temporary electricity supplies for relief material godowns.  Compile an itemized assessment of damage, from reports made by various electrical receiving centres and sub-centres.  Report all activities to the head office.  Plan for emergency accommodations for staff from outside the area.

On the recommendation of the Nodal Officer- Power Supply/ Deputy Commissioner/ District Control Room, at state level, HPSEB shall:  Send cables, poles, transformers and other needed equipment  Send vehicles and any additional tools needed.  Provide additional support as required.

143

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-5: Emergency Contact Detail of Shimla City Government Offices

Office Contact Detail S. Department Designation Officer’s Name Contact (LL, Contact Residence No. Address Mobile, Email) (LL, Mobile, Email) 1) Pr. Sec (Rev) Shri. Deepak Sanan 9816022740 2626227 0177-2622064 2) Consultant-cum-Advisor Shri. R.K. Sood 9418464024 State Disaster Dept of Rev (Disaster Management State Project Officer, Management Cell), Room Authority 0177-2625657 3) GOI-UNDP DRR Shri.D.C. Rana No. 106-A, HP 9418484700 Programme Secretariat, Shimla- 2 H.P. Secretariat Shri. Onkar Chand 0177-2653535 4) D.C/ Chairman D.C. Office, Shimla Sharm 9418230009 0177-2657013 5) DDMA District Revenue Officer Shri. Vikas 9418000089 0177-2657007 6) SDM Urban 94180-58845 Shri. Man Singh 0177-2653436, 7) ADM Protocol Verma 9418087748 District Control 8) 0177-2808200 Room Commissioner, M.C. 9) Shri. A.N. Sharma M.C. Shimla 0177-2802771 Shimla/ Chairman Asstt. Commissioner, 94180-85682, 10) City D.M.Cell M.C. Shimla/ Nodal Shri. Ashish Kohli M.C. Shimla 0177-2656576 Officer Municipal Engineer/ 0177-2802771 11) Shri. Vijay Gupta M.C. Shimla 0177-2650099 Member Secretary 94184-81400

144

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Corporation Health 0177-2802771 12) Shri. Sonam Negi M.C. Shimla 0177-2624115 Officer/ Member 94180-60150 Architect Planner/ 13) Shri. N.S. Gulehria M.C. Shimla 0177-2802771 Member Assistant Engineer- 0177-2802771 14) Shri. Shashi Soni M.C. Shimla I(R&B), / Member 94180-17845 Junior Engineer 15) (Electricals), M.C. Shri. Sanjeev Gupta M.C. Shimla 94184-86558 Shimla/ Member 0177-2812360 16) Mayor Smt. Madhoo Sood M.C. Shimla 98160-33079 0177-2625368 17) Deputy Mayor Shri. Janartha M.C. Shimla 98160-03800 Project Support 18) Mrs. Ekta Bartarya UNDP 9418030611 Associate City Disaster Rain Basera, Near SBI 19) Management & - - 0177-2659910 Turn, Bharari, Shimla Information Center 0177-2656535 20) S.P. Shimla 94182-15588 0177-2652497 21) Addl. S.P. Shimla Miss Veena Bharti 94180-22344 0177-2805264 22) Police Lines Kaithu Sh.Bhikham Ram Inspector 94187-54846

Police 23) Police Lines Bharari Sh.Sunder Negi Line officer ,Bharari 0177-2807084 98166-30356 24) Control Room 100/ 2800100 Reporting Room/ Police 25) Sh.Rattan Chand S.H.O,sadar 0177-2812344 Assistance 26) Police Control Room 0177-2657430 27) Police Station Sadar Sh.Rattan Chand S.H.O,sadar 0177-2652860 28) Police Station East Smt. Gulshan Negi S.H.O. 0177-2620954

