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13979 La Frontera Argentino(Tripa).Indd 1 08/03/12 13:21 La Frontera Argentino-Paraguaya Ante El Espejo La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo se centra en el aná lisis de las regiones del Gran Chaco y del Oriente de La frontera la República del Paraguay en el periodo histórico contem- argentino-paraguaya poráneo. Las zonas fronterizas entre Paraguay y Argenti- na nos muestran el peso histórico de las poblaciones origi- ante eL espejo narias, así como el significado del diseño de las naciones y CaballeroPorosidad y paisaje del Gran Chaco de los dispositivos estatales desde el siglo xix. En el con- y del Oriente de la República del Paraguay texto de la celebración del Bicentenario de la Indepen- dencia de la República del Paraguay (1811-2011), los au- Eva MoralEs raya, GabriEla Dalla-CortE CaballEro, tores y las autoras de este libro esperan que la obra FabriCio vázquEz rECalDE, arturo lanDEros suárEz permita dibujar la porosidad y el paisaje de la zona que abre sus puertas en la Triple Frontera, en la región del Gran Chaco y en el espacio oriental paraguayo. La divulgación de la investigación colectiva, interuni- versitaria e interdisciplinaria, del proyecto de investigación «Educación y ciudadanía: modelos de difusión de valores, instituciones democráticas y construcción del Estado en Dalla-Corte Paraguay» (2009-2012) es posible gracias a las subvencio- La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo nes otorgadas por la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional y Desarrollo (AECID). Gabriela www.publicacions.ub.edu 9 7 8 8 4 4 7 5 3 5 7 4 3 13979_La frontera argentino(coberta) copia.indd 1 23/05/12 13:38 Caballero Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 1 08/03/12 13:21 La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo Caballero Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 3 08/03/12 13:21 Caballero Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 4 08/03/12 13:21 La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo Porosidad y paisaje del Gran Chaco y del Oriente de la República del Paraguay Eva Morales Raya Caballero Gabriela Dalla-Corte Caballero Fabricio Vázquez Recalde Arturo Landeros Suárez Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 5 08/03/12 13:21 Universitat de Barcelona. Dades catalogràfiques © Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona Adolf Florensa, s/n 08028 Barcelona Tel.: 934 035 530 Caballero Fax: 934 035 531 www.publicacions.ub.edu [email protected] ISBN 978-84-475-3574-3 DIpòSIt legal B- ImpreSSIó I rellIgat Gráficas Rey És rigorosament prohibida la reproducció total o parcial d’aquesta obra. Cap part d’aquesta publicació, inclòs el dis- seny de la coberta, no pot ser reproduïda, emmagatzemada, transmesa o utilitzada per cap mitjà o sistema, sense l’auto- rització prèvia per escrit de l’editor. Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 6 08/03/12 13:21 Índice Introducción . x Caballero Capítulo 1. La Triple Frontera latinoamericana: relaciones y conflictos interestatales entre Argentina, Brasil y Paraguay, siglos XIX y XX, Eva moraleS raya x Introducción: El espacio y los rasgos básicos de la región de la Triple Frontera latinoamericana . x El concepto de frontera . x Historias de la Triple Frontera . x Un espacio de conflictos a lo largo del tiempo . x Conclusiones: Importancia y olvido de las fronteras latinoamericanas . x Capítulo 2. Del cacicazgo a la reducción. Los aborígenes mocovíes en el espacio del «Ombusal» (1850-1890), Gabriela Dalla-Corte CaBallero x Introducción . x «Con pocos años tenga hombres, diversamente tendrà siempre Yndios»: Dalla-Corte San Javier, Calchines y Cayastá . x Los inicios de Mariano Salteño, «rey de la selva». x Del cacique Mariano Salteño a la Reducción Indígena . x El secuestro de la «chinita mocoví» . x Conclusiones: «Dalagaik Lesallakä Kovó Amokoit» . x Capítulo 3. Resistencia, adaptación e integración en el Chaco Boreal y Central, Fabricio Vázquez reCalDe x Introducción . x El rol de las misiones religiosas en el Chaco paraguayo . x Mennonitas en indígenas, una integración de hecho . x Campesinos ganaderos, pero dependientes . x Gabriela Discursos y pretensiones de actores internacionales sobre el Chaco . x El Chaco como territorio ambiental . x Las ONGs especializadas . x 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 7 08/03/12 13:21 8 Índice Las ONGs indigenistas: defensa de tierras y tradiciones . x Conclusiones: La empresa La Victoria, más allá del Chaco y de Paraguay . x Capítulo 4. Dinámicas e impactos de la expansión agroindustrial en la Argentina y el Paraguay contemporáneos: contrastes y similitudes entre el noroeste argentino y el oriente paraguayo, Arturo laNDeroS Suárez x Introducción . x El modelo de producción agroindustrial argentino . x Innovación tecnológica y modelo agroindustrial sojero en