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Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of researching and writing the thesis, I came to know many people who have in one way or another contributed to its completion. In Jamaica, I would like to thank Janet Lawrence, Dionne Clarke-Harris, Raymond Martin, and staff at the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) in particular for their help. Also, I would like to thank Patricia Mohammed and Balfour Spence at the University of the West Indies, Mona. I am also grateful to the people in Grove Farm/Lloyds Pen, Hazard/Donnington Castle, and Rose Hill who treated me kindly as I prodded them with numerous questions about farming. At Virginia Tech, a special thanks to John Boyer for help with the maps. I would also like to thank my committee members: Sally Hamilton for enabling field research through the Office of International Research and Development (OIRD); Bonham Richardson and Larry Grossman for their contribution, helpful suggestions, and editing many drafts. Lastly, I owe a great deal of gratitude to my wife (and research partner), Tina Schlosser, for her constant support throughout the time spent in Jamaica and during the completion of the thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................... III TABLES AND MAPS.......................................................................................... VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: SMALL-SCALE FARMING IN JAMAICA..................................... 6 A. CHALLENGES OF SMALL-SCALE FARMING .......................................................... 6 B. CONTRIBUTION OF JAMAICAN WOMEN TO FARMING ............................................ 9 C. DECISION MAKING IN THE HOUSEHOLD............................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN JAMAICA ................. 16 CALLALOO ......................................................................................................... 17 SCOTCH BONNET PEPPER ................................................................................... 18 SWEET POTATO.................................................................................................. 19 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE IN PEST MANAGEMENT .......................................................... 19 WOMEN’S ROLES IN PEST KNOWLEDGE AND PEST MANAGEMENT ............................ 22 CONSTRAINTS TO IPM ADOPTION.......................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY ................... 27 A. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................. 27 B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS................................................................................... 34 A. GROVE FARM AND LLOYDS PEN, ST. CATHERINE ................................................ 34 Land Profile.................................................................................................. 38 Production Tasks ......................................................................................... 44 Decision Making........................................................................................... 46 Pest Identification and Management ............................................................ 49 Case Studies................................................................................................ 53 B. HAZARD AND DONNINGTON CASTLE, ST. MARY .................................................. 55 Land Profile.................................................................................................. 59 Production Tasks ......................................................................................... 66 Decision Making........................................................................................... 68 Pest Identification and Management ............................................................ 71 Case Studies................................................................................................ 75 C. ROSE HILL, MANCHESTER................................................................................ 77 Land Profile.................................................................................................. 80 Production Tasks ......................................................................................... 86 Decision Making........................................................................................... 87 Pest Identification and Management ............................................................ 91 Case Studies................................................................................................ 96 iv CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION OF RESULTS – IMPLICATIONS FOR ADOPTION OF IPM............................................................................................................... 98 LAND OWNERSHIP ............................................................................................. 99 Rented or Leased Land.............................................................................. 100 PRODUCTION TASKS ........................................................................................ 101 DECISION MAKING ........................................................................................... 104 PEST IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................... 109 FARMERS’ VIEWS ON PEST PROBLEMS AND EXTENSION AGENTS ........................ 113 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 116 THE ROLE OF GENDER IN IPM .......................................................................... 120 A NEW APPROACH TO IPM EXTENSION............................................................. 122 APPENDIX....................................................................................................... 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 130 v TABLES AND MAPS Map 1-1: Area of Study, Jamaica ...................................................................... 2 Map 1-2: Jamaica.............................................................................................. 3 Map 5-1: Grove Farm and Lloyds Pen, St. Catherine ..................................... 35 Table 5-1: Main Occupations of Women and Men in St. Catherine................... 38 Table 5-2: Total Acreage in St. Catherine ......................................................... 38 Table 5-3: Acreage of First Parcel in St. Catherine ........................................... 39 Table 5-4: Acreage of Second Parcel in St. Catherine...................................... 39 Table 5-5: Ownership of Land in St. Catherine, by Gender............................... 40 Table 5-6: Areas Rented or Leased in St. Catherine, by Gender...................... 42 Table 5-7: Areas Rent Free in St. Catherine, by Gender .................................. 42 Table 5-8: Frequency of Crops in St. Catherine, by Gender ............................. 43 Table 5-9: Major Problems Reported in St. Catherine....................................... 44 Table 5-10: Crop Production Tasks in St. Catherine, by Gender ...................... 45 Table 5-11: Decision Making in St. Catherine, by Gender ................................ 47 Table 5-12: Marketing Method in St. Catherine................................................. 49 Table 5-13: Preferred Marketing Method in St. Catherine, by Gender .............. 49 Table 5-14: Insect Identification in St. Catherine, by Gender ............................ 51 Table 5-15: Pest Management in St. Catherine, by Gender.............................. 52 Table 5-16: Major Source of Pest Management Information in St. Catherine ... 52 Map 5-2: Hazard and Donnington Castle, St. Mary....................................... 57 Table 5-17: Main Occupations of Women and Men in St. Mary ........................ 58 Table 5-18: Total Acreage in St. Mary............................................................... 59 Table 5-19: Acreage of First Parcel in St. Mary................................................. 59 Table 5-20: Acreage of Second Parcel in St. Mary ........................................... 60 Table 5-21: Acreage of Third Parcel in St. Mary ............................................... 60 Table 5-22: Ownership of Land in St. Mary, by Gender .................................... 61 Table 5-23: Areas Rented or Leased in St. Mary, by Gender ........................... 62 Table 5-24: Areas Rent Free in St. Mary, by Gender ........................................ 63 Table 5-25: Frequency of Crops in St. Mary, by Gender................................... 64 Table 5-26: Major Problems Reported in St. Mary ............................................ 66 Table 5-27: Crop Production Tasks in St. Mary, by Gender.............................. 67 Table 5-28: Decision Making in St. Mary, by Gender ........................................ 69 Table 5-29: Marketing Method in St. Mary ........................................................ 71 Table 5-30: Preferred Marketing Method in St. Mary, by Gender...................... 71 Table 5-31: Insect Identification in St. Mary, by Gender.................................... 73 Table 5-32: Pest Management in St. Mary, by Gender ....................................
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