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Chapter 3: Propagation and Outplanting

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Chapter 3: Propagation and Outplanting CHAPTER 3: PROPAGATION AND OUTPLANTING 3.1 INTRODUCTION Propagation and outplanting are necessary objectives toward the goal of achieving stable and sustainable populations for PTA’s listed species. The three areas of focus to meet these objectives have been genetic storage, germination and propagation tests, and rare plant reintroduction and augmentation. Genetic Storage: Seed collection protocols developed by the Center for Plant Conservation (CPC 1991) and the Mākua Implementation Team (US Army, Hawai`i 2002) were followed. These protocols include: 1.) collect from 50 individuals per population when possible; 2.) for populations with less than 50 individuals, collect from all individuals; 3.) collect approximately 20% of seed on existing plants unless there are less than 10 individuals remaining and the population is declining precipitously, in which case more seed may be collected in order to preserve genetic material. Germination and Propagation Tests: Germination and propagation tests were continued for Hedyotis coriacea, Neraudia ovata, Solanum incompletum, and Schiedea hawaiiensis. These tests complement work already completed and will work towards completing PTA propagation protocols for all listed species. Rare Plant Reintroduction and Augmentation: The introduction of rare plant populations to sites within and outside of PTA’s boundaries via outplanting was begun. The species and numbers outplanted were determined by general guidelines in the Scope of Work, site characteristics and greenhouse stock. Augmentation was most often implemented through site management such as fencing, weeding and rodent control. 3.2 GENETIC STORAGE INTRODUCTION Seeds provide a storehouse for genetic diversity. Propagule collection and protective storage are essential components of rare plant conservation. Two methods of germplasm preservation (seeds and standard plantings) are utilized by PTA’s Natural Resources Staff (NRS) for conserving listed species. METHODS Seeds: Most field collections occur during other management actions (monitoring or surveying). Effort is made to collect from as many individuals as possible following Center for Plant Conservation guidelines (CPC 1991). Several species are maintained in the greenhouse for seed collection because of difficulties in obtaining field collections. Seeds are catalogued by species, date, location and founder. They are stored in sealed polyethylene bags in a refrigerator at 5˚C and 23% relative humidity. Seed viability and storage testing are incorporated into propagation efforts. Plantings: NRS manages outplanting sites for genetic storage as well as reintroduction. In addition Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) has received plants, cuttings, and seeds of PTA stock for three species that had been extirpated there. This genetic material will serve their reintroduction efforts and will provide genetic storage outside of PTA as a safeguard against catastrophic events. 3.2.1 - Asplenium peruviana var. insulare Spores: Sporolating fronds from 17 individuals collected from two sites (51 and 52) make up the collection. Dr. Valerie Pence at the Center for the Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden is conducting spore storage studies. Plantings: Nellie Sugii of Lyon Arboretum Micropropagation Facility reports 200 sporophytes ready for delivery during the next reporting period (Sugii, pers. comm.). This group represents at least four PTA locations. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Develop greenhouse protocol for receiving sporophytes from laboratory. Select possible outplanting sites. Develop outplanting protocol. 113 3.2.2 - Haplostachys haplostachya Seeds: Four of five sites are represented in storage. Approximately 20,000 seeds are contained in the collection. Plantings: Six individuals, most in poor condition, are found at one outplanting site. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Augment seed collection to improve sampling of natural occurrences. Establish outplanting sites within and outside of PTA. 3.2.3 - Hedyotis coriacea Seeds: Approximately 4,000 seeds from six of the eight sites at PTA (38 individuals) are represented in storage from collections made from 2002-2005. The two sites not in the seed collection (04 and 09) are represented in at least one of the outplanting sites. Plantings: Currently four outplanting sites contain 102 plants representing all of the eight founder sites from PTA. Forty-two of the plants are adults. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Collect seeds from sites 04 and 09 if available during the next reporting period, as well as from other sites that are under-represented in the collection. Add individuals of unrepresented founders to outplanting sites as they become available. 