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The Eclipse of Community Mental Health and Erich Lindemann

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The Eclipse of Community Mental Health and Erich Lindemann The Eclipse of Community Mental Health and Erich Lindemann These volumes make new contributions to the history of psychiatry and society in three ways: First, they propose a theory of values and ideology influencing the evolution of psychiatry and society in recurring cycles and survey the history of psychiatry in recent centuries in light of this theory. Second, they review the waxing, prominence, and waning of community mental health as an example of a segment of this cyclical history of psychiatry. Third, they provide the first biography of Erich Lindemann, one of the founders of social and community psychiatry, and explore the interaction of the prominent contributor with the historical environment and the influence this has on both. We return to the issue of values and ideologies as influences on psychiatry, whether or not it is accepted as professionally proper. This is intended to stimulate self-reflection and the acceptance of the values sources of ideology, their effect on professional practice, and the effect of values-based ideology on the community in which psychiatry practices. The books will be of interest to psychiatric teachers and practitioners, health planners, and socially responsible citizens. David G. Satin is a board-certified psychiatrist who has trained at the Massachusetts General and McLean Hospitals, has been Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, where he also obtained his MD and taught gerontology and the history of psychiatry, and has had a clinical practice in adult and geriatric psychiatry. The Eclipse of Community Mental Health and Erich Lindemann Community Mental Health, Erich Lindemann, and Social Conscience in American Psychiatry, Volume 3 David G. Satin First published 2021 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 David G. Satin The right of David G. Satin to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Satin, David G., author. Title: Community mental health, Erich Lindemann, and social conscience in American psychiatry / David G. Satin. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2020026022 (print) | LCCN 2020026023 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429331350 (v. 1 ; ebook) | ISBN 9781000169805 (v. 1 ; adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000169812 (v. 1 ; mobi) | ISBN 9781000169829 (v. 1 ; epub) | ISBN 9780429331374 (v. 2 ; ebook) | ISBN 9781000169867 (v. 2 ; adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000169881 (v. 2 ; mobi) | ISBN 9781000169904 (v. 2 ; epub) | ISBN 9780429331367 (v. 3 ; ebook) | ISBN 9781000171280 (v. 3 ; adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000171273 (v. 3 ; mobi) | ISBN 9781000171297 (v. 3 ; epub) | ISBN 9780367354336 (v. 1 ; hardcover) | ISBN 9780367354374 (v. 2 ; hardcover) | ISBN 9780367354350 (v. 3 ; hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Social psychiatry. | Community psychiatry. | Mental health services. Classification: LCC RC455 (ebook) | LCC RC455 .S197 2021 (print) | DDC 362.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026022 ISBN: 978-0-367-35435-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-33136-7 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC This history is dedicated to those who created it: the people who raised and struggled with issues of social influences on mental health, the place of social responsibility in mental health professional practice, and the social conscience of society. Committed and thoughtful people took different approaches on these questions but confronted them seriously. Sometimes this brought fulfillment, sometimes despair. Often it took courage; sometimes this resulted in professional and personal injury. Such is the fate of committed people in the historical clash of values. This record and interpretation is especially dedicated to those who unearthed for the record their experiences, memories, and insights—sometimes with pain—to teach their successors about this endeavor. We trust it has been worth their efforts: “All of us bear witness to the dissolution of our piece of creation. Only the novelist can restore to us, in the miracle of ink that pours itself like blood onto paper, the lineaments of our lost worlds, alive”.1 Note 1. Rosen, Norma, “My Son, the Novelist”, LIVES column, The New York Times Magazine, 8/3/1997, p. 60 Figure FM-1 Frontispiece: Erich Lindemann, Palo Alto, CA, 1960s [courtesy Lindemann Estate] Contents List of Figures viii Preface for All Three Volumes x Acknowledgments for All Three Volumes xix 1 A Sampling of Community Mental Health Programs 1 2 The Counterrevolution of Biology and Business and the Suppression of Community Mental Health: 1966–1974 150 3 Continuity and Replacement: After 1974—Legacy and Successors of Community Mental Health 310 4 Lindemann, Social