Poderes E Contrapoderes Na Internet: Governança, Arquitetura E Resistência Na Rede De Redes

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Poderes E Contrapoderes Na Internet: Governança, Arquitetura E Resistência Na Rede De Redes UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS RAPHAEL DE SOUZA SILVEIRAS PODERES E CONTRAPODERES NA INTERNET: GOVERNANÇA, ARQUITETURA E RESISTÊNCIA NA REDE DE REDES CAMPINAS 2019 RAPHAEL DE SOUZA SILVEIRAS PODERES E CONTRAPODERES NA INTERNET: GOVERNANÇA, ARQUITETURA E RESISTÊNCIA NA REDE DE REDES Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Sociologia. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dr.ª Gilda Figueiredo Portugal Gouvêa ESTE TRABALHO CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO RAPHAEL DE SOUZA SILVEIRAS, E ORIENTADA PELA PROF.ª DR.ª GILDA FIGUEIREDO PORTUGAL GOUVÊA. CAMPINAS 2019 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A Comissão Julgadora do trabalho de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 27 de maio de 2019, considerou o candidato Raphael de Souza Silveiras aprovado. Prof.ª Dr.ª Gilda Figueiredo Portugal Gouvêa Prof. Dr. Pedro Peixoto Ferreira Prof.ª Dr.ª Marta Mourão Kanashiro Prof. Dr. Leonardo Ribeiro da Cruz Prof. Dr. Rafael Alves da Silva A Ata de Defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertações/Teses e na Secretaria do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Àqueles que lutam pela liberdade de acesso ao saber Agradecimentos Este trabalho certamente não foi feito sozinho. Ele foi fruto de diversos diálogos que consegui manter com diversas pessoas, as quais me apoiaram durante todo esse longo percurso. Uma das pessoas que estavam ali, desde 2008, me acompanhando em duas iniciações científicas que se transformaram numa monografia, num mestrado e agora no doutorado foi a professora Gilda. Agradeço e muito a ela pela oportunidade dessas orientações e em especial pela confiança e consequente liberdade que me deu para realizar a pesquisa. Agradeço a todos os membros da banca de qualificação e/ou da defesa pela leitura atenta e generosa contribuição que fizeram para o aprimoramento da minha pesquisa: Pedro Peixoto Ferreira, Flávio Wagner, Marta Kanashiro, Leonardo Cruz e Rafael Silva. Antes mesmo da defesa, tive a oportunidade de receber diversas considerações de grandes amigos que leram a versão preliminar da tese. Agradeço demais pela leitura muitas vezes demorada e consequentemente sensível da tese. Esses comentários foram cruciais para eu repensar algumas coisas que para mim parecia estar explicado ou mesmo para estar atento a coisas que não havia mencionado: Mark, Raul, Rodolfo, Bruno e Stefano. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001. Agradeço à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo financiamento da pesquisa (Processo n° 2014/13165-0), o que me possibilitou desenvolvê-la sem ter que me dedicar a outros trabalhos para viver e pela possibilidade de fazer o intercâmbio para Los Angeles. Este momento foi essencial para o amadurecimento da pesquisa. A partir da mediação da FAPESP, agradeço e muito o(a) parecerista pelas colocações construtivas ao longo da pesquisa. Durante boa parte da minha vida na Unicamp morei na casa E-07 da moradia. Sou eternamente grato ao pessoal que viveu comigo por lá. Passaram diversas pessoas e permaneceram inúmeras amizades, as quais me ensinaram a chamar a E-07 de casa, me ajudaram a tornar aquele espaço um lar. Desde que me mudei de Campinas, fui muito bem acolhido na “Surreal” quando precisava ir para a Unicamp. Fico muito feliz de ter conhecido vocês e por toda a felicidade que vocês me proporcionaram. Mark Datysgeld e Bruno Coscia, muito obrigado por me ajudarem no processo de conhecimento da Governança da Internet, seja me apresentando diversos atores ou mesmo me ajudando a compreender os bastidores da gI. Agradeço também pelas conversas informais trocadas e pela amizade estabelecida. Senhor Williams, muito obrigado por auxiliar a me colocar no espaço acadêmico, a me auxiliar na compreensão das estruturas de poder que compõem esse ambiente e qual é a posição que tendem a nos colocar na academia, e pelo que devemos lutar ali. Bruna Mendonça, obrigado pela amizade e pelas conversas sobre as ciências sociais. Elas me ajudaram a ver a beleza das ciências sociais e em como podemos ter uma visão diferenciada sobre o mundo a partir disso. Maryanna Simão, obrigado pelos diálogos e pelos desabafos em relação ao mundo acadêmico. Foi muito bom aprender a ver a universidade a partir das biológicas. Agradeço Henrique e Luã por todos os momentos que pudemos trocar ideias, tanto dentro quanto fora da Unicamp, que me ajudaram pontos que me fez ver a tese com outros olhos. Raulzito, muito obrigado por tudo, agradeço pelas várias conversas sobre Foucault e Bourdieu que acabaram ajudando a compor algumas das discussões que apresento aqui. Lê e Danilo, muito obrigado por todas as conversas, todos os afetos e por ter tornado minha vida em Barão Geraldo