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Convert JPG to PDF Online UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE ECONOMIA – IE PROGRAMA DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS, ESTRATÉGIAS E DESENVOLVIMENTO – PPED ANTÔNIO PEDRO DA COSTA E SILVA LIMA INOVAÇÃO NO SETOR ELÉTRICO: estudo de caso de programas de apoio a startups em uma empresa do setor RIO DE JANEIRO 2018 ANTÔNIO PEDRO DA COSTA E SILVA LIMA INOVAÇÃO NO SETOR ELÉTRICO: estudo de caso de programas de apoio a startups em uma empresa do setor Dissertação submetida ao Corpo Docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e Desenvolvimento do Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e Desenvolvimento. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Nivalde de Castro Coorientadora: Profª. Drª Renata Lèbre La Rovere Rio de Janeiro 2018 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA L732 Lima, Antônio Pedro da Costa e Silva Inovação no setor elétrico: estudo de caso de programas de apoio a startups e uma empresa do setor / Antônio Pedro da Costa e Silva Lima. – 2018. 201 p. ; 31 cm. Orientador: Nivalde José de Castro. Coorientadora: Renata Lèbre La Rovere. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Economia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e De- senvolvimento, 2018. Bibliografia: f. 150 – 168. 1. Inovação. 2. Setor elétrico. 3. Startups. I. Castro, Nivalde José de, orient. II. La Rovere, Renata Lèbre, coorient. III. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Economia. IV. Título. CDD 303.483 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo bibliotecário: Lucas Augusto CRB 7 – 6851 Biblioteca Eugênio Gudin/CCJE/UFRJ CDD 323 Dedico este trabalho à minha querida avó Vera, minha inspiração, admirada e querida por todos. Faz quase oito anos que ela nos deixou, mas a presença dela continua eterna nos nossos corações. Agradecimentos Ao Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, centro de referência no qual tive o privilégio de estudar ao longo destes últimos dois anos. Aos professores do PPED, que foram muito importantes para minha formação e contribuíram enormemente para meu enriquecimento intelectual e acadêmico. Ao meu orientador Professor Nivalde de Castro pelo apoio desde o início do mestrado e por ter-me colocado em contato com o setor elétrico. Sou muito grato pela mentoria e por todas as oportunidades que me concedeu ao longo de todo este período de formação. À minha coorientadora Professora Renata Lèbre La Rovere, quem tive o privilégio de conhecer antes de entrar no curso e que me incentivou a cursar o mestrado, por ter sido uma mentora acadêmica fundamental. Obrigado por ter-se colocado sempre à disposição para me ensinar, corrigir e me ajudar a tornar um pesquisador mais capacitado. Ao professor Marcelo Matos, por ter-me apresentado à abordagem de Sistema Nacional de Inovação e por todas as orientações e sugestões ao longo do projeto de Avaliação do Programa de P&D da ANEEL que desenvolvemos juntos nestes últimos dois anos. Ao professor Thiago Renault, pelas sugestões valiosas na qualificação que aprimoraram este estudo e por ter concordado em participar da minha banca. Às professoras Gabriela Podcameni e Julia Paranhos, pelas aulas e apoio ao longo do ciclo do mestrado e por terem aceitado participar da banca. Ao Mauricio Moszkowicz e ao Professor Rubens Rosental pelos conselhos, orientações e mentorias ao longo do meu tempo como pesquisador do GESEL e durante o projeto de Avaliação do Programa de P&D da ANEEL. À equipe de inovação da EDP Portugal, em especial ao Eng. Antonio Vidigal, que me apresentou à área de inovação da EDP de Portugal, e também à Carla, Frederico, André e Tomás, que disponibilizaram seu tempo para entrevistas. À equipe de inovação da EDP Brasil, em especial à Cintia Fortini, por ter-se colocado à disposição para acompanhar esta dissertação, e ao Bruno, por ter-me apresentado o Programa da EDP Starter no Brasil. Aos pesquisadores do GESEL e da RedeSist, que me acompanharam durante o mestrado e durante o projeto de Avaliação do Programa de P&D da ANEEL. Ao Ronaldo Lemos, Carlos Affonso e Sérgio Branco, que me deram a possibilidade de trabalhar no Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade por dois anos e me apresentaram à temática de inovação. Ao Guilherme Santos, pela ajuda durante o mestrado e pelas orientações com este trabalho. Ao Luis Carlos, Kátia e Carlos Moura, que me acolheram durante vários momentos dessa trajetória e que se tornaram minha família. À minha família, em especial, aos meus pais João André e Elza Maria, meu irmão João Marcelo, minha irmã Isabel, meu avô Alberto e meu tio Sérgio por serem fonte inesgotável de inspiração e de carinho. À minha namorada Fernanda Moura, parceira de vida, companheira de todos os momentos e grande contribuidora para minha evolução como pessoa. Você torna a minha vida mais iluminada. “A man who calls his kinsmen to a feast does not do so to save them from starving. They all have food in their own homes. When we gather together in the moonlit village ground it is not because of the moon. Every man can see it in his own compound. We come together because it is good for kinsmen to do so.” (Chinua Achebe) “When we see a little bird dancing in the middle of the pathway, we must know that its drummer is in the near-by bush.” (Chinua Achebe) Resumo LIMA, Antonio. Inovação no setor elétrico: estudo de caso de programas de apoio a startups em uma empresa do setor. