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1 Introduction 2 Contextualizing the Issues Notes 1 Introduction 1. In 2013, the group changed the name of the event to ‘The March to End Rape Culture’ (SlutWalk Philadelphia 2013). However, the SlutWalk Philadelphia Facebook page is still extremely active and is used to promote this march. 2. Unfortunately, just days before the walk was scheduled to take place, SlutWalk Seattle had to cancel their event after their sound specialist vol- unteer pulled out at the last minute and they could not find someone to replace them. As organiser Laura Delgado explained, ‘it seemed impractical to keep trotting on right up to the deadline without that element planned out’ (Delgado 2014b). 3. Websites and Facebook groups consulted include: SlutWalk Aotearoa, SlutWalk Bangalore, SlutWalk Chicago, SlutWalk India, SlutWalk Johannesburg, SlutWalk London, SlutWalk Perth, SlutWalk Seattle, SlutWalk Singapore, SlutWalk Toronto, SlutWalk Winnipeg. 2 Contextualizing the Issues 1. In fact, there is even talk about a Fourth Wave of activists, who are defined by their use of new media technologies to create a new feminist movement online (see Cochrane 2013). However, although the term Fourth Wave has been coined, it has yet to be a label embraced by feminist scholars or feminists themselves (Keller 2013). 2. Surprisingly, although Reclaim the Night marches have been staged since the late 1970s, I found no academic research exploring its representations in the news media. 3. Heather Jarvis (2012) told me that the first secret organising group she heard of started out of Atlanta, but that there are several in operation, many of which are in languages other than English. She also added that certain groups have closed down over the years due to disagreements which she sees as ‘natural’, given most organisers are survivors of sexual assault and are dealing with a lot of pain and healing. 4. Others, such as Gerbaudo (2012) questioned the extent to which any social movement can truly be leaderless, and instead argued that although many new social movements refuse to have identifiable leaders, they do develop their own kinds of hierarchies (see also Freeman 1972). 5. In fact, the sexual assault of female protesters has become such an issue that sev- eral groups have formed which aim to ‘rescue’ women who are attacked. These include Operation Anti- Sexual Harassment (OpAntiSH) and Tahrir Bodyguard. 6. Keller (2013) initially limited her study to girls aged between 15 and 21, although she recognises that the term ‘girl’ is not necessarily age- related and that older women can also identify as ‘girls’. 198 Notes 199 7. These included organisers for SlutWalk LA, Victoria (Canada), Newcastle, New York City, Johannesburg, Singapore, and Winnipeg. 8. This is despite the fact that some marches were cancelled at the last minute. For example, the SlutWalk Bangalore 2011 march was cancelled the night before when police revoked the march permit. Similarly, SlutWalk Seattle 2014 was cancelled around a week before its scheduled date. In both cases, however, I included my interviews with those who had organised these marches as both were cancelled due to unforeseen circumstances. 9. My mainstream news sample consisted of the following: Australian Broadcasting Company (Australia); The Australian/Weekend Australian (Australia); Canberra Times (Australia); Herald Sun and Sunday Herald Sun (Australia); Hobart Mercury and Sunday Tasmanian (Australia); Sydney Morning Herald (Australia); Calgary Herald (Canada); CBC (Canada); Globe and Mail (Canada); Ottawa Citizen (Canada); Huffington Post (Canada, UK and US); Toronto Star (Canada); Indian Express (India); New Indian Express (India); The Telegraph (India); Times of India (India); New Zealand Herald (New Zealand); Sunday Star- Times (New Zealand); TV New Zealand (New Zealand); The New Paper (Singapore); The Straits Times (Singapore); Cape Times (South Africa); Daily Dispatch (South Africa); South African Broadcasting Company (South Africa); Sowetan (South Africa); BBC (UK); Daily Mail, Mail on Sunday and Mail Online (UK); The Guardian (UK); The Observer (UK); The Sun (UK); The Times (UK); Daily News (US); New York Times (US); Washington Post (US); Washington Times (US). 