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Iiilm~I~~Idilllmiwl Glpe-PUNE-468839 HARVARD ECONOMIC STUDIES

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Iiilm~I~~Idilllmiwl Glpe-PUNE-468839 HARVARD ECONOMIC STUDIES Dhaalnjayono Godgil Libnrt, IIIlm~I~~IDIlllmIWl GlPE-PUNE-468839 HARVARD ECONOMIC STUDIES I. The En,li.b Patentl of Monopol,. I, Wi.lJ..iI.m XXXI. ICul Marz', IDtcrprclaUon 01 HiItorJ, ., H.price.. Mandell Morton Bober. 11. The Lodainr Houee Problem. m BOItOD. By XXXII. GraIn GrowmI' CoOperation In WCItCI'D Albert B. Wolfe. Canada. a, Harald S. Patton, m. The Stannaries! A SmdJ of the EqWh TiD XXXIII. The Auipau. Br S• .a. Hard•• Miner. By George a. Lew.... XXXIV. Ecotaomic and Social Hiltory of an Enl~ IV. Ra1ltol:d ReorpAizatioa. By S. DaJIUL lilh ViUap:. Sr N. S. I. Gru and B. C. Gru. V. Wool-Growial' and the Tarill. Bf CbcIta' W. XXXV. Direct Tazatio.n In AUitria. I, John V. Wri.bt. Van Sicklc. VI. Public: Ownenhip of TelephonCi 04 the (;oa.. XXXVI. The GRlCDbaclu and ItaamptlOU of tincnt of Europe. By A. N. Holcombe. Speei.c ParmCDtI. 186:1-1879. I, D. c. Banctt. VD. The History of the Bricil" Poa: 05cc. I, XXXVII. The Street 1.:111 ..., la Mullchalelu. ,. C. Hcmmcoa. D, Edwud S. MatoA. VIII. The Conoo Maaufacnuinr ladUltrf of the XXXVIII. The Theory of Monopoli.uc Com.petio United. StaECI. By M. T. Copeland. hOD. Br Edward ClwalxrUa. IX. The HillOrJ' of the GniJl Trade la PraKe. XXXIX. IDlaTCrioaaJ aDd lDta'Utioaal Trade. Sf Abbott PaJIOD UIbcr. D, Berlil Ohlin. X. Corponte Promoc::ioIUI aDd lleorpnizatiou. XL. The Prench IDtc:nlldoaal Acaxaau. 1110- S, A. S. DeW'Ua,. 11}13. D, Hauy D. White. XI. The .&otbracice Coal CombinatioJa in Ibr:: nr. TwentJ Yan of PcdaaI .ae.r..e Po1icJ, ., United. StatCII. By Eliot JOBes. S. E. Hani&. a ,,011. XII. Same Aspcca of the Tari4 QaeItio.a. Ir P. XLII. The tIIiflolt Ca:llnl lailfOlld aad lu CoJ.. W. TauuiJ:. Oaizatlon Work. B, P.a! W. Gaca. XIII. The EYoiution of the EnsIilh Com Market :nm. American. Treuure ud rbe Price -ae..ohl­ from the T,..cUth to the Ei,tueenth CcD.tDlJ. hoD in Spaia. 1501-1650. I, Eatl J. HamillODo By N. S. B. Gru. JIJV. Gcrmao M0DCW7 Tbcory. 1905-19]J. I, XIV. Social AdlipratioD: A StudJ lIII the Den:Iap­ Howard S. ElliI. ment of me Doctrtnc of AdaptitioD .. • XLV. Wagal in Eighu:cntb Ccaauy 1a,11aD4. " ThcorJ of Social Pf'OII'eM. S, L W. BriIto1. Illizabcth W. Gilboy'. XV. The Pi.aaDcial HiRort of Bonoa., &om Kay XLVI. Tbe~of_--" .. I, 1822. to Juuat'J' 31, 191)9. a, c. P. HUIe­ J. A. Schumpe:tel'. XVI. EllaJi ia. the Earlier Hmor, of AmaicaII :nVlI. The Suppl' aDd ContrOl 01. uoaej la tbc Corpontioal. 8, J. S. Dnia. .. wob. Uilited! SUlCI. Br L. carrie.. XVII. The SWeTu CamaailliOD. If H. L Lutz. :nVIII. BriWb IIltenll.lioDal Gold Mcm:IIlCIIu XVIII. The Early EDIliIb CutIxruI SptaIL. Bf aad Banlc.itll Po1icJ'. .111-191,. .,. W. 140 N. S. B. Gru. war. Beach. IlL Tnde aDd NI.'t'iptiOll betwee:rr. SpaIn u4 nIX. State eoatrol of Local P"UIUC'C Ie ....... chuIcw. B, &oral I. Vaa de WoeIfJIICo ~ ~d~the Time of 1.bc Hapabur... Ir L PlDctaatioDl in AaH:ricm 8111incM, l'79D""'II6L Dr Walter S. Smith aDd Anhnr H. CoJc. XLL~ ~~.Emisntioo of Oar TUIIeIo B, LI. MoaeJ. PricaI. aad Wqa la Valeacia. AN­ XXI. The YeIr:a: A Stud, ill Sp.nw P.coDaalk COD, and Hanne. 