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Plant Propagation Chapter 3: Plant Propagation Plant Propagation Brief Description: • Aluminum foil Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants from a • Plastic wrap variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and other plant parts. • Plant material: Many schoolyard shrubs can be used for here are several methods of plant propagation used in com- budding, grating and rooting cuttings. *Avoid oleander as mercial horticulture besides planting seeds. his lesson will these plants are VERY poisonous! introduce the industry skills of plant propagation, such as grat- Budding – hibiscus or shrub ing, budding, rooting cuttings, seed scariication, air layering Rooting cuttings – coleus, geraniums, crepe myrtle, and tissue culture. Students will also research on the internet woody ornamentals about several types of plant industries, and gain an appreciation Grating – tomato seedlings for how economically important they are. Scariication seeds – morning glory or birds of paradise Objective: Students will: Vocabulary: 1. Be introduced to the different methods of plant propaga- air layering, asexual propagation, budding, cloning, fungicide, tion. genetically modiied organism, grating, rooting cuttings, 2. Understand the importance of plant propagation in rootstock, scariication, scion, seeding, sterile, tissue culture agribusiness. and transplant 3. Explore plant propagation techniques through teacher demonstration and hands-on trials. Background: Vegetable plants, such as tomato and bell pepper, are oten Time: started in a greenhouse, where they are seeded in trays and Introduction: 30 to 60 minutes allowed to grow for four to six weeks. In Florida, one reason Activity 1: 60 to 90 minutes (depending on how much at- this is done is to get the harvested fruit to the market as early home time) as possible. Florida’s advantage is early season. It is not long STEMming Up Your Garden Lessons Garden Up Your STEMming Activity 2: One to two hours to demonstrate methods (One before other large vegetable producing states, such as Califor- hour to create a manual and multiple class periods depending nia and Texas, lood the market with their produce. his causes on how many propagation methods are attempted). prices to become lower for Florida farmers. Chapter 3: Chapter Materials: Some vegetables, notably tomatoes, are grated while young Will vary depending on propagation method used. transplants. his involves taking a Florida hearty root system • Budding tape of one tomato, and using it to grow a very tasty tomato fruit- • A lab hood with positive pressure for sterile technique ing plant, whose roots may not be suited for Florida’s soil (preferred for best tissue culture results) diseases. • A spray bottle of 70 percent alcohol to sterilize • A spray bottle of 10 percent bleach to sterilize Some vegetables, such as cucumber, are directly seeded. Cu- • Pruners cumber, in particular, is a very fast growing crop, and trans- • Budding knife planting does little to make the crop grow faster. Grains, such • Grating clips as corn and soybean, are also seeded. Soybean is oten a cover Florida Standards: SC.7.L.16.3, SC.7.L.16.4, SC.7.L.16.2, SC.8.N.4.2, SC.912.L.14.1, SC.912.L.14.10, SC.912.L.14.33, SC.912.L.14.7, SC.912.L.16.10, SC912.L.16.12, SC.912.L.17.16, LAFS.68.RST.1.3, LAFS.68.WHST.2.6, LAFS.68.WHST.3.7, LAFS.68.WHST.3.8, LAFS.68.WHST.4.10, LAFS.910.RST.1.3, LAFS.910. WHST.2.6, LAFS.910.WHST.3.7, LAFS.910.WHST.3.8, LAFS.910.WHST.4.10, LAFS.1112.RST.1.3, LAFS.1112.WHST.2.6, LAFS.1112.WHST.3.7, LAFS.1112. WHST.3.8, LAFS.1112.WHST.4.10 120 STEMming Up Gardening / www.faitc.org Chapter 3: Plant Propagation crop which can also be harvested. he legume nature of the tion and then seedling. his may be done to clone plants, or crop is good for ixing nitrogen in the soil as well as preventing may be done just to reproduce plants more rapidly. soil erosion. Lychee trees are predominantly air-layered. his method Most seeds will not germinate if the seed coat is scratched or produces genetically identical, great tasting fruit from the par- damaged. Entry of disease-causing bacteria or fungi may make ent plant. Air-layering is also used for shrubs that do not root the seed unviable. However, there are a few kinds of seeds, easily from cuttings. like Morning Glory, a lowering plant, that require seed coat scratching in order for water to enter the seed. his is called For more information on diferent propagation methods scariication. check out the following websites: https://ag.arizona.edu/ pubs/garden/mg/propagation/asexual.html, http://aggie- Citrus is budded using scion wood from trees that already horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamental/a-reference-guide-to- produce high quality fruit. his allows for genetically identical plant-care-handling-and-merchandising/propagating-foliage- fruit on the new tree as on the initial tree. Root stock is chosen lowering-plants/ based on disease resistance and strong adaption to Florida soils. 