145

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

(Chotta Shimla) Police Station West Smt.Shakuntla 29) S.H.O. 0177-2630193 (Boileiuganj) Sharma Police Post (Lakkar 30) Sh.Randhir Singh Inspector 0177-2655376 Bazar) 31) Police Station (Dhali) Sh. Amar Chand S.H.O. 0177-2841377 32) Traffic Police 0177-2652217 33) Civil Defence Commandant General Sh.B Kamal Kumar 0177-2811453 34) Home Guard 01772811453 35) The Mall 0177-2658976 0177-2658976, 101 36) Fire Stations Chotta Shimla 0177-2623269 0177-2623269 37) Boileuganj 0177-2830664 0177-2830664 38) IPH Engineer-in-Chief I&PH Shimla-1 0177-2658886 Training command 39) Army 0177-2804590 Shimla-3 PWD Nigam Vihar 40) PWD Engineer-in-Chief 0177-2621401 Shimla-2 Food and Civil Directorate of Food and 41) Director 0177-2623749 Supplies Civil Supply B-42, Shimla Information and Public 42) Public Relations Secretary, I&PR 0177-2622132 Relation, Shimla-2 43) Near Lift Near Bus Stand (ISBT 44) Taxi Stands old) Rajdhani Taxi (Lakkar 45) 0177-2623456 Bazar) 46) HRTC (ISBT) 2658067 47) HRTC (Control Room) 2656326 Roadways Shimla Railway 48) 131/ 2652915 Reservation 49) Kalka Railway Inquiry 281131

146

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

50) Chandigarh 923132 0177-2736835 51) Airport Jubbarhati Mr.Virender singh Director in Airport 94180-37925

147

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Complaints Redressal

S. No. Water Complaints Office Address Contact Number 1) Ridge 2658916 2) Subzi Mandi 2652519 3) Kasumpati 2620913 4) Sanjauli 2842131 5) Chotta Shimla 2623760 6) Chaura Maidan 2813671 7) New Shimla 2670569 S. No. Electricity Complaints Contact Address Contact Number 1) Chotta Shimla 2625750 2) U.S.Club 2801571 3) Bharari 2814914 4) Idgah 2812375 5) Khalini 2623724 6) Sanjauli 2640008 7) Ridge 265765 8) Summer Hill 2830533 9) Kasumpati 2621385 10) Charlie Villa 2623951 11) I.G.M.C. Hospital 2811339 Tourist Information Center S. No. Tourist Information Center Contact Number 1) The Mall 2652561 2) By Pass 2832498 3) Bus Stand (old) 2651755 4) Victory Tunnel 265489 5) Railway Station 6) Manali 252175 7) Dharamshala 223325 8) Mumbai 022-22180080 9) Chandigarh 0172-2708569 10) Kolkata 033-22126361 11) Dalhousie 262225 12) Bhuntar 265037 13) Kullu 224605 14) Pathankot 0186-2220316 15) Kalka 01733-221079 16) Reckong Peo 01786-222897

148

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Nodal Officers for Disaster Management

Office Contact Detail Residential Address S. Department Designation Officer’s Name Contact (LL, Contact (LL, No. Address Address Mobile, Email) Mobile, Email) Divisional Fire 0177-2658976, 1) Fire Services Shri B S. Mahal Officer 101 2) Police S.P. Shimla Shri Sonal Agnihotri 0177-2656535 Town and Country Town & Country 0177-2621450, 3) Sh. R D Sharma Planning Planner –Shimla. 94184,95577 Directorate of Urban Addl. Asst. 0177-2627193, 4) Shri. Vinod Kapoor Development Engineer 9418491255 H.P. Minorities Finance Manager-cum-Co. 0177-2621669, 5) and Development Shri. Kanwal Arora Secretary 9418088550 Corporation Health and Family 6) OSD, H& FW Dr. Vinod Mehta 9418163500 Welfare Department SE- 4th Circle Sh. OP Anand, 0177-2842353, 7) PWD Sh. Rohit Thakur 0177-2841169 8) PWD Architect Wing Architect Rajiv Sharma 9418103678 9) Youth Services & Sports Virender Singh Negi 0177-2620987 Economics and Statistics 10) Deputy Director NB Sharma 94180-54002 Department Nodal Officer- H.P.I& PH Department, cum-Executive 11) Er. Sushil Jasta 0177-2620591 0177-2624302 U.S. Club Engineer (SP), I &PH Department Directorate of Higher Dr. Santosh 0177- 12) OSD (College) 94186-44424 Education Banyal 2653120,252352

149

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Contact Details Municipal Corporation Shimla