13,1-1,ao. Br J!uI ,. HiI:taq. 1273-18]6. Sr Jali... ~ Ibmil..... IXU. Arp:atiae latcm:ltioaaJ Tndc UDder I .... UI. The DeftIopmeId of the BuAor:. Corpota.o tioo in Ea,laad. .100-1167. .,.. c. Hut. ~":m:...Paper MaDeJ: d80-lgao. B, J. LDI. Escbaqe Dl::pncil.tioL By L B. HarriL Dill. The Orp.ah:atioa of the Boot aDd 5boe UV. A Smd, of Plaid M.ilt rrica. ., 1-- y. ~=E.iD~ befca '875. B, c.-. LV. Loc:arioa 1'beoIy ad .. Shoe aDd I.c:adIar ZXIV. I!c:oDamic: Mama. B, Z. C. DidWuoa. IDdUlUica. Br Edpr M. Hocwa'. JI'. xxv~~ before Adaas SmitL I, LVI. Pedenl Subridia to Cbe ,",,"DCW 0cMn­ IIDCIW ia cauda. Sr ,. A. MuwdL nvt. CUadI'. BaIa-=c ol IDIeraadoaal IDdI:tII- LVII. Studiel ill IfuacbaIew Towa J'iauII:e, cdDc:a. 19DO""1SU). 8, JKOb Viaei'. D, E.qcoc: a. Oaka. DVlI. TIle fIiIcaxy ol the Uaited! Stata PIIIIIt LVln. MaIka: CoauoI ia Cbe AIaaaima lao 0IIicc to the Year JI29. .., W. E. Ilida. ck&Itrr. By DoaaId H. w.u.ce. nvm.Tbe~"""",,-_ .. ux. The New York 801IIII Maaa:. .,...1.,.,. J__ W • .A..qdI. D, Cbala c:::ona AbbDU. UIL~matI ..... Sea Powa". B, ItalIcn: 0. LX. TIle ~ r.per HoGle ill .. DUal Sa.~ By Alben O. Grcd. %XL auw.. '1'beoria ill tbc Uaked Itata .. LXI. The lIiddlcllC& CaaaI. 17U""116o. ., CIIfiI. fan:: 18&t.. 8, IturJ L MilIa'. ...... ........ HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS HARVARD ECONOMIC STUDIES VOLUME LXI THE ITVDla .M THII SEalES ARB PUBUIHED BY THE DEPAaTMnT 01' ECOIIOMICI 0' BA&VAaD VIIIVEUlTY, WHICH, HOWEY.I., AUUMa .0 tllPOlIllBlLI'I'I" '0& THE YIEWI EXPaUSED LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXPOItD UNIVEJlSlTY PRESS THE MIDDLESEX CANAL 1793-1860 BY CIUUSTOPHERROBERTS CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1938 COPYllIGHT, 1938 BY THE PRESIDENT AND :rELLOWS 0:1' HARVARD COLLEGE PRINtED AT THE HAIIVAIUl UNIVERSITY PllESS CAlIIIaIDGE, JUSS., U. S. A. To W.R. PREFACE THE DISCOVERY of unusual collections of source material made possible abistory of this early canal. The research of Mr. Walter R. Harper uncovered the official records of the canal corporation which afford a basis for continuous narrative and analysis. Later the writer traced another collection, now in the Baker Library, to the possession of the Baldwin family, descendants of the civil en­ gineer who constructed the canal. Loammi Baldwin had kept a file of letters received and sent, had preserved copies of instruc­ tions to artisiI,DS and overseers, and had seldom destroyed even preliminary drafts of notices, regulations, and reports. The his­ torian delights to honor a man with such a present sensitiveness to posterity. These papers cover the ten years of construction and the early years of operation, and in addition provide for the later years much material supplementary to the corporate records. Favored by this available mass of evidence, I have attempted to treat the historical background and the technical difficulties which surrounded inland transportation in post-revolutionary Massachu­ setts. Many features of contemporary economic life are revealed in the intensive study of this one institution. Its history entails an account of early civil engineering, of initial experiment in corporate