3. O Zoroastrismo: Apocalíptica, Ressurreição E Contatos Com O Judaísmo Primitivo
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ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction
CHAPTER TEN: ZOROASTRIANISM Chapter Outline and Unit Summaries I. Introduction A. Zoroastrianism: One of the World’s Oldest Living Religions B. Possesses Only 250,000 Adherents, Most Living in India C. Zoroastrianism Important because of Influence of Zoroastrianism on Christianity, Islam, Middle Eastern History, and Western Philosophy II. Pre-Zoroastrian Persian Religion A. The Gathas: Hymns of Early Zoroastrianism Provide Clues to Pre- Zoroastrian Persian Religion 1. The Gathas Considered the words of Zoroaster, and are Foundation for all Later Zoroastrian Scriptures 2. The Gathas Disparage Earlier Persian Religions B. The Aryans (Noble Ones): Nomadic Inhabitants of Ancient Persia 1. The Gathas Indicate Aryans Nature Worshippers Venerating Series of Deities (also mentioned in Hindu Vedic literature) a. The Daevas: Gods of Sun, Moon, Earth, Fire, Water b. Higher Gods, Intar the God of War, Asha the God of Truth and Justice, Uruwana a Sky God c. Most Popular God: Mithra, Giver and Benefactor of Cattle, God of Light, Loyalty, Obedience d. Mithra Survives in Zoroastrianism as Judge on Judgment Day 2. Aryans Worship a Supreme High God: Ahura Mazda (The Wise Lord) 3. Aryan Prophets / Reformers: Saoshyants 97 III. The Life of Zoroaster A. Scant Sources of Information about Zoroaster 1. The Gathas Provide Some Clues 2. Greek and Roman Writers (Plato, Pliny, Plutarch) Comment B. Zoroaster (born between 1400 and 1000 B.C.E.) 1. Original Name (Zarathustra Spitama) Indicates Birth into Warrior Clan Connected to Royal Family of Ancient Persia 2. Zoroaster Becomes Priest in His Religion; the Only Founder of a World Religion to be Trained as a Priest 3. -
Pandeism - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Pandeism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandeism Pandeism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pandeism or Pan-Deism (from Greek: πάν pan "all" and Part of a series on Latin: deus meaning "God" in the sense of deism), is a term describing religious beliefs incorporating or mixing logically God reconcilable elements of pantheism (that "God", or its metaphysical equivalent, is identical to the Universe) and General conceptions deism (that the creator-god who designed the Universe no Agnosticism · Apatheism · Atheism · Deism longer exists in a status where it can be reached, and can Henotheism · Monolatrism · Monotheism instead be confirmed only by reason). It is therefore most Panentheism · Pantheism · Transtheism particularly the belief that the Creator of the Universe actually became the Universe, and so ceased to exist as a [1][2] Specific conceptions separate and conscious entity. Creator · Architect · Demiurge · Devil Sustainer · Lord · Father · Monad It is through this incorporation pandeism claims to answer Oneness · Mother · Supreme Being · The All primary objections to deism (why would God create and Personal · Unitarianism · Ditheism · Trinity then not interact with the Universe?) and to pantheism (how in Abrahamic religions did the Universe originate and what is its purpose?). (Bahá'í Faith, Christianity, Islam, Judaism) in Ayyavazhi · in Buddhism · in Hinduism in Jainism · in Sikhism · in Zoroastrianism Contents Attributes Eternalness · Existence · Gender 1 A pantheistic form of deism Names (God) -
Final Qualifacition Paper
MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN TERMEZ STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HISTORY FINAL QUALIFACITION PAPER On the theme: ‘‘ INTERPRETATION OF ZARAOSTRIANISM SAINTS IN WRITTEN AN MATERIAL SOURCES ’’ Done by: 4th course student of the faculty of History O. X. Parmonov ____________ SUPERVIOR: SH.B. Abdulloyev __________ The Final Qualification Work is preliminary discussed in the faculty of History. Termez-2016 1 C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………...….........3-12 CHAPTER I. A SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ZOROASTRIANISM..............………..…….…………...…………. 12-20 1. The history of zoroastrianism........................……………..….... 