No Designation Name Office Epbax Resi No./Mobile no. 1. Mayor Smt. Madhu Sood 2812360 405 2625368, 98160- 33079 2. Dy. Mayor Sh. Harish Janaratha 2804058 423 2640845, 98160- 03800 3. Commissioner Dr. M . P. Sood 2812899 406 2621651,9418250005 4. Asstt. Commissioner Sh. Ashish Kohli 2656576 407 94180-85682 5. XEN-cum-PD (JNNURM) Sh. B.S. Mehta Ext:- 456 94593-54797 6 P.S. to Mayor Sh. L.R. Thakur 2812360 505 2812176 7. P.A. to Comm. Sh. D. S. Parmar 2812899 506 2812150 8. Steno Gr. to AC Sh.G.R. Sharma 2656576 507 2652695 9 Legal Advisor–cum-LO Sh. Joginder 2808095 419 2670400, 94184- Chauhan 81400 10 Accounts Officer Sh. Nathu Ram Ext:- 422 98170-85457 11 Health Officer Dr. Sonam.G. Negi Ext:- 444 2801959, 94180- 60150 12. Municipal Engineer Sh. Vijay Gupta Ext:- 408 2650099, 94184- 70578 13. Executive Engineer Sh. B.C. Pardesi Ext: 417 94181-41272 14. Architect Planner Sh. N.S. Guleria Ext:- 416 94189-28454 15 D.F.O. Sh. Anish Sharma Ext:- --- 94184-70550 16. Asstt. Eng. (R&B)-I Sh. Shashi Soni Ext:- 512 94180-17845 17 Asstt. Eng. (R&B)-II Sh. Amar Singh Ext:- 512 98164-60218 18 Asstt. Eng. (WS&SD)-II Sh. Rajesh Kashyap 2652519 94184-74747 19 Asstt. Eng.(WS&SD)-II Sh. Praveen -- -- 9418489158 Aggarwal 20. Market Supdt./VPHO Dr. Rajeev Bhatta 2652452 --- 2652452, 94180- 61242 21 Secretary Tax Sh. Diwan Chand 2650285 94186-58277 21. Supdt. (General) Sh. Kewal Ram Ext:- 411 98160-99779 23. Supdt. WS&SD (Rev.) Smt. Madhu Bala Ext:- 410 ------24. Supdt. WS&SD (Works) ------Ext:- 509 ------25 Law Branch Sh. Jyoti Sharma Ext: 450 26 Computer Section Mrs. Mamta Goel Ext:- 510 94180-68315 27 Cash Branch Sh. J.P. Sharma Ext:- 424 ------28 Secy. SJSRY Smt. Bharti Kuthiala Ext: 515 98822-06124 29 C.S.I Sh. Ram S. Thakur Ext:- 514 ------30 Food Inspector Sh. Ashok Mangla Ext: 421 94184-91011 31. Health Laboratory Sh. K.G. Joseph Ext:- 513 2804197 32 General Branch ------Ext:- 508, 412 33. Supdt. Health Deptt. Smt. Roshni Sharma Ext:- 421 ------34. Estate Branch ------Ext:- 415 ---- 35. AP Branch ------Ext:- 515 ------36. Account Branch ------Ext:- 555 -----

150

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

No Designation Name Office Epbax Resi No./Mobile no. 37. Drawing Branch (R&B) ------Ext:- 425 ------38. J.E. Central Zone Sh. Mahboob Sheikh 2652519 ------(WS&SD) 39. J.E Chotta Shimla Sh. M.S. Jamwal 2623760 --- 94181-26020 WS&SD 40. J.E. Sanjauli (WS&SD) Sh. Gopesh Behal 2842131 --- 94189-64001 41. J.E. Ridge Reservoir Sh. Verinder 2658916 --- 94180-92099 (WS&SD) Madaan 42. J.E Chaura Sh. Ishwar Thakur 2813671 --- 94180-38338 Maidan WS&SD 43. New Shimla (WS&SD) ------2670569 --- 44. Mashobra Pump House ------2740214 ------45. Guma Pumping Station ------2781218 ------46. Chharabra Reservoir ------2740233 ------47. Craignano Guest House ------2740236 ------48. Phagli M.C. Store ------2835209 ------49. Zonal Office Dhalli ------2647030 50. Zonal Office New Shimla ------2621725 51. Zonal Office Totu 2838668 52 Police Cell ------2655130

