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CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 1/101 3 CVECVE 471471 WATERWATER RESOURCESRESOURCES ENGINEERINGENGINEERING DAMSDAMS Assist. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ Akıntuğ Civil Engineering Program Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 1/101 3. DAMS Overview Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 2/101 3. DAMS Overview Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 3/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams A dam is an impervious barrier built across a watercourse to store water for several purposes: water supply, creating head (energy generation), forming a lake, sediment control, flood control, recharging of groundwater, etc. There are disadvantages of dams as well: imbalance of ecosystem, decrease amount of downstream water, reduction in the fertility of farmlands, etc. Therefore, detailed survey should be carried out to ensure that the relative weights of advantages over disadvantages are higher. CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 4/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Dams can be classified into a number of different categories depending upon the purpose of classifications. A classification based on the type and materials of construction: Gravity Dams Concrete gravity dams Prestressed concrete gravity dams Roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams Arch Dams Constant-angle arch dams Constant-center arch dams Variable-angel, variable-cemter arch dams Buttress Dams Flat-slab buttress dams Multiple-arch buttress dams Embankment (Fill) Dams CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 5/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Gravity Dams Concrete gravity dams Pre-stressed concrete gravity dams Roller compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams Karun Dam, Iran http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam Shasta Dam, California, USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 6/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Arch Dams Constant-angle arch dams Constant-center arch dams Variable-angel arch dams Variable-center arch dams Monticello Dam, California, USA Gordon Dam, Tasmania http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 7/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Buttress Dams Used mainly in wide valleys, it consists of an impermeable wall, which is shored up by a series of buttresses to transmit the thrust of the water to the foundation. Flat-slab buttress dams Multiple-arch buttress dams CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 8/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Buttress Dams Flat-slab buttress dams Lake Tahoe Dam, California, USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 9/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Buttress Dams Multiple-arch buttress dams Bartlett Dam , Phoenix, Arizona, USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 10/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Embankment (Fill) Dams Earth-fill dams Simple embankment Zoned embankment Diaphragm type embankment Upstream of Ataturk Dam, Turkey Embankment (Fill) Dams Rock-fill dams Downstream of Ataturk Dam, Turkey Impermeable-face Impermeable-earth core CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 11/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams A classifications based on purpose, such as storage diversion flood control hydropower generation A classification based on hydraulic design such as overflow dams, non-overflow dams Gilboa Dam, New York State, USA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 12/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams A timber crib dam in Michigan, USA 1978 Liberty Dam, USA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 13/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams A classification based on dam height: According to the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD): Large Dam Æ if height > 15 m Large Dam Æ if 10 m < height < 15 m reservoir storage > 106 m3 crest length > 500 m High Dam Æ height > 50 m Small Dam Æ height < 10 m Distribution of dam heights in Turkey as of 2002. CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 14/101 3. DAMS Classification of Dams Percent distribution of dams in Turkey according to purpose CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 15/101 3. DAMS Overview Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 16/101 3. DAMS Parts of Dams A dam is composed of the following structural components Body forms the main part of a dam as an impervious barrier. Reservoir is the artificial lake behind a dam body. Spillway is that part of a dam to evacuate the flood wave from the reservoir. Water intake is a facility to withdraw water from a reservoir. Outlet facilities are those appurtenances to withdraw water from the reservoir to meet the demands or to discharge the excess water in the reservoir to the downstream during high flows. sluiceways, penstocks, diversion tunnels, bottom outlets, and water intake structures Others: Hydropower station, site installations, roads, ship locks, fish passages, etc. CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 17/101 3. DAMS Overview Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 18/101 3. DAMS Planning of Dams There are commonly three steps in the planning and design: reconnaissance survey, feasibility study, and planning study. In reconnaissance surveys, the alternatives, which seem infeasible without performing intensive study, are eliminated. Feasibility Study: Estimation of water demand Determination of water potential Optimal plans Determination of dam site Topography Geologic information Foundation conditions Flood hazard CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 19/101 3. DAMS Planning of Dams Feasibility Study: Determination of dam site (cont’d) Spillway location and possibility Climate Diversion facilities Sediment problem Water quality Transportation facilities Right of way cost Determination of type of dams Project design Hydrologic design Hydraulic design Structural design CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 20/101 3. DAMS Planning of Dams Planning Study: Topographic surveys Foundation studies Details on materials and constructional facilities Hydrologic study Reservoir operation study CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 21/101 3. DAMS Overview Classification of Dams Parts of Dams Planning of Dams Construction of Dams Concrete Gravity Dams Arch Dams Buttress Dams Embankment (Fill Dams) Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams Dam Safety and Rehabilitation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 22/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Details of dam construction are beyond the scope of this course. The principal steps to be followed during the construction of any type of dam briefly: Evaluation of time schedule and required equipment. Diversion of river flow Foundation treatment Evaluation of Time Schedule and Required Equipment. Items to be considered: the characteristics of dam site the approximate quantities of work the preservation of construction equipment and materials diversion facilities and urgency of work CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 23/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow Diversion of the river flow is may be accomplished in one of the following ways 1. Water is diverted through a side tunnel or channel. (Applicable for low flow depths ~1.5 m) Diversion by side tunnel or channel CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 24/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) Typical cross-section of earth cofferdams f: free board f=0.2(1+h) h: flow depth (meters) G=z/5 + 3 (meters) Cofferdams should be constructed during the low flow season. For fill type dams, embankment cofferdam may be kept in place as part of the embankment (e.g. Keban Dam and Ataturk Dam). For concrete dams, embankment cofferdam should be demolished after the dam has been constructed. Earth cofferdam on impervious foundation Earth cofferdam on pervious foundation CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 25/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) Hoover Dam, USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 26/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) Hoover Dam Overflow Tunnels (spillways), USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 27/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) Hoover Dam Overflow Tunnels (spillways), USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 28/101 3. DAMS Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) Construction of Dams Hoover Dam Overflow Tunnels (spillways), USA CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 29/101 3. DAMS Construction of Dams Diversion of River Flow (cont’d) 2. Water is discharged through the construction, which takes place in two stages. This type of diversion is normally practiced in wider valleys. Two-stage diversion CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 30/101
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