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University for Development Studies Indigenous www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES INDIGENOUS NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND CONSUMPTION OF INDIGENOUS FOODS BY MOTHERS IN THE NABDAM DISTRICT OF THE UPPER EAST REGION OF GHANA ROSEMARY ANDERSON AKOLAA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AFRICAN AND GENERAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT DEGREE 2019 www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES INDIGENOUS NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND CONSUMPTION OF INDIGENOUS FOODS BY MOTHERS IN THE NABDAM DISTRICT OF THE UPPER EAST REGION OF GHANA BY: ROSEMARY ANDERSON AKOLAA [PHD IN DED] STUDENT UDS ID NO.: UDS/DED/0047/12 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AFRICAN AND GENERAL STUDIES, FACULTY OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT DEGREE 2019 www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh DECLARATION Student I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original work with due reference and acknowledgement made where necessary, and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere. Candidate’s Signature: ……………………… Date: …………………. Name: Rosemary Anderson Akolaa Supervisors We hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of this thesis was supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University for Development Studies. Principal Supervisor: Signature: ……………………… Date: ……………………… Name: Professor Philip Baba Adongo Co-supervisor: Signature: ……………………… Date: ……………………… Name: Professor Sylvester Z. Gaala i www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh ABSTRACT Many intellectuals and other authorities have perceived that the growth and prosperity of a nation is heavily dependent on the wellbeing, nutrition and development of the people. This has been presumed to be further dependent on peoples’ nutrition knowledge of foods found in their localities and the frequency of their consumption. There is a rich habitation of natural foods that might probably promote food security, nutrition and health, hence, an appropriate and sustainable intervention in nutrition using indigenous food resources can improve several key development outcomes. In Ghana, under nutrition contributes to about half of all child deaths beyond early infancy, which is unacceptable. This study sought to assess the indigenous nutritional knowledge and consumption of indigenous foods by mothers in the Nabdam district of Ghana. The concurrent approach of mixed method was adopted. Four hundred individual respondents for the quantitative aspect were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Purposive sampling adopting the snowball technique was used to sample 9 individuals for the in-depth interviews. Again, purposive sampling technique was used to select participants for the focus group discussions. A total of seven focus group discussion was carried out in seven communities. STATA 13 and NVivo 11 software were used in the analysis for quantitative and qualitative data respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine association between dependent and independent variables. The mean age of respondents for the quantitative survey was 33.3, with a standard deviation of 10.9. Only few (21.5%) of the respondents were able to differentiate indigenous foods from all the food categories presented. Indigenous nutritional knowledge was high (77.7%) and majority (64.8%) of ii www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh mothers consumed indigenous food. However, Indigenous cereal was less consumed (43.8%) as compared to non-indigenous cereals (56.2%). Indigenous nutritional knowledge was significantly associated with consumption of indigenous food (p=0.015). Marital status, age, educational level, and sources of knowledge were statistically significant and associated with mother’s indigenous nutritional knowledge. Mothers who attained JHS/MS/Tech and Tertiary were 33% and 100% less likely to consume indigenous food as compared to those without formal education (aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.3238, 2.3711) and (aOR=0.00, 95% CI = 0.4623, 6.4023) respectively. The study concluded that the high indigenous nutritional knowledge displayed by the mothers in the Nabdam district was skewed towards the elderly, and for that matter calls for rigorous knowledge transfer. Even though the overall score on the consumption of indigenous foods was averagely high, it leaves much to be desired, since the consumption of indigenous cereals and indigenous fruits were low. Nutritional knowledge does not influence consumption on its own, but other critical influencing factors such as environment (cultural, availability and institutional), lifestyle/behavioural and other personal factors may interact to strongly inform consumption of indigenous foods. The study also concludes that culture and lifestyle have great influence on the consumption of indigenous foods among mothers. The study again concluded that the culture of transferring indigenous knowledge to the younger generation is not easy with the fast growing society, with modernity being one obstacle, and the fact that the younger generation are not ready and not prepared to learn the indigenous skills. iii www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I will always thank the Lord, I will praise him for what He has done; the Almighty has worked marvels for me and great is his name. The intercession of the Queen of the Universe and mother of perpetual help cannot be over looked. Accept my gratitude Lord, for this piece of work wouldn’t have been possible without your wisdom and direction. This thesis would not have come to fruition without the guidance of my supervisors Professor Philip Baba Adongo and Professor Sylvester Gaala, their efforts are highly appreciated. Thank you for your encouragement and support throughout my study. It has been a privilege and humbling experience working with you. My sincere gratitude goes to all mothers, Traditional Leaders, and the nutrition officer (Mr. Kolog Timbire Jonas) who took time off and provided the research work with all the needed help. I also wish to acknowledge my research team; Pastor Eric Brako-Siaw, Lauretta Sefakor Akli, Martin Dittor and Monica Ayenpoka Tibil for their support during the research work. I want to specially thank Dr. Roger Ayimbillah Atinga, Dr. Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong, Dr. Esther Oduraa Ofei-Aboagye, Dr, Joseph Anyagbilla Ayembilla, Professor Mary Murimi, Professor Francis Zotor and Mr. Godwin Fusiani for their enormous and valuable contributions to the work. Thanks to my children (Ethel and Michael) and to the unending list of family, friends and colleagues for their spiritual, moral, and physical contributions. iv www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh I want to also thank the institution (University for Development Studies) for granting me the opportunity to pursue a doctorate degree in my area of interest. How can I end without acknowledging my Golden father in-law, Mr Robert Ajene who’s immerse love, prayers and encouragement has brought me this far? Thank you my super Golden father. v www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my immediate family: Dr. Andrew Adugudaa Akolaa (Husband), Ethel Aputerebuno Akolaa (Daughter) and Michael Andrew Aduko Akolaa (Son). I also dedicate this work to my late grandmother Mma Ayampoka Abugbono and my late father Mr. Samuel Anofo Anderson, and to my mother, Mrs Beatrice Ayimbisah Anderson. vi www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC African Check AIFC African Indigenous Food Crops AILVs African Indigenous Leafy Vegetables BAMS Berlin Agriculture Ministers’ Summit BMI Body Mass Index BMJ British Medical Journal BWFC Berlin World Food Conference CD Could Differentiate CDCP Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention CIFF Children's Investment Fund Foundation CND Could Not Differentiate CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research ED Endogenous Development EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion FNS Food and Nutrition Security GFFA Global Forum for Food and Agriculture GLSS Ghana Living Standards Survey ICN International Conference on Nutrition IDA Iron Deficiency Anaemia IDD Iodine Deficiency Disorders IDI In-Depth Interview vii www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute MDG Millennium Development Goal NCHS National Centre for Health Statistics ORAC Oxygen Radical Absorbent Capacity PEM Protein Energy Malnutrition RDHS Regional Directorate of Health Services SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SSA Sub-Saharan Africa TBA Traditional Birth Attendance UIE Urinary Iodine Excretion UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development VAD Vitamin A Deficiency WFP World Food Programme WHA World Health Assembly WHES World Hunger Education Service WHO World Health Organisation WIAD Women in Agricultural Development viii www.udsspace.uds.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Declaration i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Dedication vi List of Abbreviations vii List of Tables xv List of Figures xvii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Research Problem 6 1.3 Research Questions 9 1.4 Research Objectives 9 1.5 Significance of the Study 10
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