Notes

Introduction

I. 'Introduction', to Helen Vendler, The Music of What Happens: , Poets, Critics (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1988), pp. 1-2,2. 2. Louis MacNeice, The Poetry of W. B. Yeats (1941; rpt London, 1967), p. 194. 3. The Poetry of W. B. Yeats, p. 15. 4. See chapter of that title in Cleanth Brooks, The Welt Wroughl Um (New York, 1947), pp. 176-96. 5. 'Criticism, History, and Critical Relativism' in The Welt Wroughl Um, p. 198. 6. See The Welt Wrought Um, p. 198, where Brooks writes, 'how is a critic, who is plainly the product ofhis own day and time, hopelessly entangled in the twentieth century, to judge the poems ofhis own day - much less, the poems of the past - sub specie aetemitatis!' 7. Brooks, however, comes e10se to one of our own emphases when he compares poetry to drama on account of its 'dynamic nature'. 'The Heresy of Paraphrase', in The Welt Wrought Um, p. 187. 8. 'Literary Studies: A Reply', in F. R. Leavis, Valuation in Criticism and Other Essays, collected and ed. G. Singh (Cambridge, 1986), p. 208. 9. The Welt Wrought Um, p. 186. 10. 'Making, Knowing and Judging' in W. H. Auden, The Dyer's Hand (London, 1963), p. 50.

1. Auden (1) 'An altering speech'

I. This chapter discusses as printed in 'Part I' of EA, and poems by Auden as printed in 'Part II: Poems 1927-1931' of EA. 'Part II' corresponds to the two published editions of Poems (London, 1930; second edn 1933, containing seven new poems to replace seven in the 1930 edition). 2. , 'Wo H. Auden and His Poetry' in W. H. Auden: A Collection of Critical Essays, Twentieth Century Views, ed. Monroe K. Spears (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), p. 30.

243 244 Auden, MacNeice, Spender: The Thirties Poetry

3. Seamus Heaney, The Govemment of the Tongue: The 1986 T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures and Dther Critical Writings (London and Boston, 1988), pp. 123, 117. 4. The Govemment of the Tongue, p. 116. 5. Poems (1930) contained two poems written before 'The Watershed' which were not included in Poems (1933): see EA, pp. xiii, 21-2. 6. The Govemment of the Tongue, p. 111. 7. 'Corne, Words, Away', in Laura (Riding) Jackson, The Poems of Laura Riding: A New Edition of the 1938 Collection (Manchester, 1980). Subsequent quotations from Laura (Riding) Jackson's poetry are taken from this edition. 8. Preface to Laura Riding, Selected Poems: In Five Sets (London, 1970), pp. 15, 12.