151

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Ward Specific Contacts

Office/ Occupation Contact Detail Residential Address Ward Ward Name Councilors Name Contact (LL, Contact (LL, Mobile, Number Address Address Mobile, Email) Email) Sethi Niwas, Sh. Jitender 1 Bharari Councillor 92185-01091 Kaleston,Bharari, 0177-2651682 Chaudhary shimla 0177-2802012 2 Ruldu Bhatta Sh. Sanjeev Thakur Councillor Krishna cottage,Ruldu Bhatta,Shimla 0177-2652643 98160-61212 0177-2813433 3 Kaithu Smt. Seema Chauhan Councillor Kirtanpuri,lower Kaithu,Shimla 0177-2658433 94185-71182 4 Annadale Sh. Pradeep Kashyap Councillor 94180-39644 Kashyap Niwas,Annadale,Shimla 0177-2805713 Sh. Dhani Ram Gayatri Niketan,Near G.S.S.School 5 Summer Hill Councillor 0177-2830537 Kashyap ,Summer Hill,Shimla Parsu Kutir,Near Ayurvedic 6 Totu Sh. Sagar Chand Councillor 94181-20167 0177-2837167 Dispensary,New Totu,Shimla Smt. Usha Devi 7 Boileauganj Councillor 94180-30361 Lakhanpal Niwas,Tara Devi,Shimla 0177-2830361 Lakhanpal Gurmukh Lodge,Near Agriculture 8 TutiKandi Smt. Anita Kumari Councillor 98170-64509 6450307 Office,Tutikandi,Shimla Block No. B/2,Set No.15,Nabha 9 Nabha Sh. Gaurav Sharma Councillor 94185-09990 Estate,Shimla 0177-2658047 Flat No.6,Hellon Lodge,Near Bus Stand 10 Phagli Sh. Sanjay Sood Councillor 0177-2653149 94180-24280 Phagli,Shimla House No.8,New Line,Krishna 11 Krishna Nagar Smt. Kaushila Channa Councillor 98171-16399 Nagar,Shimla 12 Ram Bazar Smt. Manju Sood Councillor 92185-00453 Paragan Cottage,Ram Bazar,Shimla 0177-2656670 House No.11,Galli No.3 Middle 13 Lower Bazar Sh. Naveen Sood Councillor 94180-23061 0177-2658061 Bazar,Shimla 14 Jakhu Sh. Manoj Kutiyala Councillor 0177-2806354 Set No. 12,Titla Hotel,Ever Gildi 0177-2658321

152

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Ward Ward Name Councilors Name Office/ Occupation Contact Detail Residential Address Number 98160-82155 Estate,Jakhoo,Shimla 15 Banmore Sh. Narinder kataria Councillor 98160-23194 Kataria House,Stokes Place,chota Shimla 0177-2623194 Sh. Sudhir 16 Engine Ghar Councillor 98161-50704 Shayama Nand Building,Dhalli,Shimla Azad 17 Sanjauli Sh. Sudhir Azad Councillor 98161-50704 Shayama Nand Building,Dhalli,Shimla Satya Niketan,Near New Universal 18 Dhali Sh. Sanjay Kumar Councillor 98160-40919 0177-2842919 Auto,Dhalli,Shimla Sh.Mahender Singh 0177-2834581 Arival Niwas,Cemetry 19 Chamyana Councillor 0177-2842022 Chauchan 94182-44202 road,Sanjauli,Shimla 43-Sardha 20 Malayana Smt. Meera Councillor 94184-55262 Bhawan,Sangti,Sanjauli,Shimla Sh. Maheshwar 0177-2625790 21 Kasumpati Councillor Flat No.52,Type-IV,Kasumpati,Shimla Chauhan 94184-81364 22 Chotta Shimla Sh. Surinder Chauhan Councillor 94180-09691 Octagon Lodge,Set No.1,Chota Shimla 0177-2621520 98160-70923 23 Patiyog Smt. Kusum Lata Councillor Ashwani Building,Sector-II,New Shimla 0177-2670923 98168-68774 24 Khalini Sh.Dev Raj Sharma Councillor 98166-03250 Chintpurni Niwas,Khalini,Shimla 0177-2624015 Honorable Mayor,M.C. 0177-2812360 25 Kanlog Smt. Madhu Sood 0177-2625368 Shimla 98160-33079 +Councillor