3.2.4 - Neraudia ovata Seeds: In an effort to improve genetic diversity and seedling vigor, twenty-two individuals representing twelve founders are cultivated in the rare plant propagation facility to facilitate pollen transfer. Except for three individuals (0107, 0109, and 0117), each founder is represented by both a male and female specimens. Seed collection has begun from ten of these individuals. Approximately 17,000 seeds are in storage. Plantings: A total of 152 plants at nine outplanting sites (with at least four founders at each site) are managed by NRS. Twenty two plants are located at four PTA outplanting sites and 130 individuals are on lands managed by the State. Thirty-six plants, representing ten founders, have been given to HVNP for reintroduction into the park. HVNP reports 168 clones have been planted at three sites and 100 more individuals are in propagation (Belfield pers. comm.). Fourteen plants, representing six founders, were given to Amy Greenwell Botanical Garden to aid in a reintroduction effort on lands owned by Queen Lili`uokalani Trust. One of the plants represents the last remaining genetic stock for the Kaloko population. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Complete representation of all founders in the greenhouse. Complete founder representation at HVNP as individuals become available. Now that seed is more abundant, provide seed to HVNP for restoration efforts. Complete founder representation at two other outplanting sites on the west side of the island to avoid wide scale loss due to catastrophic events. Prepare an outplanting plan to provide to relevant state agencies to facilitate off-site outplanting on State lands. 3.2.5 - Portulaca sclerocarpa Seeds: Seeds from all known PTA sites are represented in the collection. The vast majority of seed is collected from RPPF specimens because of the small size of the natural population at PTA. Approximately 25,000 seeds are in storage. Plantings: Outplanting has not been successful. Three individuals in poor condition remain at two outplanting sites. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Continue collections from natural sites when available. Propagate outplanting stock only from RPPF grown seed until a better understanding of outplanting requirements has been gained. 114 3.2.6 - Schiedea hawaiiensis Seeds: Only one adult plant remains in the wild and does not produce much seed. Four individuals are cultivated in the RPPF for seed collection. Approximately 10,000 seeds are in storage. Plantings: Six outplanting sites contain 118 plants. Outplants are susceptible to insect and scale damage and browsing by game birds. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Rotate stock in the RPPF that is used for seed collection. Utilize field grown seed when possible for RPPF stock as well as outplanting. 3.2.7 - Silene hawaiiensis Seeds: Seeds in storage represent sites 01 and 17 and RPPF grown stock. Approximately 500 seeds are in the collection. Plantings: No outplanting has been conducted for this species due to its relative abundance at PTA. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Augment seed collection to increase sampling of natural occurrences at sites 03 and 29. 3.2.8 - Silene lanceolata Seeds: The collection includes seeds from the RPPF, four natural PTA locations, and three outplanting sites and total approximately 20,000 seeds. Plantings: Eight outplanting sites contain 258 plants representing genetic stock from Training Areas 22 and 23. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Augment seed collection to increase representation of natural occurrences. Establish outplanting site outside of PTA. 3.2.9 - Solanum incompletum Seeds: Approximately 20,000 seeds are in storage from all but one of the ten S. incompletum locations (0109). Almost all of those seeds are from two RPPF grown individuals (founder 0101). Three individuals representing locations 0102 and 0106 have recently been added to the greenhouse collection to improve diversity. Plantings: NRS manages 959 plants at seven outplanting sites. Three PTA outplanting sites contain 150 individuals. The remaining 809 individuals are located on State lands at four different sites. Three locations (eight individuals) are represented; the vast majority being from location 0101. MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS Increase genetic diversity in both the seed collection and outplantings. Some of the natural occurrences contain only one individual making seed collection very difficult. Location 0103 contains six adults but fruit is rarely produced on these plants. Propagules, when available from these problematic locations, should be maintained in the RPPF to facilitate seed collection. 3.2.10 - Spermolepis hawaiiensis Seeds: Approximately 300 seeds from five individuals in Kīpuka `Alalā in addition to several thousand seeds from RPPF specimens are the sources of the PTA seed in storage. PTA RPPF grown
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