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Minorities Under Attack Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies

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Minorities Under Attack Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies SOEUR 13 FORSCHUNGEN ZU SÜDOSTEUROPA | Sprache | Kultur | Literatur | 13 Minorities under Attack Minorities under Attack Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies Edited by Sebastian Goll, Martin Mlinarić, and Johannes Gold Harrassowitz www.harrassowitz-verlag.de Harrassowitz Verlag Minorities under Attack Forschungen zu Südosteuropa Sprache – Kultur – Literatur Herausgegeben von Gabriella Schubert Band 13 2016 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden Minorities under Attack Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies Edited by Sebastian Goll, Martin Mlinarić, and Johannes Gold 2016 Harrassowitz Verlag . Wiesbaden Printed with a grant from the Amadeu Antonio Stiftung and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, Wiesbaden 2016 This work, including all of its parts, is protected by copyright. Any use beyond the limits of copyright law without the permission of the publisher is forbidden and subject to penalty. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. Printed on permanent/durable paper. Printing and binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingen Printed in Germany ISSN 1861-6194 ISBN 978-3-447-10553-8 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... 7 Sebastian Goll, Martin Mlinariü, and Johannes Gold Minorities under Attack: Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies ............................................................................ 9 Johannes Gold Measuring Interethnic Relations: A Quantitative Approximation on the Relations between Albanians and Serbs in post-UNMIK Kosovo (2008–2014) ... 19 Zhidas Daskalovski Skopje 2014: Construction of a Nation and its Exclusionary Effects ................... 45 Claudia Lichnofsky The Exclusion of Minorities and the Construction of Identities: The Case of Anti-Ziganism in Kosovo .................................................................. 61 Jelena Kisiü and Željana Tuniü “For Homeland – ready!” World War II Remembrance Culture in Croatia .......... 79 Dragan Šljiviü and Martin Mlinariü Sexual Othering and Democracy in post-Yugoslav Societies: A Comparison of Dveri and U ime obitelji............................................................ 103 Costas Canakis and Roswitha Kersten-Pejaniü Spray-Canned Discourses Reimagining Gender, Sexuality, and Citizenship Trough Linguistic Landscapes in the Balkans ............................. 129 Sanja Ĉurin On the Politics of Sexuality in Croatia during the 1990s, the Discourses that Shaped it and its Current Symptoms ...................................... 161 Henry Ludwig Big Brother’s Big Bang: Debates and Developments on LGBT Issues in Albania since 1990 ................................................................. 179 Sebastian Goll Right-Wing Extremism in Romania ...................................................................... 201 Philipp Karl Network Analysis of Right-Wing Extremism in Hungary .................................... 221 6 Contents Ĉorÿe Tomiü Post-Yugoslavia’s “Political Wasteland” and the Radical Right: Between State Sponsored Nationalism and Neoliberal pro-European Reform Course ........ 237 Maik Fielitz Beyond the Fringe: Unfolding the Dynamics of Golden Dawn’s rise ................... 257 Antony Todorov The Extreme Right Wing in Bulgaria .................................................................... 277 List of Contributors ............................................................................................... 295 Acknowledgements We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who made it possible for us to complete this anthology. First of all this includes, of course, each contrib- utor to this volume; without them, this collection would not have been possible. Our thanks go also to the entire academic staff and fellow students of the Deutsche For- schungsgemeinschaft (DFG) 1412 doctoral school on “Cultural Orientation and Social Structures in Southeastern Europe” in Jena for their inspiration and intellec- tual support. We offer our especial gratitude to Wolfgang Dahmen, Gabriella Schubert, Rafael Biermann, and Anton Sterbling, whose experience we profited from during the editing process. We would also like to express our appreciation for the crucial role played by Sandy Opitz, who helped us to overcome the