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La Tierra, El Estado, Y La Identidad Avã¡ Guaranãł Dentro Del Modelo

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La Tierra, El Estado, Y La Identidad Avã¡ Guaranãł Dentro Del Modelo SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2014 Parte de Nosotros: la Tierra, el Estado, y la Identidad Avá Guaraní dentro del Modelo de Desarrollo paraguayo Shayna Orens SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Growth and Development Commons Recommended Citation Orens, Shayna, "Parte de Nosotros: la Tierra, el Estado, y la Identidad Avá Guaraní dentro del Modelo de Desarrollo paraguayo" (2014). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1852. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1852 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Parte de nosotros: la tierra, el Estado, y la identidad Avá Guaraní dentro del modelo de desarrollo paraguayo Shayna Danielle Orens Junio de 2014 SIT Argentina: Regional Integration, Development, and Social Change Buenos Aires, Argentina Tutoras de investigación: Mariana Franco y Ariela Micha “Al final vamos a conservar sólo lo que amamos. Amaremos sólo lo que entendemos. Entenderemos solo lo que nos enseñan.” -Baba Dioum 2 Resumen Paraguay, un país pequeño y con frecuencia pasado por alto en América del Sur ha experimentado un rápido crecimiento económico en los últimos años. Este crecimiento, que se puede atribuir al modelo agroexportador del país, ha sido muy desigual, concentrándose la tierra y el poder económico en manos de unos pocos. Centrado en la producción y exportación de los cultivos transgénicos como la soja y el maíz, es un modelo que requiere grandes extensiones de tierras y ha implicado una deforestación rápida y cambios en el suelo, especialmente en la región Oriental del Paraguay. Representando menos de el dos por ciento de la población, los pueblos indígenas han sido muy afectados por este modelo, sobre todo por la deforestación, la invasión de la tierra, y la contaminación, resultado del aumento en el uso de agroquímicas. Con un enfoque en el grupo étnico Avá Guaraní en el departamento de Canindeyú, intento responder a la pregunta siguiente: Dada la trayectoria del modelo de desarrollo de Paraguay desde su retorno a la democracia, ¿cuáles son las maneras en que los Avá Guaraníes perciben y experimentan amenazas a su identidad y cómo responden? En este sentido es pertinente preguntarse: ¿cómo contribuyen las peculiaridades del aparato estatal paraguayo y una identidad nacional excluyente? ¿De que hablamos cuando hablamos de desarrollo con identidad y que significaría esto para un sistema de democracia todavía frágil? Usando como base el trabajo académico existente sobre la democratización, la globalización, las políticas de identidad y el desarrollo sostenible, así como mi propio trabajo de campo realizado en Asunción y Canindeyú, Paraguay, voy a mostrar lo que hace único el caso de los pueblos indígenas del Paraguay y porqué esta situación pide un cambio de paradigma respecto al desarrollo sostenible en la forma en que se lo entiende. Voy a argumentar que para seguir existiendo de acuerdo con la cultura e identidad Avá Guaraní, lo que se necesita no es sólo el desarrollo sostenible, sino un desarrollo que sea verdaderamente consciente de la equidad, la inclusión social, el poder, la justicia, la autonomía cultural y la preservación del medio ambiente. ORENS 3 Abstract Paraguay, a small and often overlooked landlocked country in South America has seen rapid economic growth in recent years. This growth, which can be attributed to the country’s agro- export model, has been highly unequal, concentrating both land and economic power in the hands of the few. Centered around the production and export of genetically modified crops like soy and corn, the model is one that requires vast amounts of land and has implied rapid deforestation and changes in land use and land cover, especially in Eastern Paraguay. Representing close to two percent of the population, the indigenous people of Paraguay have been highly impacted by this model, particularly vis-à-vis deforestation, land encroachment, and contamination that results from the increasing use of chemical fertilizers. Focusing on the ethnic group Avá Guaraní in the eastern province of Canindeyú, I seek to answer the following question: what are the ways in which Paraguay’s indigenous people perceive and experience