153

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Ward Offices

Ward Office Address Residential Address Ward Ward Name Contact (LL, Name of Ward JE Contact Details Contact (LL, Number Address Address Mobile, Email) Mobile, Email) Ward No.19 1 Bharari Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.4 2 Ruldu Bhatta Sh. Rakesh Sharma 94180-26608 Annadale Ward No.4 3 Kaithu Sh. Rakesh Sharma 94180-26608 Annadale Ward No.4 4 Annadale Sh. Rakesh Sharma 94180-26608 Annadale Ward No.5 5 Summer Hill Sh. Hem Raj 94184-24686 Summer Hill Ward No.5 6 Totu Sh. Hem Raj 94184-24686 Summer Hill Ward No.5 7 Boileauganj Sh. Hem Raj 94184-24686 Summer Hill Ward No.5 8 TutiKandi Sh. Hem Raj 94184-24686 Summer Hill Ward No.4 9 Nabha Sh. Rakesh Sharma 94180-26608 Annadale Ward No.4 10 Phagli Sh. Rakesh Sharma 94180-26608 Annadale Ward No. 12 11 Krishna Nagar Sh. Pradeep Gupta Ram Bazar Ward No. 12 12 Ram Bazar Sh. Pradeep Gupta Ram Bazar 13 Lower Bazar Sh. Jitender Samta Ward No.21

154

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Ward Ward Name Ward Office Address Name of Ward JE Contact Details Residential Address Number Kasumpati Ward No.21 14 Jakhu Sh. Jitender Samta Kasumpati Ward No. 12 15 Banmore Sh. Pradeep Gupta Ram Bazar Ward No.19 16 Engine Ghar Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.19 17 Sanjauli Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.19 18 Dhali Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.19 19 Chamyana Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.19 20 Malayana Sh. Rajesh Mandotra 94180-90581 Chamyana Ward No.21 21 Kasumpati Sh. Jitender Samta Kasumpati Ward No.23 22 Chotta Shimla Sh. Mohan Thakur 94180-67474 Patiyog Ward No.23 23 Patiyog Sh. Mohan Thakur 94180-67474 Patiyog Ward No.23 24 Khalini Sh. Mohan Thakur 94180-67474 Patiyog Ward No.23 25 Kanlog Sh. Mohan Thakur 94180-67474 Patiyog

155

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Health Related Services

HOSPITALS:

Office Contact Residential Address S. No. Name of the Hospital Contact Person Contact (LL, Mobile, Address Contact (LL, Mobile, Email) Address Email) 0177-2804251 / Fax- 2658339 1) IGMC Dr. S. S. Kaushal, Principal IGMC, Shimla 94180-25148 Dr. Sant Lal Sharma, CMO. 0177- 2657225 / 94184-57281 2) Rippon Med. Supdt. DDU Hospital 0177- 2658941

Dr. Mrs. Santosh Minhas, 3) KNH 0177-2624841 H.O.D Obg & Gynae

4) INDUS 0177-2841401 0177-2652800 5) Sanatorium 0177-2811821 Blood Bank, D.D.U 6) 0177-2658940 Hospital

AMBULANCE:

S. No. Ambulance Services Contact Person Contact Detail Contact Number

1) Atal Swasthya Sewa Dr.Umesh Bharti OSD 0177- 2625060 / 94181-20302 108 2) Red Cross Shri U.S.Thakur 0177-2621868

156

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

3) Sewa Bharti 2804648/ 102 4) Guru Nanak Seva Society 5) KNH 6) IGMC 7) Ambulance 102

BLOOD BANKS AND DONOR AGENCIES:

Contact Details Office Residential Address Working Name of the Contact S. No. Name of the Agency Contact (LL, Contact (LL, Hours Person Address Address Mobile, Email) Mobile, Email) 1 Umang Foundation NA Shri. Ajay Srivastava 9418488595 2 Blood Bank- IGMC 24 hours 0177-2803073 3 Blood Bank- DDU/ KNH 24 hours 0177-2654071 4 Living Treasure 24 hours Mr. Sarbjit Singh 9418061000 Association of Volunteer Shimla HO, Shimla - 5 Blood Donors 171001 7/34, Cecil Hotel, 6 Ashadeep Blood Bank Shimla – 171001 9418645725, 7 Save Life Mission Mr. Puneet Sood 9418005725

157

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure-6: List of NGOs & CBOs

S. No. Name of the Organisation Contact Person Contact Details Contact Number/ Email 1. Home Guards and Civil The Commandant General U.S. Club,Shimla-1 H.P. 9816047800 Defence 2. NCC Group HQ The Group Commander NCC Bhawan, Dunloe Estate, Shimla 3. NSS, Directorate of Education The State Programme Lalpani, Shimla 01772880483,9418080870 Coordinator 4. SEHB Society CHO/Member Secretary SEHB Society, M.C.Shimla 9418060150 5. Vyapar Mandal President Khalini, Shimla 6. Drug Association President Pacific Medicos, The Mall Shimla 7. Hotelier Association President Shivalik Hotel, Near U.S. Club, Shimla 9816047800 8. HDFC Bank Branch Manager HDFC Bank, The Mall Shimla 9. ICICI Branch Manager ICICI Bank, The Mall Shimla 10. Sewa Bharti Secretary IGMC, Shimla-1 01772806950, 9418017852 11. Prakrati Socity for Sustainable Ms.Aarti Gupta ANN Cottage,Broad View Estate, Sanjauli- 9418342479 for Sustainable Dev. Shimla-6 (94183-42479) 12. State Head-Helpage India Dr. Rajesh Kumar Lady Harding Cottage (No.3) Near H.P. High 91-0177-2811254 Court Bamloe,Shimla-171001 : 09418977457

13. Himachal Gyan Vigyan Samiti Secretary Shivalik Sadan,Engine Ghar, Sanjauli, Shimla- 9418454867 6 14. Gayatri Parivaar House No. 21 ,Housing Board Colony ,Shimla 15. GIZ Programme Officer GIZ, D.M. Cell, M.C. Shimla 8894046248 16. The Kelistion Welfare Society Mr. M.L. Gupta, 3, Keliston Estate,Shimla-1 17. Residential Welfare Mr.Jeevanand Jeevan, B-94, Phase II, Sector -3, New Shimla Association

158

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

S. No. Name of the Organisation Contact Person Contact Details Contact Number/ Email 18. Residential Welfare Mr.P.K. Ahluwalia, B-451, Phase III,Sector -4,New Shimla Association 20. Rotary Club Secretary Rotary Club ,The Mall Shimla-1 9816020702 21. LIONS Club Secretary LIONS Club, Ananya Cottage, Dakshin Vihar, Sanjauli, Shimla 22. Inner Wheel Rotary Club Secretary Inner Wheel Rotary Club ,The Mall Shimla 9816020702 23. YMCA Secretary YMCA,Ridge,Shimla-1 24. YWCA Secretary, Ms. Sneh YWCA,Scandal Point,Shimla -1 9816347986 25. Art Of Living Mr. Anoop Kumar Hans Jewellers, Near Ladies Park,Mall Road 26. Patanjali Chikitsalayas Mr. Ankit Kumar Arpit Apartment, Opposite Forest 09218533369, 09218633333 Office,Talland,Shimla 27. HP State Branch, Indian Red Mr.U.S. Thakur,Organizing Red Cross Bhawan, Barnes Court,Shimla- 0177-2240862 Cross Society, Secretary 171002 (0177-2240862) 28. Nehru Yuva Kendra Zonal Director, Chandar Builing, New Totu,Shimla-171011 0177-2838141 Sangathan(NYKS) 29. WWF- India Programme Officer Shimla Field Office Bishop Cotton School 9816026295 Gate No.2,By- Pass Road,New Shimla-171009 30. SEEDS India Project Manager 469 A, Block-27, Sector-3, New Shimla- 9418940271 171009 31. Himachal Pradesh Voluntary Programme Officer B-37, Phase-1, Sector-2 New Shimla-171009 0177-2670132, 9816410558 Health Association (HPVHA) 33. Umang Foundation Chairman HNo.3 Himalaya 9418488595 Apartments,Kusumpati,Shimla-9 34. Youth Enlightening Society- Dr. Akarshan Santosh Niwas, Panthaghati,Shimla-9 9817166688 YES 35. INTACH Capt. Sood Panchwaqti, Village Kanena,Shimla-171004 9418029828 36. HIMCON Managing Director, Hotel Bridge View, The Mall Shimla