12-14 2. Avesta and avestology................................................................... 15-20 CHAPTER II. ZOROASTRIANISM DIVINITES AS A SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM ...........……………………………….…..………………....21-77 1. Zoroastrianism deities in the analysis of written sources......... 21-65 2. The iconagraphy of zoroastrianism divinites..…….…............... 66-77 CONCLUSION............................ 78-80 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................81-84 2 INTRODUCTION The Culimination of theme: Obviously, Avesta valuable encyclopedic resource reflecting the view of the world of our ancestors. He is the world itself all the philosophical doctrines effect. However, history of painful tests, "Avesta" is also avoided. Nearly a quarter of the village's only (four of 21 books). Unfortunately, parts of the source text are also not free from the effects of time. For this reason, studies conducted by historians today, but he was the only conclusions, including where the subscription is based on the opinions of scientific hypotheses. The birthplace of Zoroaster and Zaratushtraning historians seem to be the end of the chapter. As part of this final qualifying of his native gods, or image, the emergence and development although it is impossible to clarify that, on the basis of research in this area in recent years, foreign languages have been expressed in terms of the students. -
Original Monotheism: a Signal of Transcendence Challenging
Liberty University Original Monotheism: A Signal of Transcendence Challenging Naturalism and New Ageism A Thesis Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Divinity in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Ministry Department of Christian Leadership and Church Ministries by Daniel R. Cote Lynchburg, Virginia April 5, 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Daniel R. Cote All Rights Reserved ii Liberty University School of Divinity Thesis Project Approval Sheet Dr. T. Michael Christ Adjunct Faculty School of Divinity Dr. Phil Gifford Adjunct Faculty School of Divinity iii THE DOCTOR OF MINISTRY THESIS PROJECT ABSTRACT Daniel R. Cote Liberty University School of Divinity, 2020 Mentor: Dr. T. Michael Christ Where once in America, belief in Christian theism was shared by a large majority of the population, over the last 70 years belief in Christian theism has significantly eroded. From 1948 to 2018, the percent of Americans identifying as Catholic or Christians dropped from 91 percent to 67 percent, with virtually all the drop coming from protestant denominations.1 Naturalism and new ageism increasingly provide alternative means for understanding existential reality without the moral imperatives and the belief in the divine associated with Christian theism. The ironic aspect of the shifting of worldviews underway in western culture is that it continues with little regard for strong evidence for the truth of Christian theism emerging from historical, cultural, and scientific research. One reality long overlooked in this regard is the research of Wilhelm Schmidt and others, which indicates that the earliest religion of humanity is monotheism. Original monotheism is a strong indicator of the existence of a transcendent God who revealed Himself as portrayed in Genesis 1-11, thus affirming the truth of essential elements of Christian theism and the falsity of naturalism and new ageism. -
Ontology of Monotheism Road Map to Reach the Ontom
Ontology of Monotheism Road map to reach the OntoM Bobiquins Estêvão de Mello1, Francisco A. Pereira Fialho2, José Leomar Todesco2 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento (PPGEGC) 2Departamento de Engenharia do Conhecimento (dEGC) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) – 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil {estevaomello,fapfialho}@gmail.com, [email protected] Abstract. This paper reports my qualifying working stage PhD research project. Our target is to develop the Ontology of Monotheism, an ontology to join the fundamental texts of the major monotheistic religions. We will base our research on Philosophy and Linguistics theories to accomplish our aim with Knowledge Engineering tools. We expect to generate an ontology to enhance comprehension among people from these religious denominations. 