2. Spender (1) 'The sense of falling light'

I. Randall Jarrell, Kipling, Auden & Co.: Essays and Reviews 1935-1964 (1981; rpt Manchester, 1986), p. 239. 2. Kipling, Auden & Co., p. 240. 3. 'Insensibility', The Poems of Wilfred Dwen, ed. and intro. Jon Stall• worthy (London, 1985). This edition is used for all quotations from Owen's poetry throughout the book. 4. Dxford Poetry 1930, ed. Stephen Spender and Bernard Spencer (Oxford, 1930). 5. Lione! Trilling, Sincerity and Authen(icity (London, 1974), p. 11. 6. In Trilling's view, autobiography is sincerity's quintessential literary vehicle. See Sincerity and Authenticity, pp. 24-5. 7. Quoted in Cunningham, p. 34. Cunningham attributes the remark to Norman Cameron. 8. Quoted from T. S. Eliot, Collected Poems 1909-1962 (London, 1963). This edition is used for all subsequent quotations from Eliot's poetry. 9. Interestingly Spender argues that Eliot 'never appeals to a material reality outside the mind' (DE, p. 144). 10. Appendix B, 'Two Statements on Poetry', in Bernard Spencer, Collected Poems, ed. with intro. Roger Bowen (Oxford, 1981), p. 131. 11. Quoted from Bernard Spencer, Collected Poems. 12. A. Kingsley Weatherhead, Stephen Spender and the Thirties (Lewisburg and London, 1975), p. 205. 13. H. B. Kulkarni, Stephen Spender: Poet in Crisis (Glasgow, London and Bombay, 1970), p. 83. 14. Quoted from Bernard Spencer, Collected Poems. 15. 'Sincerity and Poetry' in Donald Davie, The Poet in lhe Imaginary Museum: Essays of Two Decades, ed. Barry Alpert (Manchester, 1977), p. 146. 16. The poem's revised and truncated version, 'The Photograph' (CPS(2)), turns a study of memory's tangled workings into an emotionally simpler, verbally chaster, less absorbing poem about loss. 17. Stephen Spender and the Thirties, p. 215. 18. See the end ofDouglas's 'Mersa': 'I see my feet like stones / underwater. The logical little fish / converge and nip the flesh / imagining I am one of the Notes 245 dead'. Quoted from Keilh Douglas: Complele Poems, ed. Desmond Graham (Oxford, 1978). 19. Lines 381, 384-5 and 460. Quotations from Shelley here and elsewhere are from Shelley's Poelry and Prose, eds Donald H. Reiman and Sharon B. Powers, Norton Critical Edition (New York and London, 1977). 20. Kipling, Auden & Co., p. 239. 21. 'Stephen Spender: Journals and Poems' in The Music 0] Whal Happens, p. 167. 22. See 'The Windhover', li ne 11, and Macbeth, line 7. 27. 23. Stephen Spender, Forwardfrom Liberalism (London, 1937), p. 26.

3. MacNeice (1) Turning the Music On

1. Michael Longley, 'The Neolithic Night: A Note on the Irishness ofLouis MacNeice', in Two Decades 0] frish Wriling, ed. Douglas Dunn (Cheadle, 1975), p. 104. 2. Louis MacNeice, The Poelry 0]W. B. Yeats, p. 197. 3. Robyn Marsack, The Cave 0] Making: The Poetry 0] Louis MacNeice (1982; rpt Oxford, 1985), p. 14.

4. Auden (2) : 'They stole to force a hearing'

1. The text of The Orators used in this chapter, from EA, 'restores cuts and changes made to avoid libeI, obscenity or discourtesy at the time of publication'. 2. The borrowings from Poems (1928) are pointed out by Fuller, pp. 56-8. 3. Borrowing pointed out by Fuller, p. 59. 4. Borrowing pointed out by Fuller, p. 58. 5. The Government 0] the Tongue, p. 114. 6. Auden hirnself acknowledged the influence of Anabase: see Mendelson, p. 96. Quotations are from St.-J. Perse, Anabasis, with a translation into English by T. S. Eliot (London, 1930). 7. The echoes mentioned in this paragraph are pointed out by Fuller, pp. 56-61 passim. 8. W. H. Auden, The Enchafld Flood (New York, 1950), p. 111; and see Smith, p. 61. 9. Aeeording to Mendelson, The Orators was probably eomposed between Spring and November of 1931; 'Triumphal March' was first published, as a pamphlet, in Oetober 1931: 'Diffieulties of aStatesman' was first published in Commerce, Winter 1931/2. 10. Auden himself aeknowledged the influenee of LudendorfT's The Coming War (London, 1931): see Mendelson, p. 96. LudendorfT's book contains an apoealyptie aeeount offorees that he believed were eonspiring against Germany. 11. This aecount of Coriolan draws on Gareth Reeves, T. S. Eliot: A Virgilian Poet (London and Basingstoke, 1989), pp. 78-81. 12. Eliot's borrowing from The Coming War is pointed out in Grover Smith, T. S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays: A Study in Sources and Meaning (1956; 2nd ed. Chieago and London, 1974), pp. 162, 334. 246 Auden, MacNeice, Spender: The Thirties Poetry