3: Chapter Budding also shortens time-until-fruit from eight to10 years Introduction: from a seeded tree to two to three years on a budded tree. 1. Show the PowerPoint (found at www.faitc.org/STEM- ming-Up), using embedded notes as a guide. Be sure to Orchids and hibiscus are cloned by tissue culture using a me- play the YouTube video links. Using Safesharetv.com will Lessons Garden Up Your STEMming dium of nutrients. Once a beautiful lower is bred or the plant remove all comments and screen pictures except for the is genetically modiied for a trait, tissue culture allows clones, desired video. (Instructions for this are on slide three of or genetically identical plants, to be produced from a few cells the PowerPoint.) of the initial plant on a large scale. Activity 1: Leaf and rooting cuttings is also a method of producing geneti- 1. Explain that presenting posters is an important way that cally identical plants by asexual propagation. his may be done scientists communicate their research at national and to avoid the lengthy process of pollination, fruit/seed produc- international conferences. Scientiic posters contain the steps of the scientiic procedure for an experiment, just like they may have seen at science fairs. 2. Although this assignment does not have an experiment, designing a poster will be a great exercise in scientific communication. 3. Divide students into groups and assign each group a method of plant propagation. If using the Worksheet Eval- uation: Propagation Industry Research, give each group a copy. There is an example poster at the end of the lesson that you can show students. Students should research on the internet examples of how plant propagation is used in industry. For example: • Grating roses • Budding citrus • Tissue culture of orchids • Rooting cuttings such as geranium, coleus, and woody ornamentals, such as crape myrtle. • Air layering of lychee, house plants or icus trees • Transplant vegetables (tomatoes) 4. As a group students will design a presentation on poster board using the information from Worksheet Evaluation: Propagation Industry Research provided. 5. Students present their poster to the class as a group. STEMming Up Gardening / www.faitc.org 121 Chapter 3: Plant Propagation Activity 2: Cornell University. Top Wedge Grating. Retrieved July 25, 1. Research all the diferent propagation techniques and 2015 from http://www.hort.cornell.edu/grating/methods. decide which one will be appropriate for your classroom alpha/TWGMeth.html [GRAFTING] setting and demonstrate each of them for the students or have students research the methods and design a demon- Crane, J.H., C. Balerdi, and I. Maguire. 2013. Lychee growing stration. in the Florida home landscape. Retrieved July 25, 2015 from 2. In groups students will create a step-by-step procedure https://edis.ifas.ul.edu/mg051 [AIR-LAYERING] manual for the propagation techniques demonstrated by the teacher. Example procedure manuals are Hagen, M. (2005). Rooting sotwood cuttings. Retrieved included at the end of the lesson. July 25, 2015 from https://extension.unh.edu/resources/iles/ 3. Groups will then switch manuals with another group and Resource000867_Rep913.pdf [ROOTING CUTTINGS] follow the step-by-step instructions and propagate a plant. 4. Make weekly observations of plant propagations to de- Lady Bird Johnson Wildlower Center. University of Texas termine plant growth and find out which method works Austin. (N.D.) Scariication FAQs. Retrieved July 25, best for the classroom environment. 2015 from https://www.wildlower.org/howto/show. php?id=34&frontpage=true [SCARIFICATION OF SEED] Alternative or Extensions: 1. Tissue culture is a diicult propagation method to at- McAvoy, G. and Ozores-Hampton, M. 2015. Commercial tempt in a classroom, especially if you do not have a way Transplant Production in Florida. Retrieved July 25, 2015 to create a sterile environment. You can have students from http://edis.ifas.ul.edu/cv104 [TRANSPLANT] get into groups and complete the Plant Tissue Culture (found at www.faitc.org/STEMming-Up) activity that Rivard, C., Louws, F. 2006. Grating for disease resistance in has information, step-by-step procedures and questions. Heirloom Tomatoes. Retrieved July 25, 2015 from http:// content.ces.ncsu.edu/grating-for-disease-resistance-in- Evaluation: heirloom-tomatoes.pdf [GRAFTING] 1. Grade group scientiic poster for neatness, completeness and teamwork on the use of each plant propagation tech- Santos, B. (2013) Seed Quality and Seed Technology. nique in industry. Retrieved July 25, 2015 from https://edis.ifas.ul.edu/cv103 2. Create a rubric for the procedure manual describing the [DIRECT SEEDING] STEMming Up Your Garden Lessons Garden Up Your STEMming steps of each technique, along with hand drawn pic- tures.
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