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Mushroom Biotechnology Developments and Applications This page intentionally left blank Mushroom Biotechnology Developments and Applications Edited by Marian Petre University of Pitesti, Faculty of Sciences, 1 Targul din Vale Street, Arges County, Romania AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125, London Wall, EC2Y 5AS. 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First published 2016 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-12-802794-3 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.adi-mps.com Printed and bound in the United States Cover image: Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms, grown on winery and vineyard wastes, in the research laboratory Stefanesti-Arges, Romania Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisitions Editor: Patricia Osborn Editorial Project Manager: Jaclyn A. Truesdell Production Project Manager: Lisa Jones Designer: Matthew Limbert Dedication To my whole family, who understood my passion for mushrooms and supported me all the time! This page intentionally left blank Contents Editor Biography ................................................................................................................................. xiii List of Contributors ...............................................................................................................................xv Foreword .............................................................................................................................................xvii Preface ..................................................................................................................................................xix CHAPTER 1 Biotechnology of Mushroom Growth Through Submerged Cultivation .........................................................................................1 Marian Petre and Violeta Petre 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.2 The Concept of SCM ...................................................................................................2 1.3 Methods and Techniques Used for SCM ......................................................................2 1.4 Biotechnology for Submerged Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes....................................................................................................4 1.5 Physical and Chemical Factors that Influence the SCM ..............................................7 1.5.1 Chemical Factors ................................................................................................8 1.5.2 Physical Factors that Influence the SCM .........................................................10 1.6 The Biological Factors that Influence the SCM .........................................................11 1.7 New Biotechnology for Submerged Co-Cultivation of Mushroom Species ..............11 1.8 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................14 References ..................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 2 Biotechnological Recycling of Fruit Tree Wastes by Solid-State Cultivation of Mushrooms ..........................................................19 Violeta Petre, Marian Petre, Ionela Rusea and Florin Stănică 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................19 2.2 The Solid-State Cultivation of Mushrooms (SSCM) on Lignocellulosic Wastes of Fruit Trees ........................................................................20 2.2.1 Preparation of Substrates for SSCM ................................................................21 2.2.2 Main Stages of SSCM ......................................................................................21 2.2.3 Chemical Analysis of the Collected Mushrooms .............................................23 2.3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................27 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................27 References ..................................................................................................................27 CHAPTER 3 Controlled Cultivation of Mushrooms on Winery and Vineyard Wastes ...................................................................................................31 Marian Petre, Florin Pătrulescu and Răzvan Ionuţ Teodorescu 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................31 3.2 Solid-State Cultivation of Mushrooms (SSCM) on Winery and Vineyard Wastes ....32 vii viii Contents 3.3 Submerged Cultivation of Mushrooms (SCM) in Liquid Media Containing Winery Wastes .........................................................................................37 3.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................44 References ..................................................................................................................45 CHAPTER 4 Virtual Robotic Prototype for Safe and Efficient Cultivation of Mushrooms ..................................................................................49 Florin Adrian Nicolescu, Dan Andrei Marinescu and Georgia Cezara Avram 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................49 4.2 Conventional Technologies Used in Mushroom Cultivation......................................51 4.3 Conceptual Model of Robotic Cultivation and Integrated Processing of Mushrooms ..........................................................................................51 4.4 Modular Robotic Prototype for Continuous Cultivation and Integrated Processing of Mushrooms .........................................................................55 4.4.1 General Structure of Modular Robotic System for Growing Mushrooms .......55 4.4.2 Specific Technological Operations of Modular Robotic Prototype .................57 4.4.3 The Robot of Inoculation .................................................................................61 4.4.4 The Robotic Harvesting Cell ............................................................................63 4.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................66 References ..................................................................................................................67 CHAPTER 5 Growing Agaricus bisporus as a Contribution to Sustainable Agricultural Development .........................................................69 Jean-Michel Savoie and Gerardo Mata 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................69 5.2 The Improvement of Agro-Waste Valorization ..........................................................70 5.2.1 The Use of Local Resources ............................................................................70 5.2.2 From Outdoor to Indoor Composting ..............................................................72