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UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press Title The Stones of Tiahuanaco Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2192r04f ISBN 978-1-931745-67-3 Authors Protzen, Jean-Pierre Nair, Stella Publication Date 2013-02-01 Data Availability The data associated with this publication are within the manuscript. Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD ince Europeans first saw the monume of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia, they hav Sproduced them. These construction most artful and skillful stone architecture the point that writers from Spanish chron of the twentieth century have claimed that T a model for their architecture and stone m stonemasons from the Titicaca Basin to c study refutes this idea and delves into quest stonecutters; their knowledge of geometry the stone. The detailed analyses of building s of Tiahuanaco, including its appearance, rule MONOG Tiahuanaco_softcover.indd 1 12/17/12 12:10 PM READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD THE STONES OF TIAHUANACO READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS Monogr aph Series CONTRIBUTIONS IN FIELD RESEARCH AND CURRENT ISSUES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHOD AND THEORY Monogr aph 74 Monogr aph 71 ROCK ART AT LITTLE LAKE: CRUCIBLE OF PUEBLOS: AN ANCIENT CROSSROADS IN THE EarlY PUEBLO PERIOD IN THE CalIFORNIA DESERT THE NORTHERN SOUTHWEST Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Gordon E. Hull, Richard H. Wilshusen, Gregson Schachner, and John C. Bretney and James R. Allison (eds.) Monogr aph 73 Monogr aph 70 THE HISTORY OF THE PEOplES CHOTUNA AND CHORNANCap: OF THE EASTERN DESERT EXCAVATING AN ANCIENT Hans Barnard and Kim Duistermaat (eds.) PERUVIAN LEGEND Christopher B. Donnan Monogr aph 69 AN INVESTIGATION INTO EarlY DESERT PASTOralISM: EXCAVATIONS AT THE CAMEL SITE, NEGEV Steven A. Rosen READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD Monograph 75 Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press University of California, Los Angeles READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS is the publishing unit of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. The Cotsen Institute is a premier research orga- nization dedicated to the creation, dissemination, and conservation of archaeological knowledge and heritage. It is home to both the Interdepartmental Archaeology Graduate Program and the UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in the Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials. The Cotsen Institute provides a forum for innovative faculty research, graduate education, and public programs at UCLA in an effort to impact positively the academic, local and global communities. Established in 1973, the Cotsen Institute is at the forefront of archaeological research, education, conservation and publication and is an active contributor to interdisciplinary research at UCLA. The Cotsen Institute Press specializes in producing high-quality academic volumes in several different series, including Monographs, World Heritage and Monuments, Cotsen Advanced Seminars, and Ideas, Debates and Perspectives. The Press is committed to making the fruits of archaeological research accessible to professionals, scholars, students, and the general public. We are able to do this through the generosity of Lloyd E. Cotsen, longtime Institute volunteer and benefactor, who has provided an endowment that allows us to subsidize our publishing program and produce superb volumes at an affordable price. Publishing in nine different series, our award-winning archaeological publications receive critical acclaim in both the academic and popular communities. THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT UCLA Charles Stanish, Director Gregory Areshian, Assistant Director Willeke Wendrich, Editorial Director Astrid Virding, Publications Manager EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Willeke Wendrich Area Editor for Egypt, North, and East Africa Christopher Donnan Area Editor for South and Central America Jeanne E. Arnold Area Editor for North America Jeffrey P. Brantingham Area Editor for the Paleolithic and Environmental Archaeology Aaron Burke Area Editor for Southwestern Asia Lothar Von Falkenhausen Area Editor for East and South Asia and Archaeological Theory Sarah Morris Area Editor for the Classical World John Papadopoulos Area Editor for the Mediterranean Region Ex-Officio Members: Charles Stanish, Gregory E. Areshian, and Julie Nemer External Members: Chapurukha Kusimba, Joyce Marcus, Colin Renfrew, and John Yellen This book is set in 10.2-point Janson Text, with titles in 36-point Trajan Pro. Edited by Barbara Kohl Layout by William Morosi Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Protzen, Jean-Pierre. The stones of Tiahuanaco : a study of architecture and construction / Jean-Pierre Protzen and Stella Nair. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-1-931745-67-3 (alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-938770-99-9 (eBook) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tiwanaku Site (Bolivia) 2. Tiwanaku culture. 