10. My feminist media sample consisted of the following sites: The Conversation (Australia); DragOnista (Australia); Dangers Untold and Hardships Unnumbered (Australia); Definatalie.com (Australia); Feminaust (Australia); Godard’s Letterbox (Australia); Green Left Weekly (Australia); Hoyden About Town (Australia); Insanity Works (Australia); Two Feminists (Australia); Zero at the Bone (Australia); Emma W. Wooley (Canada); Feminist Catalyst (Canada); Feminist Current (Canada); Rabble.ca (Canada); Rmott62 (Canada); SlutWalk Toronto (Canada); Asian Window (India); Crazy Dumbsaint of the Mind (India); The Dancing Sufi (India); From A SlutWalker, With Love (India); Just Femme (India); Pratiksha Baxi (India); Ramblings of a Feminist Abroad (India); Rendezvous (India); Textual Orientation (India); This Is My Truth (India); Women’s Web (India); Open Democracy (International); Brooklynne Michelle (New Zealand); come again? (New Zealand); Craft is the new black (New Zealand); The Hand Mirror (New Zealand); Iced Chai (New Zealand); Ideologically Impure (New Zealand); Kiwiana (New Zealand); The Lady Garden (New Zealand); Lady News (New Zealand); Luddite Journo (New Zealand); News With Nipples (New Zealand); Pickled Think (New Zealand); Scuba Nurse (New Zealand); Too Fat for our Pants (New Zealand); Aware (Singapore); Diva (Singapore); Juice (Singapore); Rachel Zeng (Singapore); SlutWalk Singapore (Singapore); Feminists SA (South Africa); Just a South African Woman (South Africa); SlutWalk Johannesburg (South Africa); Thought Leader (South Africa); Bad Reputation (UK); The F- Word (UK); Here. In My Head (UK); Lesbilicious (UK); Rarely Wears Lipstick (UK); Red Pepper (UK); Slutwalk London (UK); Versatile Identities (UK); AfroLez femcentric perspective (US); AlterNet (US); Big Think (US); Bitch Media (US); Black Women’s Blueprint (US); Bust Magazine (US); Crunk Feminist Collective (US); David Wraith (US); Dissent (US); The F 200 Notes Bomb (US); Feminist Frequency (US); Feministe (US); Feministing (US); Feminists for Choice (US); Gender Focus (Canada); The Good Men Project (US); Hugo Schwyzer (US); I Blame the Patriarchy (US); Intersectional Activism (US); Jezebel (US); Life in a Pickle (US); Ms Magazine (US); People of Color Organize (US); The Pursuit of Harpyness (US); Queer Black Feminist (US); Racialicious (US); Rookie (US); Scarleteen (US); Stop Street Harassment (US); Thought Catalogue (US); To the Curb (US); Women’s Views on News (US); Where is Your Line? (US); Yasmin Nair Blog (US); Clarisse Thorn (US); The Feminist Wire (US). 3 Situating SlutWalk 1. Where only five news articles were 500 words or more, 28 columns and 14 features were this length. Although no news articles were 1,000 words or more, eight columns and five features were this length. Alternatively, where 87 news articles were 250 words or less, only 12 columns and 19 features were this length. 2. Gejje Hejje translates to ‘anklet footsteps’, and was used because anklets were worn by concubines, courtesans and sex slaves when performing dances used to entertain upper- class men. 4 Representing the Movement: SlutWalk Challenges Rape Culture 1. In both mainstream news and feminist media, I counted up to three feminist discourses per article/post. 2. However, Scully & Marolla (1985) found that some rapists admitted they did not orgasm and indicate rape was not done for sexual fulfilment. 3. Yet, in 2014 another instance of biological determinism emerged as a judge in Hull, UK, told a man accused of rape that: ‘It’s sad to see a man of generally good character in the dock for such a serious offence … This was a case where you just lost control of normal restraint’ (Shoesmith 2014). 4. For an interesting critique of neoliberal tropes inherent in current anti- victimization discourses, see Rebecca Stringer (2014). 5 Representing the Movement: SlutWalk is Misguided or Opposed 1. For example, SlutWalk DC was heavily criticised after it held a fundraiser at a ‘gentleman’s club’. 2. While my coding scheme allowed me to count the number of photos in each post, I only coded the content for the first image presented. 3. Interestingly, to my knowledge, this discourse has never been used as a justi- fication for why men are raped. 6 SlutWalk Hierarchies and Organizers’ Roles 1. I should point out that after their September 2014 march, Karen Pickering decided to step down from her role as organiser (Gray 2014b). Notes 201 2. I have come across at least one example, from SlutWalk Winnipeg, of a home- made zine that the organisers photographed and uploaded as a PDF. The zine can be accessed from the SlutWalk Winnipeg website (2014). I have, however, come across calls for material to be published in a zine on the 2014 SlutWalk Chicago Facebook page, and SlutWalk Singapore 2011 and 2012 organiser Vanessa Ho told me they had sold zines as a means of fundraising (2012). 7 SlutWalk, Community and Cyberactivism 1. The Bangalore march was unfortunately cancelled the day before when oppo- nents threatened to attack protesters and police revoked their permit amidst safety concerns (Chandramowli 2014). References Adams, K. (2011) ‘SlutWalkers are Missing the Point’, The Sun, 6 June, 11, online. Adelman, L. (2011) ‘The Feministing Five: Sonya Barnett and Heather Jarvis’, Feministing, 16 April, online. AF3IRM (2011) ‘Women of Color Respond to SlutWalk: “The Women’s Movement
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