Ideology, and Social Conscience in Psychiatry and Society: Expectations and Experience 388 Appendix: Informants Interviewed 445 Index 451 Figures FM-1 Frontispiece: Erich Lindemann, Palo Alto, CA, 1960s vi 1.1 Hugo Biehl, M.D., Meiner, Ph.D., Jung, Ph.D., research staff, Zentralinstitut für Seelisches Gesundheit, Mannheim, West Germany 121 1.2 Wofgang Bolm, M.D. (psychiatrist), Ingmar Steinhart (psychologist), Irmeli Rotha (social worker), Social Psychiatry Department, Freie Universität Berlin 122 1.3 Hartmut Dziewas, M.D., Prof. of Social Psychiatry, University of Hamburg, new director, Im Schlosspark Klinik 122 1.4 Heinz Häfner, Direktor and E. Schramek., secretary, Zentralinstitut für Seelisches Gesundheit, Mannheim, W. Germany 123 1.5 Alfred Kraus, Dept. of Psychiatry, phenomenologist, University of Heidelberg, W. Germany 123 1.6 Prof. Christoph Mundt, Direktor, Psychiatrische Polyklinik; and Prof. Werner Janzarik, Professor (Chairman) Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg 124 1.7 Walter Ritter von Baeyer, Heidelberg University 124 1.8 Hartmut Schneider, director, Social Psychiatry Unit. Zentralinstitut für Seelisches Gesundheit, Mannheim, West Germany 125 1.9 Caspar Kulenkampff and Ulrich Hoffmann, Aktion Psychisch Kranke, Bonn, W. Germany 125 1.10 Frau Dr. Christa Meyn, German Federal Ministerium Jugend-Familie-Gesundheit, Bonn 125 1.11 Niels and Britta Pörksen, 1988 126 2.1 Budget of the National Institute of Mental Health, 1948–77 155 2.2 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center 264 2.3 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center 265 2.4 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center, 1970 266 2.5 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center 266 Figures ix 2.6 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center 267 2.7 Jean Farrell (Erich Lindemann’s administrative assistant) outside the Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center, summer 1973 268 2.8 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center dedication, 11/22/71—Dr. Lindemann in earnest conversation 268 2.9 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center dedication, 11/22/71—Erich and Elizabeth Lindemann 269 2.10 Erich Lindemann Mental Health Center dedication, 11/22/71—Erich Lindemann receiving applause 270 2.11 Lindau Psychotherapy Group, 1973 271 2.12 Lindau Psychotherapy Group Meeting Place, 1968 271 2.13 Erich Lindemann, Palo Alto, CA, 1960s 272 2.14 Erich Lindemann in California, 1969 272 2.15 Erich Lindemann at the piano at home, Palo Alto, CA, 1966–8 273 2.16 Erich Lindemann, terminally ill, 1972 273 2.17 Erich Lindemann death certificate, 11/16/74 274 3.1 Lindau Psychotherapy Group, 4/8/07 375 3.2 Elizabeth B. Lindemann and Brenda Lindemann, Anaheim, CA—American Public Health Association award to Erich Lindemann, 1983 376 3.3 Plainfield, VT—Ami (8), Jamin (6–1/2), and Brenda Lindemann with “Kitty Tall Tail”, Fall 1996 376 Preface for All Three Volumes One of the pitfalls of the celebration of history is “presentism”—the self-centered belief that current values and perspectives are the only or highest in history. Oliver Wendell Holmes tartly observed: “Much, therefore, which is now very commonly considered to be the result of experience, will be recognized in the next, or in some succeeding gen- eration, as no such result at all, but as a foregone conclusion, based on some prevalent belief or fashion of the time”.1 And, further, that perspec- tives change: “One has to remember there’s a kind of cyclical rhythm in American public affairs, cycles of intense activism succeeded by a time of exhaustion and acquiescence”.2 Social history has a tradition of tracing historical movements through outstanding figures, the individuals exemplifying as much as determining the movements.3 “Psychohistory” goes further, seeking to understand group movements as the cumulative effect of the psychodynamics of indi- viduals: “Methodological individualism is the principle that group pro- cesses may be entirely explained by . psychological laws governing the motivations and behavior of individuals”.4 Erich Lindemann’s life—1900 to 1974—was contemporaneous with the origins of and developments in the community mental health (CMH) movement. He was involved in many important CMH activities and with important participants, and he contributed to and influenced CMH in important ways, both as a leader of its admirers and as a target of its critics. His personal development, the social movements and academic developments around him, the edu- cation to which he was exposed and which he chose, the sequence of his professional development, and the responses—positive and negative— which he received, paralleled at least the health promotion and illness prevention branch of CMH. We see in his person the development of the values and ideology that were mirrored in that branch and it’s conflict with other psychiatric ideologies.
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