1. Recommendations of the Ndac (Reproductive and Urology) Held on 31.03.2012
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University of Groningen the Pill and Thrombosis Van Vlijmen, Elizabeth
University of Groningen The pill and thrombosis van Vlijmen, Elizabeth Femma Willemien IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2016 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): van Vlijmen, E. F. W. (2016). The pill and thrombosis. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 08-10-2021 Financial support for the printing of this thesis was kindly provided by the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board and UMCG/GUIDE. -
Androgen Excess in Breast Cancer Development: Implications for Prevention and Treatment
26 2 Endocrine-Related G Secreto et al. Androgen excess in breast 26:2 R81–R94 Cancer cancer development REVIEW Androgen excess in breast cancer development: implications for prevention and treatment Giorgio Secreto1, Alessandro Girombelli2 and Vittorio Krogh1 1Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS – Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy 2Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, ASST – Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to G Secreto: [email protected] Abstract The aim of this review is to highlight the pivotal role of androgen excess in the Key Words development of breast cancer. Available evidence suggests that testosterone f breast cancer controls breast epithelial growth through a balanced interaction between its two f ER-positive active metabolites: cell proliferation is promoted by estradiol while it is inhibited by f ER-negative dihydrotestosterone. A chronic overproduction of testosterone (e.g. ovarian stromal f androgen/estrogen balance hyperplasia) results in an increased estrogen production and cell proliferation that f androgen excess are no longer counterbalanced by dihydrotestosterone. This shift in the androgen/ f testosterone estrogen balance partakes in the genesis of ER-positive tumors. The mammary gland f estradiol is a modified apocrine gland, a fact rarely considered in breast carcinogenesis. When f dihydrotestosterone stimulated by androgens, apocrine cells synthesize epidermal growth factor (EGF) that triggers the ErbB family receptors. These include the EGF receptor and the human epithelial growth factor 2, both well known for stimulating cellular proliferation. As a result, an excessive production of androgens is capable of directly stimulating growth in apocrine and apocrine-like tumors, a subset of ER-negative/AR-positive tumors. -
Efficacy of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator: 'Ormeloxifene' in Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
JSAFOG CLINICALEfficacy PRACTICEof a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator: ‘Ormeloxifene’ in Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Efficacy of a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator: ‘Ormeloxifene’ in Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding 1Tapan Kumar Bhattacharyya, 2Anusyua Banerji 1Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRMS Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India 2Senior Resident, RG Kar Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Correspondence: Tapan Kumar Bhattacharyya, Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRMS Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly-243202, Uttar Pradesh, India, Phone: 09748236960, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Background: Ormeloxifene, a third generation selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been claimed to ameliorate symptoms of DUB. This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of ormeloxifene and norethisterone. Methods: 180 cases of DUB, who have completed child bearing and are above 35 years, were randomly assigned ormeloxifene, progesterone and iron groups. Ormeloxifene group received ormeloxifene for 12 weeks. Norethisterone group received norethisterone for 12 days in every cycle for six cycles. Iron was given as 60 mg of elemental iron daily. Before starting drug therapy, ultrasound, office hysteroscopy and endometrium sampling for histopathology was obtained and repeated at end of follow-up. The side effects and complications of drug ormeloxifene were noted and relief of symptoms and patient acceptability were compared with norethisterone. Results: 81.7% in the ormeloxifene administered subjects marked relief of symptoms with significant reduction of PBAC scores, reduction of blood clots, and rise in hemoglobin levels. Side effects/complications included amenorrhea, urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. The ease of administration of ormeloxifene facilitated compliance and acceptability. -
Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3), Ethinylestradiol (EE2), Testosterone (TEST), Androstenedione (AND), and Progesterone
