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The Birds of Sibuyan Island, Romblon Province, Philippines : With i OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIQN Biaopv DEC 161996 mj l Wf^-'mm'^^mm T-T- NQ VOLS. THESIS \RD D ECONOMY D THIS TITLE D ECONOMY AUTH 1ST D COLOR IR TITLE I.D. 20706 «ftl "^W IS ISSN. BIX >JDING WHEEL SYS. I.D. -. lEC^NCY 2 1~. E STUBS CLOTH EXT. J^ J\m Birds of Sibny^m '^ FliOippiEes^ with r'^:*-^:: Elevatlofial IHsiiw^^rvw Biogeograpiiic A 1'' n ^H i . Steveo Mi'. Goodman November 30, 1995 Piib'iic'Aiion \4'J\ pvmjsutA'r:W fii-ini '.:1: FIELDIANA Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 82 The Birds of Sibuyan Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, with Particular Reference to Elevational Distribution and Biogeographic Affinities Steven M. Goodman ^ David E. Willard Department of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 Pedro C. Gonzales Chief Zoology Division National Museum of the Philippines Old Congress Building Rizal Park Manila, Philippines Accepted May 11, 1995 Published November 30, 1995 Publication 1471 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1995 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents Protected Status 54 Acknowledgments 54 Literature Cited 54 Abstract 1 Appendix: Gazetteer of Locauties 56 Introduction 1 Description of the Island 3 History of Ornithological Work in RoMBLON Province 4 Museum Abbreviations Used in the Text . 4 List of Illustrations Review 4 Account of the 1989 and 1992 Expeditions 7 VeGETATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL ZONES 8 1 . Position of Sibuyan Island relative to Mangroves 8 other islands in south-central Philip- Agricultural Lands 8 pines 2 Lowland Forest 9 2. Topographical map of Sibuyan Island . 4 Montane Forest 11 3. View of main mountain chain from the Mossy Forest 11 lowlands at Agdamagan 5 Other Ecotypes on the Island 12 4. Vegetational cover and locality map of Speoes Accounts 12 Sibuyan Island 8 Netting 12 5. Coastal mangroves near Casing 9 Observations 13 6. Coastal agricultural plain near Tampay- Weights 13 an 10 Systematic Order, Nomenclature, and 7. Degraded lowland Kuyasian Forest near Common Names 13 the Lambingan Falls 11 Localities 14 8. Mossy forest along Mayo's Peak Trail, Systematic List 14 just above the 1325-m camp 12 Analysis and Discussion 38 9. Podocarpus tree growing at 1450 m on Sibuyan Avifauna 38 exposed ridge between ecotone of mossy Number of Species 38 forest and heathland 13 Elevational Distributions 39 10. Heathland at 1500 m, just below Mayo's Densities of Birds Along the Transect, Peak 14 Based on Netting 39 1 1 . Cluster analysis of resident bird species Migrants on Sibuyan Island 41 found on six islands in the PhiMppines ... 49 Changes in the Resident Avifauna of 1 2. Comparison of the number of bird spe- Sibuyan Island Between 1 892 and cies occurring in distinct ecological 1992 42 zones on Sibuyan Island and other Biogeography 44 mountains in the Philippines 52 Comparison of the Avifaunas of Sibu- yan, Tablas, and Romblon Islands . 44 Comparison of the Avifaunas of Small Islands off Mindoro and Between List of Tables Panay and Tablas 44 Comparison of the Avifaunas of Rom- blon Province with Neighboring 1 . Net capture rate of resident birds on Si- Large Islands, and Potential buyan Island, 1989 30 Sources of Colonizers 45 2. Elevational distribution of presumed resi- Comparison of the Elevational Distribu- dent birds on Sibuyan Island 40 tion of Resident Birds on Sibuyan 3. Changes in resident bird species on Sibu- Island to Other Islands in the Phil- yan Island over the past 100 years 42 ippines 52 4. Comparison of the resident bird faunas Conservation of Sibuyan Island 53 of Tablas, Romblon, and Sibuyan islands 46 Agriculture 53 5. Distribution of breeding birds on islands Rattan Gathering 53 between the northwestern comer of Pa- Logging 53 nay and Tablas islands 48 VOl 6. Distribution of known or presumed 7. Faunal similarity indices of resident birds breeding birds of Sibuyan Island in rela- on several islands in the Philippines us- tion to Pleistocene island groups 50 ing Simpson's and Jaccard's indices 52 The Birds of Sibuyan Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, with Particular Reference to Elevational Distribution and Biogeographic Affinities Steven M. Goodman David E. Willard Pedro C. Gonzales Abstract Sibuyan Island is a relatively small, isolated island measuring at its widest points 24 km north to south and 28 km east to west, rising to 2050 m above sea level, with a total land area of 233 km^. The nearest major island masses are Luzon (to the northeast), Mindoro (to the northwest), and Panay (to the south). A considerable portion of the natural habitat, including some lowland forest, remains intact. Sibuyan is oceanic in origin and during the middle to late Pleistocene was not attached to any other