159

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure- 7: Contingency Plan- District Administration, Shimla

Sl.no Action to be taken Points of Action Agency Responsible 1. Setting up of Control Room - Control Room to be set up in the ground floor room of new - Action by AC to DC Shimla and all building at District H.Q. in D.C. Office, Shimla. Department - It will be functioned for the period of about 3 months or the situation demands - Toll free number 1077 will be the emergency number which will operate for 24hours - Control Room at all departments should also operate for 24 hours - All complaints need to be entered in the register along with the action taken 2. Appointment of Nodal - All departments will appoint Nodal Officers for the period or as - Action by all departments Officers situation demands - Name, Residence/Office/ Moblile Number will be conveyed to the office of the D.C and SP Shimla. - PWD has to set up a Control Room wich will function 24 hours to arrange the JCB, labour, etc - Contingency plans for the departments for the winter season 3. Clearance of Roads - Clearance of restricted roads & hospital roads as - HP PWD & M.C Shimla IGMC/KNH/DDU and High Court to Ridge & C.M. residence, etc. on priority basis. - HP PWD & M.C. Shimla has to ensure quality & control & the availability of equipments and manpower 4. Supply of drinking water - A team should be developed to ensure the regular supply of - IPH/ M.C Shimla water during winter season 5. Supply of Power - To ensure the uninterrupted electricity supply - HPSEB - All lines need to be checked and preventive maintenance should be carried out - Prone areas of weak lines and poles may be identified and

160

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Sl.no Action to be taken Points of Action Agency Responsible repaired in advance - Power supply in Hospitals should be ensured through alternate arrangements as well - Supply Line to the control room need to be ensure as well 6. Providing basic amenities - To ensure the supply of basic amenities to the citizens like Solid - M.C. Shimla Waste Management, Water Supply, Street Light, etc, - More attention to be given to the sloppy paths/roads 7. Telephone Services - Necessary arrangements in advance to regularize the telephone - BSNL services 8. Services of Civil Defence & - Control Room to be function for 24 hours - Home Guards Home Guards 9. Transportation - Control Rooms to be setup, - HRTC - Maintenance of Vehicles and Equipments should be done in advance - Availability of technical staff to tackle traffic situations 10. Supply of essential - Sufficient stock of essential commodities i.e. food stuff, L.P.G, - Department of Food & Civil Commodities Kerosene, Petrol, Diesal, Candles, etc should be done in advance Supplies 11. Police Department - Smooth traffic maintenance - S.P. Shimla 12. Forest Department - Removal of falling trees from the blocked roads/ footpaths - Forest Department/ M.C. Shimla - All preventive measures should be taken in advance 13. Supply of Milk and Milk - To ensure the regular supply of milk - Milkfed/ DFSC Products 14. Action Plan by all - Anticipated problems - All Departments departments - Preparedness status - Available resources (Men, Material and Machines) the condition of the machinery, replacement and utility - Response Plan in the event of sudden and even snowfall/ land slide, etc.

161

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

Annexure- 8: List of Volunteers

List of Volunteers Red Cross Society:

Sr. No. Name Designation contact 1. Sh. Rajender Kumar Assistant 94599-70901 2. Sh. Lokesh Rana Volunteer 94597-67757 3. Sh. Sanjeev Negi Volunteer 94184-41127 4. Sh. Megha Kataria Volunteer 98161-40305 5. Sh. Rashima Rahul Volunteer 98171-61530 6. Sh. Anil Azad Volunteer 98179-89719 7. Sh. Surender Singh Volunteer 91292-24654 8. Sh. Vikram Kainthla Volunteer 98577-58613 9. Sh. Sunder Secretary 0177-2621868 10. Sh.Deepak Gautam Volunteer 98164-38798

