Breve Estudo Sobre a Identidade No Paraguai

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Breve Estudo Sobre a Identidade No Paraguai VALDIR ARAGÃO DO NASCIMENTO “YO SOY PARAGUAYO, CHAMIGO”: BREVE ESTUDO SOBRE A IDENTIDADE NO PARAGUAI DOURADOS/MS – 2012 VALDIR ARAGÃO DO NASCIMENTO “YO SOY PARAGUAYO, CHAMIGO”: BREVE ESTUDO SOBRE A IDENTIDADE NO PARAGUAI Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, como parte dos requisitos finais para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Antropologia, na área de concentração em Antropologia Sociocultural. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Álvaro Banducci Júnior DOURADOS/MS – 2012 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central – UFGD 989.2 Nascimento, Valdir Aragão do. N244y ―Yo soy paraguayo, chamigo‖: breve estudo sobre a identidade no Paraguai. Mato Grosso do Sul / Valdir Aragão do Nascimento – Dourados, MS : UFGD, 2012. 177 f. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Álvaro Banducci Júnior. Dissertação (Mestrado em Antropologia) – Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados. 1. Paraguai – Relações étnicas. 2. Paraguaios. 3. Assunção-PY. 4. Pedro Juan Caballero-PY. I. Título. VALDIR ARAGÃO DO NASCIMENTO “YO SOY PARAGUAYO, CHAMIGO”: BREVE ESTUDO SOBRE A IDENTIDADE NO PARAGUAI DISSERTAÇÃO PARA OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE MESTRE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ANTROPOLOGIA – PPGAnt/UFGD Aprovado em ______ de __________________ de _________. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente e orientador: Álvaro Banducci Júnior (Dr., UFMS/UFGD) _______________________________ 2º Examinador: Jorge Eremites de Oliveira (Dr., UFGD) _____________________________________ 3º Examinador: Gustavo Villela Lima da Costa (Dr., UFMS) _________________________________ AGRADECIMENTOS O presente trabalho não teria sido realizado sem o concurso de uma série de pessoas que, em maior ou menor grau, tornaram possível sua existência. Agradeço a todos os professores do PPGAnt/UFGD pela oportunidade que me deram de fazer parte da primeira turma do curso de Mestrado em Antropologia da UFGD. Aos membros da Banca de Qualificação, professores doutores Jorge Eremites de Oliveira e Gustavo Villela Lima da Costa, sou grato pelas pertinentes observações e sugestões feitas a respeito do trabalho. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Álvaro Banducci Júnior pelos inestimáveis conselhos quando do período de orientação. Aos meus pais, José Francisco do Nascimento e Jandira Aragão do Nascimento, aos meus irmãos Miriam e Valter Aragão do Nascimento, e à minha namorada Christiane Nascimento de Arruda – pelo apoio incondicional, tanto financeiro quanto afetivo, meus sinceros agradecimentos. Aos meus colegas de curso: Satine Borges; Gabriel Ulian; José Henrique; Lauriene Seraguza; Leni Orlandini; Mariana Pereira; Nayara Ferreira; Silvana Jesus e Sônia Elias Comar – foi um prazer compartilhar com vocês um pouco do ano de 2011. Aos meus amigos e colegas José Henrique, Gabriel Ulian e Walter Tadeu, que me receberam em sua casa/república em 2011 quando do período de aulas, meu muito obrigado. Agradeço a todos os meus interlocutores em Pedro Juan Caballero e em Assunção, se este trabalho possui algum mérito, ele é todo de vocês! Sigilo de Fonte Quem há de dizer das linhas que as ondas armem e não armem? Quem há de dizer das flâmulas, lágrimas acesas, tantas lâmpadas, milagres, passando rápidas? Diga você, já que se sabe que nem tudo na água é margem, nem tudo é motivo de escândalo, nem tudo me diz eu te amo, nem tudo na terra é miragem. Signos, sonhos, sombras, imagens, ninguém vai nunca saber quantas mensagens nos trazem. Paulo Leminski; La vie em close. SUMÁRIO Lista de Ilustrações ................................................................................................. 6 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 1 Estrutura e Composição dos Capítulos ................................................................ 15 CAPÍTULO I FRONTEIRAS: BREVES APORTES 1.1. Conceituando fronteira ou fronteirizando conceitos .......................................... 19 1.1.2. A Fronteira Geográfica: Ratzel e seu Legado ................................................. 22 1.1.3. “Eu acho que não é justo, cara! Eles fazem de propósito, sabe?” Do Trânsito ―Intransitável‖ ao diálogo dos surdos ................................................. 25 1.2. Antropologia e Fronteira: a visão dos antropólogos ......................................... 35 1.3. Fronteiras culturais: para além dos mapas ......................................................... 39 1.4. Fronteira Étnica ................................................................................................ 47 1.5. Identidade: aportes teóricos .............................................................................. 31 1.6. Globalização e identidade ................................................................................. 