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: 13-Aug-2010 I, Ruth Marfil Vega , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science It is entitled: Abiotic Transformation of Estrogens in Wastewater Student Signature: Ruth Marfil Vega This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Makram Suidan, PhD Makram Suidan, PhD George Sorial, PhD George Sorial, PhD Margaret Kupferle, PhD, PE Margaret Kupferle, PhD, PE Marc Mills, PhD Marc Mills, PhD 11/8/2010 1,041 Abiotic Transformation of Estrogens in Wastewater A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the School of Energy, Environmental, Biological and Medical Engineering By Ruth Marfil-Vega B.S. Chemistry, University of Valladolid, Spain, 2001 Committee Chair: Makram T. Suidan, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The fate of seven steroids: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), testosterone (TEST), androstenedione (AND), and progesterone (PROG), in the presence of synthetic wastewater was studied in order to establish the role abiotic processes play in the elimination of these chemicals from the environment. Comprehension of these mechanisms will foster the optimization of the existing wastewater treatment technologies and the development of sustainable alternatives. Distinctive behavior was encountered for the target compounds in accordance with their chemical structure, hence, different physico-chemical properties and reactivity. Estrogenic compounds, comprising E1, E2, E3 and EE2, were found to undergo a catalytic transformation when contacted with a model vegetable material present in the synthetic wastewater. -
Loette (Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol) Tablets
AUSTRALIAN PRODUCT INFORMATION - LOETTE (LEVONORGESTREL AND ETHINYLESTRADIOL) TABLETS 1. NAME OF THE MEDICINE Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each pink tablet contains levonorgestrel 100 g and ethinylestradiol 20 g. Each white tablet contains no active ingredients. Excipients with known effect Lactose monohydrate For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1, List of Excipients. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Tablet, film coated. Pink tablet: Round, pink, biconvex, film coated tablets with "W" debossed on one side and "912" debossed on the other side. White tablet: White film-coated round tablet with convex faces. 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications LOETTE is indicated for: The prevention of pregnancy. The treatment of moderate acne vulgaris not controlled with topical preparations in post-menarchal, pre-menopausal women who accept contraception. Version:pfploett11219 Supersedes: pfploett11018 Page 1 of 29 4.2 Dose and method of administration How to Take LOETTE Each package of LOETTE contains 21 active pink tablets and 7 white inactive tablets. To achieve maximum contraceptive effectiveness, LOETTE must be administered as directed and at the same time every day, at intervals not exceeding 24 hours. The recommended dose for the prevention of pregnancy and the treatment of acne is the same. Where poor compliance is a concern, an oral contraceptive with higher levels of estrogens and progestogens should be considered (see section 5.1, Pharmacodynamic Properties, Clinical Trials). How to Start LOETTE No Preceding Hormonal contraceptive Use (in the Past Month) On the first day of the menstrual cycle, i.e. the first day of bleeding, the woman is instructed to take a pink active tablet corresponding to that day of the week from the pink shaded section of the LOETTE pack. -
Effects of Aminoglutethimide on A5-Androstenediol Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer1
[CANCER RESEARCH 42, 4797-4800, November 1982] 0008-5472/82/0042-0000802.00 Effects of Aminoglutethimide on A5-Androstenediol Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer1 Charles E. Bird,2 Valerie Masters, Ernest E. Sterns, and Albert F. Clark Departments of Medicine [C. E. B., V. M.], Surgery [E. E. S.J, and Biochemistry [A. F. C.], Queen s University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 2V7 ABSTRACT women. More recently, we (8) and others (18) reported that the production of A5-androstene-3/8,17/8-diol in normal post- A5-Androstene-3/8,1 7/S-diol has potential estrogenic activity menopausal women is approximately 500 to 700 fig/24 hr. because it is known to bind to receptors and translocate to the AG, in combination with hydrocortisone, has been utilized to nucleus of certain estrogen target tissues. Its role in the biology inhibit estrogen production in patients with breast cancer (21 ). of breast cancer is unclear. Aminoglutethimide plus hydrocor This form of therapy has been termed "medical adrenalec tisone ("medical adrenalectomy") has been used to treat post- tomy," and studies suggest that it is as effective as surgical menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. adrenalectomy. The hydrocortisone shuts off the basal adre- We studied A5-androstene-3/3,17/?-diol metabolism in post- nocortical production of estrogen precursors; AG not only menopausal women with breast cancer before and during slows down steroid biosynthesis at an early step but also aminoglutethimide-plus-hydrocortisone therapy, utilizing the specifically inhibits the aromatization of A4-androstenedione to constant infusion technique. -
Effects of 17Α-Ethinylestradiol on Sexual Development of the Amphipod Hyalella Azteca