1. Introduction In 1868, Allan Kardec (1804-1869), founder of Spiritism, published La Genèse, les miracles et les prédictions selon le spiritisme and pointed the Christian-Spiritist doctrine as the third grand revelation; Moses promulgated the first one, the law of Sinai registered on Torah, and the Gospel originated from the Christ as the second revelation [Kardec 2013a, chapter 1]. If this premise is true, there is a didactic-pedagogic connection between the Torah, the Holy Bible and the Spiritist Pentateuch, linking Judaism and Christianity, two of the most influent monotheistic religions nowadays. Following this further, I have deduced that if God is only One, Islam, the other influent monotheistic religion, can be connected in the same way: another revelation registered on the Quran. How can these foundational texts be studied and analyzed without religious biases? By means of Artificial Intelligence tools such as ontologies — this is our bet. -
Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenSIUC ZIbe ©pen Court A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 2)evote& to tbc Science of IReliaton, tbe IRelfaton ot Science, anb tbe Extension ot tbe IReliGious parliament f&ea Editor: Dr. Paul Carus. Associates: | m\ry Ca^us^ VOL. XXIIL (No. 7.) JULY, 1909. NO. 638. CONTENTS: rAom Frontispiece. The Philosopher Adrift. Murato Tanryo. Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia.. Prof. L. H. Mills 385 Christianity as the Pleroma. (Concluded.) Editor 405 Hazing and Fagging. (Illustrated.) Editor 43° Some Epigrams of Goethe. Translated by the Editor 438 Mars Dux and Mar(u)duk. C. A. Browne 444 Peacemakers in Trouble 445 Professor Mills and the Parsi Community 44^ The Philosopher Adrift 447 Notes 447 CHICAGO Ube ©pen Court publishing Company? LONDON : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. Per copy, 10 cents (sixpence). Yearly, $1.00 (in the U. P.U., 5s. 6d.). Entered as Second-Class Matter Oct. lo, 1890, at the Post Office at Chicago, 111., under Act of March 3,1879. Copyright by The Open Court Publishing Company, 1909. ^be ©pen Court A MONTHLY MAGAZINE S)e\>otc& to tbe Science of IReliaton, tbe IReltafon of Science, anb tbe Extension of tbe IReliGious parliament l&ea Editor: Dr. Paul Carus. Associates: | j^'^^y Ca^us^^ VOL. XXIIL (No. 7.) JULY, 1909. NO. 638. CONTENTS: TAOm Frontispiece. The Philosopher Adrift. Murato Tanryo. Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia.. Prof. L. H. Mills 385 Christianity as the Pleroma. (Concluded.) Editor 405 Hazing and Fagging. (Illustrated.) Editor 43° Some Epigrams of Goethe. -
Imagining the End
Imagining the End Imagining the End: Visions of Apocalypse from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America Edited by Abbas Amanat and Magnus Bernhardsson I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK Published in by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, Salem Road, London Fifth Avenue, New York www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and in Canada distributed by St. Martin’s Press, Fifth Avenue, New York Copyright © I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. A full record for this book is available from the British Library A full record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Set in Monotype Ehrhardt and Franklin Gothic Heavy by Ewan Smith, London Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin Contents Preface vii List of Contributors ix Introduction: Apocalyptic Anxieties and Millennial Hopes in the Salvation Religions of the Middle East Abbas Amanat Part I Origins Mesopotamia and the End of Time Benjamin R. Foster Millennialism and Eschatology in the Zoroastrian Tradition Philip G. Kreyenbroek The Biblical Roots of Apocalyptic Robert R. Wilson Part II Judaism, Christianity and Islam Eschatological Dynamics and Utopian Ideals in Early Judaism John J. Collins The Messiah and the Millennium: The Roots of Two Jewish– Christian Symbols Harold W. -
The Concept of Non-Duality in Śaṅkara and Cusanus