organization, and of the relations of a public utility to the state and to the community which it served. The knowledge of scientific methods and the stages of iIidustrial organization at different pe­ riods are representatively exhibited in the activities and structure of this corporation. In its adjustments to competing modes of car­ riage, the Middlesex Canal faced problems that are duplicated today, and encountered under less complicated conditions many of the forces that impinge upon modem public utilities. The first chapter is an outline based on familiar secondary ma­ terial, with the emphasis placed on contemporary economic dimen­ sions. Thereafte.r unpublished manuscripts predominate as sources. The simple statistical methods used correspond to limita- x PREFACE tions imposed by the data, which unfortunately preclude the com­ puting of index numbers that would be other than doubtful sum­ maries. The treatment throughout is concrete and detailed, giving weight to the activities of contemporary individuals, retaining failures and other elements of anticlimax. The value of an inten­ sive study of an economic microcosm through time may be said to arise, however, less from the details in themselves than from the insight which they afford into the nature of the very process of economic adaptation and change. I am greatly indebted to Professor Edwin F. Gay, who suggested this study, for judicious advice, for innumerable acts of kindness, and for the stimulus of his unfailing interest during its progress. The generosity of Professor Arthur H. Cole, who placed his notes on the canal at my disposal, is gratefully acknowledged. My earliest interest in economic history came from contact with the penetrating mind and profound scholarship of Professor Abbott P. Usher; my debt to him, though general rather than specific, is very great. It is a pleasure to record my appreciation of the profit derived from the aid and suggestions of Mr. Edward B. Carney, of Lowell, and of Mr. Thomas F. O'Malley and Mr. James Hall Brooks, of Cambridge. The scholarly advice and seasoned wisdom of Dr. Allan Evans of Harvard University have been of inestimable value. In no way do these acknowledgments imply a sharing of respon­ sibility. CHRISTOPHER ROBERTS Cambridge, Massachusetts November 20, 1937 CONTENTS awmm P~E I. MAsSACHUSETTS APTER THE REvOLUTION • 3 II. EAlILy ENDEAVOR. 19 m. PERsoNALITIES AND PROHOTION 28 IV. SURVEY AND ORGANIZATION • 46 V. CAPITAL EQUIPHENT, CONTRACTORS, AND LABoR 6S VI. TECBNICAL METHODS EMPLOYED • 88 VII. PROGRESS Olr CONSTRUCTION • 101 VIII. LAST WORKS Olr EAlILy LEAnERS, 1803-[808 • II7 IX. THE MnRmACK RIvER CANALS • 124 X. BOATS AND FREIGHTS IN INLAND TRADE.. 136 XI. CRownING COMPETITION • 148 XII. CARGOES AND TOLLS, 1804-1853 159 xm. FINANCES 176 APPENDIX A. LocATION AND GENERAL FEATURES 191 B. BALDWIN ENGINEERS • 197 C. OwNERSHIP Olr MIDDLESEX CANAL SHARES, MAY 1806 200 D. NOlES ON MEN EMPLOYED AND WAGES, 1800 AND 1801. 201 E. CARPENTERS' CRAn RULES IN BOSTON, 1774-1800 204 F. EXTRACTS PROH ALilANAC DIARIES Olr LoAHHI BALD- WIN 205 G. THE UNION .CANAL LoTTERY • 206 H. STA'llSTlCS Olr LoWELL FACTORIES, 1835 209 xii CONTENTS I.
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