ARTICLE IN PRESS Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] Effects of 17a-ethinylestradiol on sexual development of the amphipod Hyalella azteca Gert F. Vandenbergh,a Dominique Adriaens,b Tim Verslycke,a,* and Colin R. Janssena a Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, J. Pateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium b Vertebrate Morphology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Received 31 July 2001; accepted 7 March 2002 Abstract The effects of the synthetic estrogen 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE) on sexual development of the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca was investigated. Organisms were exposed in a multigeneration experiment to EE concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/L and the development of both external and internal sexual characteristics were studied. Second-generation male H. azteca exposed from gametogenesis until adulthood to 0.1 and 0.32 mg EE/L developed significantly smaller second gnathopods. The sex ratio of the populations exposed to EE for more than two generations tended, although not statistically significantly, to be in favor of females. Histological aberrations of the reproductive tract, i.e., indications of hermaphroditism, disturbed maturation of the germ cells, and disturbed spermatogenesis, of post-F1-generation males were observed in all EE exposures. These findings provide evidence that sexual development of H. azteca is affected by exposure to sublethal concentrations of EE. r 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Keywords: Endocrine disruption; Invertebrates; Crustaceans; Hyalella azteca; Sexual development; Histology 1. Introduction not fully understood (Fairs et al., 1989; Jeng et al., 1978; Novak et al., 1990). Sexual differentiation in malacos- There has been increasing concern about the potential tracan crustaceans, such as amphipods, is regulated by of anthropogenic chemicals to disrupt the regulation the androgenic gland (AG). -
Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Compounds and Metabolites
PHARMACEUTICAL AND VETERINARY COMPOUNDS AND METABOLITES High quality reference materials for analytical testing of pharmaceutical and veterinary compounds and metabolites. lgcstandards.com/drehrenstorfer [email protected] LGC Quality | ISO 17034 | ISO/IEC 17025 | ISO 9001 PHARMACEUTICAL AND VETERINARY COMPOUNDS AND METABOLITES What you need to know Pharmaceutical and veterinary medicines are essential for To facilitate the fair trade of food, and to ensure a consistent human and animal welfare, but their use can leave residues and evidence-based approach to consumer protection across in both the food chain and the environment. In a 2019 survey the globe, the Codex Alimentarius Commission (“Codex”) was of EU member states, the European Food Safety Authority established in 1963. Codex is a joint agency of the FAO (Food (EFSA) found that the number one food safety concern was and Agriculture Office of the United Nations) and the WHO the misuse of antibiotics, hormones and steroids in farm (World Health Organisation). It is responsible for producing animals. This is, in part, related to the issue of growing antibiotic and maintaining the Codex Alimentarius: a compendium of resistance in humans as a result of their potential overuse in standards, guidelines and codes of practice relating to food animals. This level of concern and increasing awareness of safety. The legal framework for the authorisation, distribution the risks associated with veterinary residues entering the food and control of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VMPs) varies chain has led to many regulatory bodies increasing surveillance from country to country, but certain common principles activities for pharmaceutical and veterinary residues in food and apply which are described in the Codex guidelines. -
Efficacy of Ormeloxifene in Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Online - 2455-3891 Vol 11, Issue 11, 2018 Print - 0974-2441 Research Article EFFICACY OF ORMELOXIFENE IN MANAGEMENT OF DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING UMESH SAWARKAR1, SARANG DESHMUKH2*, ASHWINI RAUT3, UMA BHOSALE4, ASHOK SHENOY K5 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Memorial Medical College, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. 2Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 3Medical officer, District General Hospital, Amravati, Maharashtra, India. 4Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India. 5Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 11 June 2018, Revised and Accepted: 05 July 2018 ABSTRACT Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ormeloxifene in dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) with respect to bleeding pattern and improvement in hemoglobin (Hb). Methods: This was an interventional study on 99 patients of DUB visiting the gynecology outpatient department over 1 year using semi-structured pro forma. After voluntary participation of patients, tablet ormeloxifene was given at the dose of 30 mg biweekly for 2 months. In case of a therapeutic response as informed by the patient, the dose was reduced to 30 mg weekly for a further period of 4 months. All patients were treated for 6 months. Type, amount, and duration of bleeding, frequency of menstrual cycle, passage of clots, and impact on Hb were assessed. Result and Observations: Menorrhagia was the main type of bleeding. 36–40 years of age group was the most common. After the intervention, 76.8% of women achieved a duration of bleeding of 4–5 days, and in 87% of women, menstrual cycle became regular. -
Combined Oral Contraceptives Plus Spironolactone Compared With