threats to their identity given the trajectory of Paraguay’s development model, and how do they respond? From here, I examine how the peculiarities of the Paraguayan state and an exclusionary national identity have complicated the situation of the Avá Guaraní community and I question the possibilities of development with identity in a democracy that is still relatively fragile. Drawing on the existing literature on democratization, globalization, identity politics and sustainable development as well as my own field research carried out in Asunción and Canindeyú, Paraguay, I will show what makes the case of Paraguay’s indigenous people unique in the region and that this situation calls for a shift in paradigm with regards to sustainable development. I will argue that for the Avá Guaraní to continue existing according to their culture, what is needed is not just sustainable development, but one that is truly conscious of equity, social inclusion, power, justice, cultural autonomy, and the environment. 4 Agradecimientos Un trabajo así nunca es el trabajo de solo una persona, sino de todos que he conocido a lo largo del camino que han compartido una parte de ellos conmigo. Y este se refiere no sólo a las personas que he encontrado en mis tres meses en América del Sur, sino también aquellos que a lo largo de mi vida me enseñaban a aprender y entender con el corazón y la mente siempre abiertos. Mi mamá y mi papá, los que más me han desafiado a pensar en como podemos dejar el mundo un poco mejor que lo que nos encontramos. A Señor Tabegna por su enseñanza en la lengua española y todas las posibilidades que ha abierto, incluso esta investigación. Les quiero dar mil gracias a las comunidades que me recibieron en Paraguay. En Asunción, la comunidad Cerro Poty; en San Pedro, la comunidad Y’Apy Santa Isabel; y en Canindeyú, las comunidades Yvabiju, Fortuna, Y’Akaju, y Tekoha Ka’aguy Poty Kamba. Por su confianza, por su hospitalidad, y por compartir conmigo parte de su cultura y su experiencia, estoy muy agradecida. Nunca olvidaré lo que me ensañaron. Aguyje! A Mariana, Osmar, René y todo el equipo del Grupo Sunu por su compromiso, su orientación, y por el trabajo tan importante que hacen. Por darme la oportunidad de ver y entender la situación del Paraguay oriental, por las traducciones, y la amabilidad que me mostraron estoy muy agradecida. A todos aquellos que abrieron sus puertas y sus corazones a mí en Paraguay, un país pequeño pero hermoso y con gente tan amable, ¡Gracias! A Nuria, Pablo, Maité y Julieta por su dedicación y por me hacer sentir como si estuviera regresando a mi casa cada vez que regresé a Buenos Aires, muchas gracias a ustedes. Tengo que agradecer a Nuria especialmente por el cariño, el tiempo, y por cuidar a tus estudiantes como si fueran tu propia familia. Gracias por todo el apoyo tanto en los momentos difíciles como los felices. A Ariela, por acompañarme en la realización de este trabajo y por tener siempre una sonrisa para compartir. ¡Muchas gracias! A Fernando y Veronica por sus revisiones. Le doy gracias también al Earth Institute de la Universidad de Columbia en Nueva York por financiar mis estudios. Si no fuera por la generosa beca que me dieron para conocer y estudiar el tema de desarrollo y sustentabilidad en el Paraguay, este estudio no habría sido posible. Al Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social en Buenos Aires y el Centro de Documentación y Estudios en Asunción. ORENS 5 Índice Resumen ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................................. 5 1. Introducción ................................................................................................................................ 8 2. Metodología .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.1. Dónde y por qué ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2. Metodología de investigación ................................................................................................... 11 3. Marco teórico y marco de referencia ............................................................................... 14 3.1 Una Mirada acerca de los conflictos por la tierra y el desarrollo paraguayo: la perspectiva Histórica ........................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1. De los tiempos coloniales al siglo XIX: Entre el aislamiento y la asimilación ................ 14 3.1.2. El siglo
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