muito mais colorida durante todos esses anos! Stefano e Fernando, agradeço pela amizade que tem se amadurecido cada vez mais desde 2007. Muito obrigado pelos comentários ao trabalho, às dúvidas tiradas e ao fato de ter a convicção de que posso contar com vocês sempre que eu precisar. Fico muito feliz de ver que hoje que temos condições de escolher quais são os caminhos que queremos percorrer e não apenas a seguir aqueles que somos obrigados a percorrer. Temos, felizmente, o privilégio da escolha. E soubemos traçar muito bem nossos passos com uma visão crítica à academia, não compreendendo ela como a panaceia para as soluções dos problemas sociais. Rodolfo e Bruno, meus parceiros, só tenho a agradecer pela presença de vocês na minha vida, sempre abertos a conversas, das mais triviais às existenciais. Agradeço muito a vocês pela visão que hoje tenho sobre produção de conhecimento e o não endeusamento da academia ou de autores acadêmicos. Produzimos, refletimos e contribuímos com nosso espaço, atuamos no mundo e buscamos a transformação dele, mesmo que seja a partir de microfísicas. Agradeço a Inajara por toda atenção quando fui conversar sobre ecossistema e biosfera do ponto de vista biológico para saber se eu não estava escrevendo besteiras na minha pesquisa. Fico muito feliz de ter uma pessoa como você por perto. Mãe, Gui e Paty, agradeço por tudo que vocês fizeram e têm feito por mim. Sempre confiaram em mim, nos meus esforços e objetivos, sempre levaram a sério meu trabalho no meio universitário e estavam do meu lado nos momentos ímpares da minha vida, mostrando como a vida é importante de ser vivida. E não faltou paciência do lado de vocês durante todo esse processo no mundo universitário, onde as férias e os finais de semana acabavam sendo a extensão do trabalho da semana. Felizmente, todo esse esforço alcançou um resultado, um resultado muito positivo e que vocês tiveram papel fundamental para ele se tornar realidade. Peço desculpas àqueles que por um lapso de memória não mencionei e que de algum modo fizeram parte dessa jornada. Não se perguntará nunca o que o livro quer dizer, significado ou significante, não se buscará nada compreender num livro, perguntar-se-á com o que ele funciona, em conexão com o que ele faz ou não passar intensidades, em que multiplicidades ele se introduz e metamorfoseia a sua, com que corpos sem órgãos ele faz convergir o seu. Um livro existe apenas pelo fora e no fora (Deleuze; Guattari, [1980]: 18) Entusiasma-me o extraordinário e por vezes muito oportuno engenho da humanidade. Se o leitor se vir num barco naufragando e todas as baleeiras tiverem partido, uma tampa de piano surgindo à deriva e flutuando o suficiente para o manter à tona servirá perfeitamente de improvisado salva-vidas. Não quer isto dizer, contudo, que a melhor forma de conceber um salva-vidas seja na forma de uma tampa de piano. Sou de opinião que, ao aceitarmos os improvisados expedientes de outrora como únicos meios de resolver um determinado problema, nos andamos a agarrar a outras tantas tampas de piano. Buckminster Fuller ([1968]: 03). Resumo O presente trabalho investiga como se exerce a governança da Internet, seus limites técnicos e nacionais, e quais são os atores centrais dessa rede de redes. Para isso, recorre primeiro ao conhecimento de elementos que contribuem para a constituição dessa rede mundial de computadores, como cibernética, formação da arquitetura da rede de um ponto de vista histórico e tecnopolítico, para então identificar os principais atores que compõem a governança da Internet. Nesse sentido, realiza o estudo da governança da Internet tendo em vista uma análise ascendente e a leitura em intensidade proposta por Deleuze. Por fim, traça elementos compositivos do fluxo e refluxo da condução de condutas dessa rede, mostrando os rudimentos fundamentais tanto de mecanismos de poder quanto os pontos de fuga da Internet, evidenciando o movimento que o controle dessa rede possui, sua ineficácia constitutiva e as espontaneidades rebeldes que essa configuração da rede contribui para fazer surgir. Esta tese se faz importante em dois pontos: na medida em que a Internet é presente em parte expressiva da população mundial e um conhecimento de fôlego sobre a mesma cooperaria para utilizações mais críticas; e por contribuir com o debate sobre a governança na Internet no campo sociológico. Palavras-chave: Internet; Poder; Rede de computadores; Governança da Internet. Abstract The present work investigates how Internet governance is conducted, what are its technical and national boundaries, and which are the key players of this network of networks. To do this, it first resorts to the knowledge of elements that contribute to the constitution of this worldwide network of computers, such as cybernetics, the formation of the network architecture from a historical and technopolitical point of view, and then to the identification of the key players of the Internet governance.
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