177:5 M Alpañés, F Álvarez-Blasco Randomized trial of common 177:5 399–408 Clinical Study and others drugs for PCOS Combined oral contraceptives plus spironolactone compared with metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a one-year randomized clinical trial Macarena Alpañés*, Francisco Álvarez-Blasco*, Elena Fernández-Durán, Manuel Luque-Ramírez and Héctor F Escobar-Morreale Correspondence Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital should be addressed Universitario Ramón y Cajal & Universidad de Alcalá & Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS & to H F Escobar-Morreale Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain Email *(M Alpañés and F Álvarez-Blasco contributed equally to this work) hectorfrancisco.escobar@ salud.madrid.org Abstract Objective: We aimed to compare a combined oral contraceptive (COC) plus the antiandrogen spironolactone with the insulin sensitizer metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: We conducted a randomized, parallel, open-label, clinical trial comparing COC (30 μg of ethinylestradiol and 150 μg of desogestrel) plus spironolactone (100 mg/day) with metformin (850 mg b.i.d.) for one year in women with PCOS (EudraCT2008–004531–38). Methods: The composite primary outcome included efficacy (amelioration of hirsutism, androgen excess and menstrual dysfunction) and cardiometabolic safety (changes in the frequencies of disorders of glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension). A complete anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and metabolic evaluation was conducted every three months and data were submitted to intention-to-treat analyses. European Journal European of Endocrinology Results: Twenty-four patients were assigned to COC plus spironolactone and 22 patients to metformin. -
Methods of Contraception
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2018): 7.426 Methods of Contraception Dr. Manish Adhia1, Anushka Agrawal2, Riana Caeiro3, Param Desai4, Vishwa Naik5 1Associate Professor (B.Sc. Microbiology, MMS) 2, 3, 4, 5Students, MBA Pharma Tech (Sem VII, IV Year), NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Contraception is the process of preventing pregnancy by various methods. This paper focuses on different kinds of methods of contraception used in India along with their advantages and disadvantages. As India being a diverse country and has certain beliefs in myths since ages, there is a direct impact on the pschycological behaviour or attitude towards using contraceptives found even today. From this research we would like to draw the opinions of the gyneachologists and finding out which is the best contraceptive method and what all are the difference of opinions between the doctors and the consumers regarding the same. Hence, we had also focused on the most commonly used contraceptives in India and further, we will be conducting a survey which will let us know that which contraceptives are in most demand in the market. It was also studied that how geographic and demographic behaviour affect consumer buying behavior when it comes to contraceptives. Keywords: methods of contraception, pshycologiacal attitude towards contraceptives, difference of opinions between doctors and consumers 1. Introduction like IUD’s, Pills and condoms have been available in most of the developed and developing countries. Now there is a India being an over populated country benefits a lot from huge amount of advancement consisting of newer different methods of contraception. -
Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and Its Mechanisms
COMBINED ESTROGEN−PROGESTOGEN CONTRACEPTIVES 143 4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and its Mechanisms 4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in humans The metabolism and disposition of various formulations of oral contraceptives used in humans differ. After entering the small intestine, estrogenic and progestogenic compounds in combined oral contraceptives undergo metabolism by bacterial enzymes and enzymes in the intestinal mucosa to varying extents. The mixture of metabolized and unmetabolized compounds then undergoes intestinal absorption, and thus enters the portal vein blood, which perfuses the liver. In the liver, the compounds can be metabolized extensively, which leads to variations in the amount of active drug. A fraction of the absorbed dose of ethinyl- estradiol and some progestogens is also excreted in the bile during its first transit through the liver. Although some of these compounds are partially reabsorbed via the enterohepatic circulation, a fraction may also be excreted in this ‘first pass’, which reduces overall bio- availability. Since steroids penetrate normal skin easily, various systems have also been developed that deliver estrogens and progestogens parenterally, e.g. transdermal patches, nasal sprays, subcutaneous implants, vaginal rings and intrauterine devices (Fanchin et al., 1997; Dezarnaulds & Fraser, 2002; Meirik et al., 2003; Sarkar, 2003; Wildemeersch et al., 2003; Sturdee et al., 2004). These different modes of administration have been described previously (IARC, 1999). In general, all parenteral routes avoid loss of the drug by hepatic first-pass metabolism and minimally affect hepatic protein metabolism. The absorption rates of orally administered estrogens and progestogens are usually rapid; peak serum values are observed between 0.5 and 4 h after intake.