List of Volunteers of Civil Defence:

Sr.No. Name Designation Contact Detail 1. Sh. Mohinder Seth Chief Warden 98160-47800 2. Sh.Divis Sood Divisional 98162-08881 Warden 3. Sh. Brij Mohan Divisional 94184-06696 Warden 4. Sh. Rahul Chawla Post Warden 98570-09900 5. Sh. Davinder Banyal Post Warden 98163-59775 6. Sh. Amit Sohal Post Warden 98160-42000 7. Sh. Wasim Volunteer 96258-55808 8. Sh. Vijay Volunteer 98160-28000 9. Sh. Golli ji Volunteer 94180-13302 10. Sh.Atul Sood Volunteer 98822-70444 11. Sh. Manoj Sector Warden 98165-44897 12. Sh. Raju Volunteer 98051-31581 13. Sh. Vijay Volunteer 98054-41663 14. Sh. Sanjeet Sood Post Warden 94184-65609 15. Sh. Naveen Puri Volunteer 98160-05704 16. Sh. Munish Sharma Volunteer 98160-23016

162

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

List Of NCC Volunteers: Govt. Degree College Sanjauli

Sr.No. Name Designation Contact 1. Dr. Uttam Singh Associate NCC 94180-30906 officer 2. Sh. Vijender Singh Volunteer 98054-36380 3. Mrs.Priti Volunteer 94598-21663 4. Mrs. Jyoti Thakur Volunteer 94183-07682 5. Sh. Suryakant Volunteer 94186-61551 6. Mrs. Damayanti Volunteer 94591-27705 7. Sh. Karan Kansra Volunteer 91292-24913 8. Mrs. Sarika Volunteer 94598-60795 9. Sh. Ravi S.U.O 98055-76605

List of Volunteers SEHB,Society (Solid Waste Management), M.C. Shimla

Name of Sanitary Ins. Phone NO. Allotted Wards Sh. Rajnish Brar 94180-38021 1,16,17 &19 Sh. Liaq Ram 94180-16782 18,20,21,22 & 23 Sh. Sohan Lal 94180-90195 6,7,8 & 9 Sh. Kishore Chand 94180-78242 2,3,4 & 5 Sh. Bharat Bhushan 94180-14593 12,13,14 &15 Sh. Ram Singh 94180-29908 10,11,24 & 25 LIST OF SUPERVISORS Ward Name of Supervisors Ward Name No. 1 Sh. Ravinder(Asstt.) Bharari 94186-69758 2 Sh. Guru Dev Ruldhu Bhatta 88949-36837 3 Sh. Naresh Kumar Kaithu 94590-92003 4 Sh. Bhart Kumar Annadale 98164-05988 5 Sh. Dinesh Summer Hill 91297-54308 6 Sh. Hitender Totu 98173-88592 7 Sh.Verinder Kumar Boileauganj 98164-54789 8 Sh. Narinder Tuti Kandi 98160-66280 9 Sh. Narinder Kumar Nabha 98177-99610 10 Sh. Dalvinder Kumar Phagli 98822-30800 11 Sh. Vijay Kumar Krishna Nagar 88945-85525 12 Sh. Satvir Ram Bazar 98171-51277 13 Sh. Prem Kumar Lower Bazar 94186-42842 14 Sh. Krishan Bhagat Jakhu 90692-18942 15 Sh. Deepak Kumar Benmore 94186-26100 16 Sh. Dil Bag Singh Engine Ghar 91290-65165

163

City Disaster Management Plan- Shimla (2012)

17 Sh. Satyaveer Singh Sanjauli Chowk 98822-39100 18 Sh. Manoj Sagar Dhalli 94592-15406 19 Sh. Pratap (Asstt.) Chamyana 98167-24390 20 Sh. Raj Kumar Maliyana 86795-64012 21 Sh. Yogesh Mandla Kasumpati 98164-68339 22 Sh. Rajesh Kumar Chhotta Shimla 88942-46678

23 Sh. Sunil Kumar Patiyaog 98163-03808 24 Sh. Bhoop Singh Khailini 98573-57133 25 Sh. Kishori Lal Kanlog 93188-44555

*******

164