Paraguay . x Empresas y empresarios en el avance de la frontera agropecuaria en el oriente de Paraguay . x La comercialización en la zona oriental . x La población rural y el conflicto por la tierra . x Consecuencias del modelo agroindustrial en Paraguay . x Caballero Violencia y represión hacia las comunidades rurales y debilitamiento de las instituciones . x Conclusiones . x Bibliografía general . x Dalla-Corte Gabriela 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 8 08/03/12 13:21 Introducción Eva moraleS raya Gabriela Dalla-Corte CaBallero Fabricio Vázquez reCalDe Landeros Suárez Caballero Esta obra, titulada La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo Porosidad y paisaje del Gran Chaco y del Oriente de la República del Paraguay, se vincula con tres libros editados en el año 2011: Estado, Educación y Ciudadanía en el Paraguay, coordinado por Gabriela Dalla-Corte Caballero (UB) y Herib Caballero Campos (UNA) y publicado en Asunción, Paraguay; La conquista y ocupación de la frontera del Chaco entre Para- guay y Argentina Los indígenas tobas y pilagás y el mundo religioso en la Misión Taca- aglé del Río Pilcomayo (1900-1950), de Gabriela Dalla-Corte Caballero y Fabricio Váz- quez Recalde, editado por Publicacions UB; y, finalmente, Historias, Indígenas, Nación y Estado en el Bicentenario de Independencia de la República del Paraguay (1811- 2011), coordinado por G. Dalla-Corte Caballero y editado por Publicacions i Edicions de la Universidad de Barcelona. Las subvenciones otorgadas por la AECID garantizaron la divulgación del trabajo colectivo interuniversitario e interdisciplinario del proyecto de investigación «Educación y ciudadanía: modelos de difusión de valores, instituciones Dalla-Corte democráticas y construcción del Estado en Paraguay», que fue sostenido gracias al Pro- yecto de Cooperación Iberoamericana (PCI) de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional y Desarrollo (AECID) en los años 2009-2012 (A/023093/09; A/030106/10). En la presente obra, el objetivo principal es analizar diversas zonas del espacio fron- terizo entre Paraguay y Argentina desde mediados del siglo xIx hasta la actualidad. Al tratar el tema de las zonas limítrofes nos encontramos con la paradoja de que a veces los seres humanos se han empeñado en establecer «fronteras» donde «natural» o «histórica- mente» dichas fronteras no han existido. En algunos casos se une artificialmente lo que la «naturaleza» o la «geografía» mantienen «separado». Estas ideas pueden ser un excelente punto de partida para pensar lo que ocurre en la Triple Frontera latinoamericana (ubicada Gabriela entre Brasil, Argentina y Paraguay) a través de un rastreo teórico e histórico sobre los conflictos y las relaciones sostenidas en esta región transnacional durante los siglosx Ix y xx. La historiadora Eva Morales Raya se centra en primer lugar en las historias y los in- dígenas a través de la organización nacional y los dispositivos estatales desde el siglo xIx. 13979_La frontera argentino(tripa).indd 9 08/03/12 13:21 10 La frontera argentino-paraguaya ante el espejo Siguiendo tres líneas de reflexión, Eva Morales Raya propone el trabajo titulado «La Triple Frontera latinoamericana: relaciones y conflictos interestatales entre Argen- tina, Brasil y Paraguay, siglos xIx y xx», donde analiza, en primer lugar, una línea más teórica, conceptual e interdisciplinar sobre el estudio de las fronteras en general, en la que se estudia el término «frontera», su evolución a lo largo del tiempo, el tipo de fron- teras que existen y, a modo de breve historiografía de frontera, qué investigadores/as se han interesado en su estudio. Éstos son algunos lineamientos que pueden servirnos para entender específicamente el objeto de estudio que es la triple frontera latinoamericana. En segundo lugar, aborda una línea de estudio, más histórica, que busca analizar la im- portancia de las fronteras a lo largo del tiempo, como la importancia de éstas en la construcción de los Estados Nacionales o qué papel desempeñó la población fronteriza en este proceso, la gente que las habita o los fenómenos que les son propios, tomando específicamente en consideración la triple frontera latinoamericana en el periodo seña- lado. En tercer lugar, reflexiona sobre los conflictos que afectan a la triple frontera, así Caballero como su origen, la relación con los recursos e infraestructuras de la región, y la actua- ción de los tres gobiernos implicados en la resolución de estos conflictos, gobiernos que afectan la integración y el desarrollo de la zona y sus implicaciones en la actualidad. La hipótesis inicial que baraja la historiadora Morales Raya es que la importancia de las fronteras es mayor de lo que a veces suponemos, ya que éstas han desempeñado un pa- pel destacado en la construcción de los Estados Nacionales del Cono Sur latinoamerica- no
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