island mass. Most of the small islands in the Phil- ippines for which we have ornithological information were connected to larger island groups during the Pleistocene, making an analysis of the avifauna of Sibuyan, and its faunistic rela- tionships to other surrounding larger islands, important in understanding patterns of dispersal across water barriers, and providing an interesting contrast to the avifaunas on Pleistocene land-bridge islands. A total of 1 30 bird species have been recorded on Sibuyan: 102 known or presumed residents and 29 migrants or boreal winter visitors. Historical records combined with the results of our 1989 and 1992 field trips show 93 resident species occurring between and 100 m, 24 at 325 ± 50 m, 19 at 725 ± 50 m, and 10 at 1325 ± 50 m. Although little has been published previously on the birds of Sibuyan, the number of col- lections from the island is remarkable, spanning almost 100 years of ornithological exploration. Several collectors described the habitats they found on the island during their visits. This information provides a window into the extinction and colonization rates of birds as a function of time and habitat degradation. The cutting of the lowland forests for lumber or conversion into agricultural areas has had a major impact on the avifauna. Three or four species of large pigeons have likely been extirpated on Sibuyan. Five species of open country birds have col- onized the island in the past few decades. The resident bird species found on Sibuyan are closest to those on the islands of Mindanao, Luzon, Mindoro, and Panay. This group of islands has an avifauna that is very distinct from Palawan Island's. Sibuyan is one of the last small islets in the Philippines with significant large tracts of forest. Its relative remoteness and lack of extreme human pressure on the remaining natural resources, combined with a biologically diverse environment, make it an ideal area for a reserve. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Manila, is currently considering a plan to place a portion of the island in the national protected area system. Introduction tially or totally cleared of their lowland forests. Fewer than 10% of these islands have had avifau- The Philippines comprise over 7,000 islands and nal surveys, and the percentage of well-surveyed islets, the vast majority of which have been par- islands is even smaller. To date, virtually all of the FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 82, NOVEMBER 30, 1995, PP. 1-57 1 in Fig. 1 . Position of Sibuyan Island relative to other islands south-central Philippines. Sibuyan is located just below center on the map. The islets between Mindoro and Panay are numbered as 1— Semirara, 2— Sibay, 3— Caluya, and between Panay and Tablas as 4— Carabao, 5— Boracay. studies of birds occurring on smaller islands have In the late 1980s, Sibuyan was identified as an been conducted on those connected by land bridg- important site because it is oceanic in origin, is es to much larger islands during the late Pleisto- surrounded by deep water, is relatively isolated, cene (e.g., Catanduanes [1,823 km^, connected to and has considerable elevational relief. Sibuyan is greater Luzon] — Gonzales, 1983; Marinduque separated from Romblon by a 10.5-km-wide 1 is at least [ ,727 km^, connected to greater Luzon] —duPont, channel that 180 m deep (Fig. 1). Rom- 1972b; Ticao [362 km^, connected to greater Pa- blon lies 9.5 km east of Tablas, and these two nay-Negros]— duPont, 1972a; Dinagat [668 km^, islands are separated by an ocean depth of at least connected to greater Mindanao] —duPont and Ra- 55 m. The southern edge of Tablas is about 43 km bor, 1973; and Siargao [455 km^, connected to north of Panay Island, the nearest large island to greater Mindanao]— duPont and Rabor, 1973). the south, and the small islets of Carabao and There is no published study in the Philippines of Boracay lie in between. The ocean floor depth be- the birds found on a small island of oceanic origin tween these islands varies: Boracay and Panay— and surrounded by deep water. Information on 20 m; Carabao and Panay— 90 m; and Carabao the vertebrates of isolated oceanic islands, with and Tablas— at least 350 m (Philippine Coast Pi- relatively intact forest, helps address biogeograph- lot, 1 968; Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic ic questions of dispersal patterns and origins of Center, 1977, 1978). Carabao and Tablas are sep- taxa colonizing across water rather than across land arated by a channel less than 5 km wide. (e.g., Heaney et al., 1989, 1991). Approximately 1 7,000 years ago, during the last FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY glacial maximum, sea level was about 1 20 m be- 2). The major topographical feature of the island low the present level (Fairbanks, 1989). Thus, is- is Mt.
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