Comparative Philosophy Volume 12, No. 1 (2021): 98-110 Open Access / ISSN 2151-6014 / www.comparativephilosophy.org https://doi.org/10.31979/2151-6014(2021).120109 THE CONCEPT OF NON-DUALITY IN ŚAṄKARA AND CUSANUS JEROME KLOTZ ABSTRACT: When comparing diverse philosophical traditions, it becomes necessary to establish a common point of departure. This paper offers a comparative analysis of Advaita Vedānta Hinduism and esoteric Christianity, as represented by the two highly celebrated figures of Śaṅkara and Nicholas Cusanus, respectively. The common point of departure on which I base this comparison is the concept of “non-duality”—a concept that is fitting for at least two reasons. First, it is general enough to encompass both traditions, pervading the work of each figure, and thus allowing for a kind of “shared language.” Second, it is specific enough to identify a set of core and well-defined principles amenable to systematic study, chief among which are the notions of (1) the “Absolute” as an infinite unity that transcends all determinations (“no-thing”) and exceeds all oppositions (“not-other”), and (2) the world as an ontologically ambiguous “reflection” that simultaneously hides and manifests its meta- ontological Principle. In drawing these connections, I hope to show how the concept of non- duality provides the possibility for a mutual understanding among diverse traditions at the philosophical level. Keywords: Advaita Vedānta, metaphysics, mysticism, Nicholas Cusanus, non-duality, Śaṅkara 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of “non-duality” is not the exclusive possession of any one philosophical system. On the contrary, it can be found—mutatis mutandis—within religio- philosophical traditions the world over: from Philosophical Daoism, Mahāyāna Buddhism, and Advaita Vedānta Hinduism in the East, to Kabbalistic Judaism, esoteric Christianity, and mystical Islam in the West. -
Lesson Six M O D E L S O F G O D Key Concepts and Considerations
LESSON SIX M O D E L S O F G O D If there is a God, HOW does this God exist? KEY CONCEPTS AND CONSIDERATIONS 2 * Key Terms Transcendence; Immanence; Creation ex deus; Creation ex nihilo * Models of God Pantheism Panentheism Theism Deism OVERVIEW 3 This lesson is best understood as an extension of the previous lesson. In this lesson the attention shifts from debates about the fact of God's existence to debates regarding the manner of God's existence. The question pursued here initially is: How does God exist? The focus is upon the possible relationships that God may have in relationship to creation, both at its point of origin, and with regard to its continuance. Four precise models are presented. These are: Pantheism; Panentheism ; Theism; and Deism. These models will be treated in a systematic fashion. Our discussion will focus upon: (1) an explanation of the name for the model; (2) an identification of key thinkers associated with the model; (3) a listing of some of the tenets of the model; and (4) an assessment of the model which will identify both strengths and weaknesses. Before beginning our systematic survey of each model it will be necessary to define and discuss four key terms. These terms are: Transcendence; Immanence ; Creation ex deus; and Creation ex nihilo. DEFINITION & DISCUSSION OF KEY TERMS The four terms needing definition and discussion may be grouped into two pairs. Transcendence and immanence belong together, as do creation ex deus and creation ex nihilo. The first term in need of definition is transcendence. -
The Divine Name of Yahweh
THE DIVINE NAME OF YAHWEH The divine name of Yahweh is recorded as having been revealed to Moses in Ex. III.I4-IS: "And God said to Moses, I am the God who IS; thou shalt tell the Israelites, THE GOD WHO IS has sent me to you. And he charged Moses again, That is what thou shalt tell the sons of Israel, that the God of their fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob has sent thee to them, and this is the name he will be known by for ever; it shall stand recorded, age after age".1 In the East a man acquired power over a being if he knew its name. That the name expressed in some way the nature of a being is clear from the names given to children in the Pentateuch. 2 The name by which God chose to answer Moses' question could not have been a merely arbitrary onc for the sake of distinguishing Him from other gods; it had to give expression to the hopes of Israel, and so the prophet Micheas says: "Let other nations go their own way, each with the name of its own God to rally it; ours to march under the banner of Yahweh, our God for ever and for evermore" (IV.S, IZnox's translation, except the spelling of the divine name). Since only the Divinity Itself could make Its name known, ,Moses sought the name of God as a credential for the people of Israel. Yahweh, the name that God selects, seems already to have been in use. -
