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Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Ethinylestradiol (EE2), Testosterone (TEST), Androstenedione (AND), and Progesterone

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Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Ethinylestradiol (EE2), Testosterone (TEST), Androstenedione (AND), and Progesterone UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 13-Aug-2010 I, Ruth Marfil Vega , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science It is entitled: Abiotic Transformation of Estrogens in Wastewater Student Signature: Ruth Marfil Vega This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Makram Suidan, PhD Makram Suidan, PhD George Sorial, PhD George Sorial, PhD Margaret Kupferle, PhD, PE Margaret Kupferle, PhD, PE Marc Mills, PhD Marc Mills, PhD 11/8/2010 1,041 Abiotic Transformation of Estrogens in Wastewater A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering By Ruth Marfil-Vega B.S. Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Spain, 2001 Committee Chair: Makram T. Suidan, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The fate of seven steroids: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), testosterone (TEST), androstenedione (AND), and progesterone (PROG), in the presence of synthetic wastewater was studied in order to establish the role abiotic processes play in the elimination of these chemicals from the environment. Comprehension of these mechanisms will foster the optimization of the existing wastewater treatment technologies and the development of sustainable alternatives. Distinctive behavior was encountered for the target compounds in accordance with their chemical structure, hence, different physico-chemical properties and reactivity. Estrogenic compounds, comprising E1, E2, E3 and EE2, were found to undergo a catalytic transformation when contacted with a model vegetable material present in the synthetic wastewater. This transformation occurred in the absence of biological and enzymatic activity. On the other hand, the concentration of TEST, AND, and PROG stayed constant and in agreement with the spiked amount. The fastest transformation rate corresponded to E3, the least hydrophobic compound in the study. This may indicate that the catalytic reaction occurred in the aqueous phase. The contribution of steric and electronic factors, such as critical oxidation potential, in the reaction rate cannot be discarded; consequently, the hypothesis of a surface catalyzed reaction cannot be rejected. 14 14 The use of C4-estradiol ( C-E2) as model estrogenic compound corroborated the occurrence of a catalytic reaction, most likely through an oxidative coupling ii mechanism. Under oxic conditions, the mass balance for radioactivity was closed after extended experimental periods (72 h), while the concentration of 14C-E2 measured by Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) did not match the spiked one when analyzed independently in liquid and solid phases. Furthermore, radioactivity was found to distribute in the aqueous phase as well as extractable and non-extractable solids, suggesting that phenoxy radicals formed on the phenolic ring of 14C-E2 could react among themselves (to form dimers), with the functional groups present on the surface of the lignin-type vegetable model material (resulting in covalent bonded matter), and with other chemicals species in the solution. 14 C4-estrone was also monitored in this study, but it was not detected in any sample. Behavior encountered under anoxic conditions emphasized the role of molecular oxygen in the catalytic process. In the absence of oxygen, the reaction was completely halted; this was confirmed by the closure of the mass balance of 14C-E2, which was performed by radioactivity and LC/MS/MS analyses. This indicated that estrogens were transformed in an oxidation reaction catalyzed by some vegetable matter component and in which the dissolved oxygen acted as oxidant. Preliminary investigations suggested that manganese oxides could be acting as catalyst in this scenario. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my PhD advisor Dr. Makram T. Suidan, for his support and guidance during these years. His mentorship has been really valuable, and I will never forget any piece of advice he has given me. I would also like to thank Dr. Margaret Kupferle, Dr. Marc Mills, and Dr. George Sorial for serving in my committee. I am grateful for their suggestions to improve the quality of my research. Many people have helped me conducting my research and also gave me advice whenever I needed it; they are Dr. Campo Moreno, Dr. Brashear, Dr. Nakayama, and Dr. Venkatapathy. I cannot forget Dr. Esperanza Quintana: she was my mentor when I arrived in Cincinnati, and she has continued being great source of support and friendship. Without the support of my friends, it would have been really difficult to complete this dissertation; undoubtedly, a little piece of this work belongs to Cristina Jiménez Betancourt. And there are many others that came to my mind while compiling the results of my research… thank you to all the new friends I met in Cincinnati, and to the old ones I left back home and around Europe. And last, but not least, I would like to thank my family and my husband, for their love and their unconditional support and encouragement. This work is dedicated to them: Javier, Jesús, Dinesh, Mom… and Dad. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW ______________________________________________ 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT _________________________ 1 1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ____________________________________________ 8 1.3 LAYOUT OF DISSERTATION _________________________________________ 9 1.4 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 10 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS _____________________________ 20 2.1 CHEMICALS ______________________________________________________ 20 2.2 SYNTHETIC FEED _________________________________________________ 21 2.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN __________________________________________ 21 2.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS ___________________________________________ 21 2.4.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION OF AQUEOUS SAMPLES _____________________ 22 2.4.1.1 Extraction _________________________________________________________ 23 2.4.1.1.1 Initial extraction: SPE with C-18 (Chapter 3) ______________________________ 23 2.4.1.1.2 Modified extraction: SPE with C-18 (Chapters 4 and 5) _____________________ 23 2.4.1.2 Clean-up: SPE with neutral Alumina (Chapters 3, 4 and 5) ___________________ 24 2.4.1.3 Derivatization procedure ______________________________________________ 24 2.4.1.3.1 For GC/MS analysis (Chapter 3) _______________________________________ 24 2.4.1.3.2 For LC/MS/MS analysis (Chapters 4 and 5) ______________________________ 26 2.4.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION OF SOLID SAMPLES _________________________ 26 2.4.2.1 Sample lyophilization (Chapter 3) ______________________________________ 27 2.4.2.2 Extraction _________________________________________________________ 27 2.4.2.2.1 Rotary tumbler extraction (Chapter 3) ___________________________________ 27 2.4.2.2.2 ASE extraction (Chapters 4 and 5) ______________________________________ 28 2.4.2.3 Clean-up __________________________________________________________ 29 2.4.2.3.1 Alumina clean-up followed by HPLC clean-up (Chapter 3) __________________ 29 2.4.2.3.2 Alumina clean-up followed by C-18 clean-up (Chapters 4 and 5) ______________ 31 2.4.2.4 Derivatization procedure ______________________________________________ 32 2.4.2.4.1 For GC/MS analysis (Chapter 3) _______________________________________ 32 2.4.2.4.2 For LC/MS/MS analysis (Chapters 4 and 5) ______________________________ 32 2.4.3 GC/MS ANALYSIS (CHAPTER 3) _____________________________________ 32 2.4.3.1 Method validation ___________________________________________________ 33 2.4.4 LC/MS/MS ANALYSIS (CHAPTERS 4 AND 5) __________________________ 34 2.4.4.1 Method validation ___________________________________________________ 35 2.4.5 RADIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS (CHAPTERS 4 AND 5) ____________________ 36 2.5 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 38 CHAPTER 3. ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION OF ESTROGENS IN SYNTHETIC MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR TREATMENT _______________________________________________ 45 3.1 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________ 46 vii 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS _______________________________________ 49 3.2.1 REAGENTS AND CHEMICALS ______________________________________ 49 3.2.2 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE ________________________________________ 50 3.2.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN __________________________________________ 52 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ________________________________________ 54 3.4 CONCLUSIONS ___________________________________________________ 62 3.5 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 64 CHAPTER 4. ASSESSMENT OF THE ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION OF ESTROGENS IN A SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER MATRIX ______ 82 4.1 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________ 83 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS _______________________________________ 85 4.2.1 REAGENTS AND CHEMICALS ______________________________________ 85 4.2.2 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE ________________________________________ 86 4.2.2.1 RADIOACTIVITY ANALYSIS _______________________________________ 87 4.2.2.2 LC/MS/ANALYSIS _________________________________________________ 87 4.2.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN __________________________________________ 88 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ________________________________________ 89 4.4 CONCLUSIONS ___________________________________________________ 97 4.5 REFERENCES _____________________________________________________
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