50 1.7. Identidade nacional: uma ficção necessária ....................................................... 63 CAPÍTULO II PARAGUAI/BRASIL BRASIL/PARAGUAI: ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS 2.1.Breve história do Paraguai ................................................................................. 67 2.2.Fronteira Brasil/Paraguai: as cidades gêmeas de Pedro Juan Caballero e Ponta Porã ........................................................................................................................ 74 2.2.1.Tensões Brasil/Paraguai ................................................................................ 84 2.2.2. Pelas ruas da cidade: conversações pedrojuaninas.......................................... 87 2.3. Fronteiriço, brasiguaio ou paraguaio? ............................................................... 94 2.3.1. Brasiguaios: ontem e hoje ............................................................................ 100 2.3.2. ―Yo soy paraguaio, chamigo!‖: Nacionalidade e sentimento de pertença em Pedro Juan Caballero ............................................................................................ 106 2.3.3. Construindo a nacionalidade paraguaia: imprensa e periodismo no Pós-guerra da Tríplice Aliança .............................................................................. 114 2.4. Demonizando as Fronteiras: A Construção da Violência Midiática ................. 119 2.5. ―Então, você veio aqui matar quem?‖: Sobre o preconceito geográfico e de lugar ..................................................................................................................... 130 CAPÍTULO III EN LAS CALLES DE ASUNCIÓN 3.1. No coração dos hermanos: os paraguaios de Asunción ................................... 138 3.2. “Você está gravando isso” ............................................................................ 146 3.3. Os de lá e os de cá: da fronteira ao centro ....................................................... 151 Considerações Finais ........................................................................................... 153 Referências Bibliográficas .................................................................................. 157 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 01 – Vendedor Ambulante e sua indefectível sacola a tiracolo ....................... 7 Figura 02 – Conversa informal com interlocutores ao sabor do tereré. ...................... 8 Figura 03 – Pedrojuanina transitando pelas ruas de Pedro Juan Caballero, sem capacete de proteção e moto sem placa de identificação ................................... 26 Figura 04 – Mapa Cartográfico do Paraguai. .......................................................... 68 Figura 05 – Mapa das várias cidades gêmeas que fazem fronteira com o Brasil, inclusive Pedro Juan Caballero Ponta Porã ........................................ 78 Figura 06 – Fronteira Pedro Juan Caballero/Ponta Porã. Vista aérea ....................... 80 Figura 07 – Mercado 4. Assunção, 2012............................................................... 139 Figura 08 – Terminal de Ônibus de Assunção. Miguel Sanches ao fundo ............. 142 Figura 09 – O soldado assunceno Ulisses Conceição ............................................ 147 Resumo: O trabalho aqui exposto pretendeu abordar as relações existentes entre paraguaios que vivem nas regiões de fronteira (Pedro Juan Caballero, PY), e os paraguaios que vivem no centro (Assunção, PY). O objetivo consistiu na identificação de contrastes identitários significativos entre a população paraguaia que vive na fronteira e a população Paraguai que vive em Assunção, capital do país. Buscou-se compreender em que aspectos a identidade do pedrojuanino, enquanto morador de fronteira, se diferencia da identidade do assunseno, morador da capital do país. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas etapas. A primeira consistiu no levantamento bibliográfico e leitura das obras que tratam dos aspectos teóricos a respeito das questões de identidade e fronteira, além da leitura de alguns historiadores e escritores paraguaios. Na segunda etapa, realizou-se o trabalho de campo – 2011 novembro e dezembro e 2012 fevereiro, março e setembro – onde foram feitas visitas às cidades de Pedro Juan Caballero e Assunção com a intenção de entrevistar trabalhadores (vendedores ambulantes; garçons, atendentes de lojas) do comércio local dessas cidades; funcionários públicos, dentre outros. A conclusão a que se chega, no caso Assunção/Pedro Juan Caballero, é que os contrastes se dão entre nós e nós-mesmos em uma concepção de identidade étnica gestada dentro de uma mesma identidade étnica. Ou seja, os indivíduos elaboram um discurso exterior a respeito de si mesmos para servir de instrumento que possibilite uma interação mais aceitável‖ diante do outro
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