3. Indian architecture--Bolivia--Tiwanaku River Valley. 4. Quarries and quarrying--Bolivia--Tiwanaku River Valley. 5. Stonemasonry--Bolivia--Tiwanaku River Valley. 6. Tiwanaku River Valley (Bolivia)--Antiquities. I. Nair, Stella. II. Title. F3319.1.T55P96 2013 984’.01--dc23 2012042334 Copyright © 2013 Regents of the University of California All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD Contents PREFACE . vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix INTRODUCTION ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������x Tiahuanaco as a Model for the Inca . xii Early Portraits of Tiahuanaco �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiv Recent Contributions . .xxi The Study of Architecture ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxii Part I: The Site and Its Architecture CHAPTER 1: THE SITE . 3 Geography and Climate . 3 The Site and Its Plan ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 6 The Architecture at the Site . 19 Summary Observations . 21 CHAPTER 2: THE MAJOR MONUMENTS . 23 The Semi-Subterranean Temple ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 Akapana . 26 Kalasasaya ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 45 Putuni ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 53 Pumapunku . 58 The Monuments Compared . 82 Part II: Design and Construction CHAPTER 3: DESIGN . 89 Design Elements . 89 Stones and Stone Fragments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 Full-Sized Gateways and Gateway Fragments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 114 More Diagnostic Features ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 132 Some Questions of Style . 133 v READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD vi The Stones of Tiahuanaco CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL CONFIGURATIONS ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 136 Dimensions, Proportions, and Compositions. 136 Architectural Configurations ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141 More Questions of Style . 147 Tiahuanaco Architecture: Some Unresolved Issues ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149 CHAPTER 5: THE ART OF STONECUTTING . 154 First Clues . 155 An Experiment ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 155 The Experiment Compared to Field Observations . 163 Variations in Stonecutting Techniques ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169 The Skill and Art of the Tiahuanaco Stonecutters ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173 CHAPTER 6: CONSTRUCTION ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 175 Quarrying ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� . 175 Transporting . 180 Stone Fitting, Laying, and Handling . 181 Construction and Details. 188 Tool Kit . 199 CONCLUSION . 201 Tiahuanaco Inventions . 202 Design, Technology, and Culture . 208 EPILOGUE ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 211 AppENDIX 1: ON THE NAMES OF MONUMENTS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 214 AppENDIX 2: ON DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS . 217 REFERENCES CITED . 223 INDEX ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 227 ABOUT THE AUTHORS
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  • Effects of Impregnation Solutions on Weight Loss During Combustion of Laminated Veneer Lumber � Hakan�KESKĐN ♠

    Effects of Impregnation Solutions on Weight Loss During Combustion of Laminated Veneer Lumber HakanKESKĐN ♠

    G.U. Journal of Science 22(3): 235-243 (2009) www.gujs.org Effects of Impregnation Solutions on Weight Loss during Combustion of Laminated Veneer Lumber ♠ Hakan KESKĐN Gazi University, Faculty of Industrial Arts Education, Department of Industrial Technology Education, Division of Material and Product Technology, 06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey Received: 02.12.2008 Revised: 11.02.2009 Accepted: 26.02.2009 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of impregnation chemicals on the weight loss during combustion of Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) obtained from combination of Oriental beech + Lombardy poplar and European oak + Lombardy poplar woods, impregnated with Borax (Bx), Boric acid (Ba), Bx+Ba (wt:wt 50:50%), Imersol-aqua and Timbercare-aqua according to ASTM D 1413. The LVL samples were prepared in the form of five layers, 3 mm thickness from the beech, oak and poplar veneers bonded with Desmodur-VTKA and Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives, according to TS EN 386. The weight loss during combustion of the LVL test samples was determined according to ASTM E 160. Consequently, the weight loss percentage was the highest in beech-poplar combination processed with Imersol-aqua and D VTKA and the lowest in oak-poplar combination, Ba+Bx and PVAc adhesive. In the interaction of the wood materials, impregnation chemicals and adhesive types, it was the highest in beech-poplar combination + Timbarecare-aqua + D VTKA and the lowest in beech-poplar combination + (Ba+Bx) + PVAc. As a result, it can be said that the type of impregnation material has a first degree efficacy and wood material have second degree efficacy on the weight loss.