Philosophy and Ethics of the Zoroasters Vol 7, No 10 Philosophy and Ethics of the Zoroasters
Theosophical Siftings Philosophy and Ethics of the Zoroasters Vol 7, No 10 Philosophy and Ethics of the Zoroasters by Alexander Wilder Reprinted from the Journal of the American Akadêmê, November 1885 Reprinted from "Theosophical Siftings" Volume 7 The Theosophical Publishing Society, England "God is the ground of all existence, and theology is the highest Philosophy". — Aristotle [Page 3] SIR WILLIAM JONES, in his sixth anniversary discourse as President of the Asiatic Society in Bengâl, February 19th, 1789, making the Ancient Persians his theme, and citing the Dabistan for his authority, describes the primeval religion of Erân as identical with what Sir Isaac Newton declared to be the oldest of all religions: " A firm belief that one Supreme God made the world by his power and continually governed it by his providence; a pious fear, love, and adoration of him; a due reverence for parents and aged persons; a fraternal affection for the whole human species, and a compassionate tenderness even for the brute creation". A faith so simple and pure is profound and ethical enough for the most exacting moralist, as well as the most philosophic schoolman. It leaves little more to be said by way of explanation or supplement. There is a saying that the learned have the same religion, but never tell what it is. We may feel very certain, however, that this brief formula affords us the solution. Yet we have no occasion to suppose that any unworthy motive inspires their silence, or even undue carefulness to refrain from bestowing treasures upon those who know not the value. -
Alexandre, O Maldito E O Demônio Persa Da Ira. .Docx
UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA RODRIGO NUNES DO NASCIMENTO DE MAGNO A MALDITO: A DEMONIZAÇÃO DE ALEXANDRE NA LITERATURA APOCALÍPTICA PERSA BRASÍLIA 2015 1 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA DE MAGNO A MALDITO: A DEMONIZAÇÃO DE ALEXANDRE NA LITERATURA APOCALÍPTICA PERSA Monografia apresentada ao Departamento de História do Instituto de Ciências Humanas da Universidade de Brasília para a obtenção do grau de licenciado e bacharel em História, sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Vicente Dobroruka. BRASÍLIA 2015 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA DE MAGNO A MALDITO: A DEMONIZAÇÃO DE ALEXANDRE NA LITERATURA APOCALÍPTICA PERSA BANCA EXAMINADORA: _________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Vicente Dobroruka (Orientador) _________________________________________ Prof. Ms. Rodrigo Carvalho Silva (Membro Interno) _________________________________________ Prof. Ms. Raul Vitor Rodrigues Peixoto (Doutorando do PPGHIS-UnB) Data da defesa: 03 de Julho BRASÍLIA 2015 3 “A história é um combate do espírito, uma aventura, e como todos os empreendimentos humanos, só conhece êxitos parciais, muito relativos, sem proporção com a ambição inicial; como de toda luta travada com as profundidades desconcertantes do ser, o homem volta de lá com um sentimento agudo dos seus limites, da sua fraqueza, da sua humildade.” Henri-Irénée Marrou em “Do conhecimento histórico”, p. 50. “Ó profundidade das riquezas, tanto da sabedoria, como da ciência de Deus! Quão insondáveis são os seus juízos, e quão inescrutáveis, os seus caminhos! (...) Porque dele, e por ele, e para ele são todas as coisas; glória, pois, a ele eternamente. Amém!” Apóstolo Paulo aos Romanos 11.33 e 36 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Dedico esta monografia, assim como todo meu trabalho, a Jesus Cristo, o homem que deu sentido a todas as coisas (Cl 1.19-20).