hurdles of bureaucracy. Costas Canakis would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the DFG for help with the article he co-wrote with Roswitha Kersten-Pejaniü; this arti- cle is part of a project entitled “Spray-canned discourses: Investigating language and precarious citizenship in the linguistic landscape of Athens and Belgrade,” which was carried out in collaboration with Prof. Christian Voss at the Institute for Slavic Studies, Humboldt University, Berlin. Without the financial and infrastructural support of the DFG and the Amadeu Antonio Stiftung in Berlin, together with our publisher Harrassowitz from Wiesbaden, the publishing of this book would not have been possible. Last but not least we thank Julia L. McMillan for her professional editing and proofreading. Sebastian Goll, Martin Mlinariü, and Johannes Gold Dresden, Jena, and Berlin, December 2015 Minorities under Attack: Othering and Right-Wing Extremism in Southeast European Societies SEBASTIAN GOLL, MARTIN MLINARIû, and JOHANNES GOLD Most of the former socialist countries of Southeastern Europe (SEE), including Greece, are caught in a permanent state of economic crisis (cf. PARASKEWO- POULOS 2014: 386–390; ŽIVKOVIû 2015: 50–63). Rates of youth unemployment range between 35 and 50 percent, and strong dependency on foreign investments and private remittances, negative trade accounts, and the accumulation of private and public debts are just the tip of the iceberg. The peripheral markets of SEE, such as the post-Yugoslav “desert of transition” (cf. HORVAT/ŠTIKS 2015), are “caught between the Scylla of EU dependency and the Charybdis of the narrowness of the national market” and “locked into a process of peripheralisation” (ŽIVKOVIû 2015: 63). Along with this economic process of peripheralisation and pauperization, dis- crimination against Roma people, religious and ethnic out-groups, and sexual mi- norities, as well as conflicts over the granting of basic human rights are frequent problems in SEE. Even pop-star Madonna was booed by audience members during a concert in Bucharest (2009)1, when she pleaded for equality and complained about discrimination against Roma people, gays and lesbians in Eastern Europe (WOODCOCK 2011: 63). The mobilization of radical right-wing movements, along with the difficult situ- ations faced by Roma and sexual minorities, has recently been written about by German-speaking journalists (Right wing: MAYER/ODENAHL 2010; Roma: MAPPES-NIEDIEK 2012). In the media, SEE is repeatedly portrayed as an area characterized by the exclusion of the “Other.” Viktor Orbáns’ “illiberal democracy” and the strength of Jobbik in Hungary, the rapid rise of the Golden Dawn movement in Greece, continuing ethnic divide in Macedonia and Kosovo, the vast mobilization against sexual minorities’ rights in Croatia – are these unique developments specific to SEE? Is this region distinctive in terms of right-wing extremism, anti-Ziganism, ethno-national conflict, and homophobia? Regardless of whether the reasons are laudable, at least SEE – the geographical bridge between the Middle East and Europe – is once again the hub of developments 1 See YOUTUBE (2009): Madonna booed in Bucharest Romania. Online accessible at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZzwv44EZJ0 (26.02.2015). 10 Sebastian Goll, Martin Mlinariü, and Johannes Gold that have spread throughout the entire region. The Arab Spring, the war in Syria, and the rise of the Islamic State have spurred thousands of refugees to seek a safe haven in Europe, via the Balkan route. Even countries that do not lie in the path of mi- grants are concerned as the European Union (EU) discusses EU-wide quotas to accommodate these refugees. Extremists in SEE seek to exploit these developments with aggressive counter-demonstrations and hate speech, using this controversial topic to connect with people all over Europe from a range of backgrounds who feel threatened by asylum seekers. In mid-2015 the Slovakian government decided to welcome only Christian refuges, highlighting how this anti-immigrant atmosphere especially affects Muslims within the EU. Othering can take many forms, and being part of the EU does not necessarily mean being more tolerant towards specific mi- norities. Social distance towards Roma people, for instance (figure 1), varies greatly within the Danube-Balkan region. Figure 1: Social Distance towards Roma people in SEE Societies Source and data: European Values Survey 2008 Minorities under Attack: Othering and Right-Wing Extremism
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