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e Desenvolvimento) – Instituto de Economia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018. As mudanças tecnológicas associadas ao atual paradigma tecno-econômico estão transformando o setor elétrico. Esse paradigma supõe que a digitalização é o fator-chave para as atividades, as quais serão crescentemente oferecidas por redes de empresas. Aliadas à tendência de digitalização do atual paradigma tecno-econômico, mudanças tecnológicas específicas do setor elétrico configuram um novo paradigma tecnológico, isto é, um novo conjunto de soluções tecnológicas e inovações com as características que serão elencadas a seguir. Em primeiro lugar, a geração de energia, ainda hoje concentrada, será cada vez mais distribuída. O consumidor será produtor de sua própria energia e, futuramente, poderá armazená-la para consumí-la quando lhe interessar. Em segundo lugar, as trocas de energia entre consumidores – transações peer-to-peer – se tornarão realidade, devido às novas tecnologias, como blockchain. Assim, a rede elétrica terá acúmulo de funções, isto é, deixará de apenas prestar serviços de transmissão de energia e permitirá interações entre prestadores e tomadores de serviços de eletricidade. Em terceiro lugar, os impactos climáticos das emissões de carbono vêm pressionando os países a apostarem em matrizes energéticas cada vez mais limpas, estimulando a produção de energias renováveis. Nesse contexto, as grandes empresas do setor elétrico precisarão estar cada vez mais atentas a aspectos como segurança, acessibilidade e sustentabilidade. Para isso, buscarão atuar, progressivamente, com outros atores, como startups, para encontrar soluções inovadoras. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar de que forma um programa de apoio a startups de uma grande empresa auxilia e potencializa capacidades dinâmicas das grandes empresas do setor elétrico. O referencial teórico da análise situa-se no âmbito da literatura evolucionária para compreensão da dinâmica da inovação e da obtenção de ganhos de competitividade. Para essa abordagem, o processo de inovação, mais do que um fluxo linear, se parece mais a uma rede de interações, a partir de um processo que gera uma série de mudanças, em que há constantes feedbacks das atividades inovadores. A pesquisa foi guiada por duas questões de pesquisa: (i) a estratégia de inovação aberta de uma grande empresa do setor elétrico, em específico, seus instrumentos de apoio a startups, geram capacidades dinâmicas; (ii) trazer uma iniciativa de apoio a startups de uma multinacional (EDP Portugal) para a subsidiária (EDP Brasil) requer um processo de adaptação às realidades locais. Para isso, optou-se por realizar um estudo de caso com a empresa EDP como objeto de análise. Em seguida, foram efetivadas cinco entrevistas com gerentes da EDP das iniciativas de startups realizadas pela empresa tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil. Os principais resultados apontam que: (i) o quadro conceitual de capacidades dinâmicas pode ser adotado por empresas do setor elétrico, devido a uma série de fatores de transformação que desencadearam uma “tempestade perfeita”, pois a transição para fontes renováveis e a busca por eficiência energética vão requerer novas tecnologias, e os new downstream services abrem espaço para colaboração com novos atores; (ii) a EDP potencializa a capacidade de sensing com a estratégia de inovação aberta, aumenta o seizing com um programa de startups e pode fomentar o reconfiguring com a consolidação de uma rede a partir do programa de startups; (iii) deve haver um processo de adaptação pela empresa do programa de startups no Brasil, em função da disparidade de nível tecnológico entre a matriz e a subsidiária, o que pode ser potencializado com maior integração a outros instrumentos, como o Programa de P&D da ANEEL. Palavras-chave: Capacidades Dinâmicas, Inovação Aberta, Setor Elétrico, Startups. Abstract LIMA, Antonio. Inovação no setor elétrico: estudo de caso de programas de apoio a startups em uma empresa do setor. Rio de Janeiro, 2018. Dissertação (Mestrado em Políticas Públicas, Estratégias e Desenvolvimento) – Instituto de Economia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2018. The technological changes associated with the current techno-economic paradigm are transforming the electric sector. This paradigm supposes that digitalization is a key factor for activities, which will be increasingly offered by networks of companies. In addition to the digitalization tendency of the current techno-economic paradigm, specific technological changes in the electric sector configure a new technological paradigm, that is, a new set of technological solutions and innovations with the characteristics that will be listed below.
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