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Hijra's and Their Social Life in South Asia

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Hijra's and Their Social Life in South Asia Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Hijra’s and their social life in South Asia. DelliSwararao Konduru(M COM, M.A (Socio Cultural Anthropology), C G T), Research Officer, N.I.E (I C M R) Abstract :The word "hijra" is an Urdu-Hindustani right to constitutional remedies for the protection of word derived from the Semitic Arabic root hjr in its civil rights by means of writs such as habeas sense of "leaving one's tribe,"and has been corpus. Violation of these rights result in borrowed into Hindi. The Indian usage has punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code traditionally been translated into English as or other special laws, subject to discretion of the "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite," judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has INTRODUCTION the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights Human rights are rights inherent to all human universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of beings, regardless of gender, nationality, place of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. residency, sex, ethnicity, religion, color or and Aliens (persons who are not citizens) are also other categorization. Thus, human rights are non- considered in matters like equality before law. discriminatory, meaning that all human beings are They are enforceable by the courts, subject to entitled to them and cannot be excluded from them. certain restrictions Of course, while all human beings are entitled to human rights, not all human beings experience But till to date we don‘t recognize the transgender them equally throughout the world. Many rights and identity in society. governments and individuals ignore human rights With a unique culture spanning thousands of years and grossly exploit other human beings. in South Asia, Hijra‘s consider themselves neither male nor female. In ancient India, this ―third sex‖ included barren women, impotent men, eunuchs, There are a variety of human rights, including: and hermaphrodites/intersex. Today ―Hijra‖ (also known in different communities as Kinnar, Civil rights (such as the rights to life, Jogtas/Jogappas, Khusras) refers to those born male liberty and security), or intersexed who live and dress like women. Many Political rights (like rights to the biological male Hijra‘s undergo a sacred ritual of protection of the law and equality before castration (―nirvan‖) or sex reassignment surgery. the law), There are upwards of 5 million Indians who Economic rights (including rights to work, identify as Hijra, but statistics vary as the to own property and to receive equal pay), population census only includes ―male‖ or Social rights (like rights to education and ―female‖ categories. consenting marriages), Cultural rights (including the right to Hijra (for translations,) is a term used in South Asia freely participate in their cultural – in particular, in India – to refer to transwomen community), and (male-to-female transsexual or transgender Collective rights (like the right to self- individuals). In other [which?] areas of India, determination). transgender people are also known as Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa. Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights The word "hijra" is an Urdu-Hindustani word contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees derived from the Semitic Arabic root hjr in its civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their sense of "leaving one's tribe,"and has been lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. borrowed into Hindi. The Indian usage has These include individual rights common to most traditionally been translated into English as liberal democracies, such as equality before law, "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite," where "the freedom of speech and expression, and peaceful irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 515 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in definition. ―However, in general hijras are born 33293 transgenders are enrolled. In India the with typically male physiology, only a few having literacy rate in transgenders is 56.07 %. with been born with intersex variations. Some Hijras communities recorded back more than 4,000 years. undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community Maximum number of eunuchs found in Uttar called nirwaan, which refers to the removal of the Pradesh state of India with around 5% of the total penis, scrotum and testicles. percentage of state population.Number of them found in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Method of Study: Bihar, Rajasthan and Delhi are5%, 11.0%, 6.0%, Participation Observation in community and 6.5%, 4.5% and 2.0% of the total percentage of personal interviews with informants and secondary state population respectively.Among several data sources from government of India, election hideous measures that they resort to in order to earn commission, and international organizations money, many of them start working as sex workers websites. which in turn has its own implications. For example, HIV rates are very high among the Hijra Terminology: community. Statistics vary between 50 and 80 %. The Urdu and Hindi word hijra may alternately be In the current scenario steps have been taken to romanized as hijira, hijda, hijada, hijara, hijrah and improve their status.Hijra social movements have is pronounced . This term is generally considered campaigned for recognition as a third sex, and in derogatory in Urdu and the word KhwajaSaraa is 2005, Indian passport application forms were used instead. Another such term is khasuaa or updated with three gender options: M, F, and E (for khusaraa . In Bengali hijra is called hijra, hijla, male, female, and eunuch, respectively) Some hijre, hizra, or hizre. Indian languages such as Sanskrit have three gender options. In November 2009, India agreed to A number of terms across the culturally and list eunuchs and transgender people as ―others‖, linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent represent distinct from males and females, in voting rolls and similar sex or gender categories. While these are voter identity cards.Majority of them belonging to rough synonyms, they may be better understood as the age of 23, 24, 25, 26 years are dying of diseases separate identities due to regional cultural or suicide.Till date no census has been conducted differences. In Odia, a hijra is referred to as hinjida, on the transgender and Hijra community. The hinjda or napunsaka, in Telugu, as napunsakudu, mapping exercise is reportedly the first in the kojja or maada , in Tamil Nadu, Thirunangai world, and indicates that the department‘s (mister woman), Ali, aravanni, aravani, or aruvani, interventions need to be scaled up four to five in Punjabi, khusra and jankha, in Sindhi khadra, in times.The estimated size of MSM and male sex Gujarati, pavaiyaa. worker populations in India (latter presumably includes Hijra‘s/TG communities) is 2,352,133 and In North India, the goddess Bahuchara Mata is 235,213, respectively. worshipped by Pavaiyaa . In South India, the A study conducted in a Mumbai STI clinic reported goddess Renuka is believed to have the power to very high HIV seroprevalence of 68% and high change one's sex. Male devotees in female clothing syphilis prevalence of 57% among Hijra‘s. In are known as Jogappa. They perform similar roles Southern India, a study documented a high HIV to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth seroprevalence (18.1%) and Syphilis prevalence ceremonies and weddings. (13.6%) among Hijra‘s.In 2008, HIV prevalence was 27.6% amongst hijra sex workers in Larkana. The word kothi (or koti) is common across India, The general prevalence of HIV among the adult similar to the Kathoey of Thailand, although kothis Pakistani population is estimated at 0.1%. are often distinguished from hijras. Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a DESCRIPTION: feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. Additionally, not all kothis have HIJRA‘S RELIGION AND undergone initiation rites or the body modification PRACTICE'S, BELIEFS: steps to become a hijra. Local equivalents include Many practice a form of syncretism that draws on durani (Kolkata), menaka (Cochin), meti (Nepal), multiple religions; seeing themselves to be neither and zenana (Pakistan). men nor women, hijras practice rituals for both men and women. STATISTICS: Hijras belong to a special caste. They are usually According to the census of India. Total 4.9 million devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata, transgenders are enrolled, in that under 0-6 years Lord Shiva, or both. child is 54854, in SC's 78811 transgender, and ST's Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 516 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-4, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Ahiravan as their progenitor and call themselves "aravanis." Hijras and BahucharaMata : Bahuchara Mata is a Hindu goddess with two According to shri.Gopi Shankar "Sangam literature unrelated stories both associated with transgender use ' word 'Pedi' to refer to people born with behavior. One story is that she appeared in the Intersex condition, it also refers to antharlinga avatar of a princess who castrated her husband hijras and various Hijra, The Aravan cult in because he would run in the woods and act like a Koovagam village of Tamil Nadu is a folk tradition woman rather than have sex with her. Another of the transwomen, where the members enact the story is that a man tried to rape her, so she cursed legend during an annual three-day festival. "This is him with impotence. When the man begged her completely different from the sakibeki cult of West forgiveness to have the curse removed, she relented Bengal, where transwomen don't have to undergo only after he agreed to run in the woods and act sex change surgery or shave off their facial hair.
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