13. Auden hirnself acknowledged Lawrence's inftuence: see Mendelson,. p.96. 14. John Blair, The Poetic Art of W. H. Auden (Princeton, N.J., 1965), pp.78-81. 15. William Langland, The Vision of William Conceming Piers the Plowman, ed.· Walter W. Skeat (1886; rpt Oxford, 1924), Vol. 1., B-text, p. 2. 16 .. Kar! Marx, Zur Kritik der flegel'schen Rechts-Philosophie. 17. For example, Edgell Rickword objected to what he saw in the ode as the implications of a Nazi 'degradation of women and regimentation of the Strength through Joy variety', New Verse, Nov. 1937. Quoted in Fuller, p. 71. 18. Stan Smith makes much the same point: The Orators is 'making us ask that question of the wayward text which is asked in the "Epilogue'" (Smith, p.56).

5. Spender (2) 'To will this Time's change'

I. Quoted from c. Day Lewis, Collected Poems 1954 (1954; rpt London, 1970). 2. Quoted from review of The Still Centre in W. H. Meilers, 'Modern Poets in Love and War', Scrutiny, vol. 8, no. I, June 1939, p. 119. 3. Quoted from The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats, 2nd edn (1950; rpt London and Basingstoke, 1971). 4. Stephen Spender and tlle Tilirties, p. 97. 5. An Essay 011 Mall, Epistle 2, line 2; in The Poems of Alexander Pope, ed. John Butt (London, 1963). 6. See last sentenee ofpoem, translated as 'You must change your life' in The Selected Poet~y of Rainer ,\faria Rilke, ed. and trans. by Stephen MitcheII, with intro. by Rohert Hass (London, 1987). 7. Quoted from Friedricll Hölderlin, Eduard Mörike: Selected Poems, trans. with intro. by Christopher Middleton (Chicago and London, 1972). 8. Friedricll llölderlin, Eduard Mörike: Selected Poems, p. 238. 9. Stephen Spender and the Thirties, p. 212.

6. Auden (3) 'A change of heart'

I. Stephen Spender, 'Wo H. Auden and His Poetry', m W. H. Auden: A Collectioll of Essays, Twentieth Century Views, p. 28. 2. Tlze GOl'emment ofthe Tongue, p. 121. 3. Tlze GOl'emment ofthe Tongue, p. 121. 4. Gavin Ewart can be heard adjusting hirnself to Auden's new voice in his review of Look, Stranger! (the volume in which 'Out on the lawn I lie in bed' first appeared): 'Since his first book, Mr. Auden's verse has undergone a considerable simplification and a more severe formal discipline'. Ir. H. .-luden: Tlze Critical Heritage, ed. John Haffenden (London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, 1983), p. 220. 5. For a useful summary of the poem's historical context see Smith, pp. 81-2. No/es 247

6. See discussion of Auden's debl 10 Yeals in l\Iendelson, pp. 179-80. 7. Compare the 'rook-delighling hea\"Cn' in Y eals 's 'The Cold Heaven'. 8. Paradise Lost, Book 12, line 64-6. Quoted from -'/ilton: Pot/iml Ilorks, ed. Douglas Bush (1966; I·pt London and Oxford, 1969). 9. The point is made by Smilh, p. 24-. 10. See 'On "Septembei' I, 1939" by W. H. Auden' in Joseph ßrodsky, l.ess Tlum One (1986; rpt Harmondswol"\h, 1987), pp. 304-56. 11. 'On "September I, 1939" by W. H. Auden', p. 338. 12. Seamus Heaney, Tlle Hall.' Lalltem (London and Boslon, 1987). 13. See Smith, pp. 73-5, esp. p. 75. 14. 'Dover Beach', lines 21, 28. 15. John Fuller's word and point, Fuller, p. 107. 16. The numbers refer to the SQl1l1ets as arranged in In Timt' of War, not as re-arranged in the 1965 revision of the sequence, SOllllRls Jiwll Cllllw.

7. MacNeice (2) AutumnJournal: 'A monologue is the death of language'

I. Quoted in TItt Galle of Makillg, p. 43. 2. Quoted from Jolln Donne: Tlle E/egies and Tilf SO/lgr al/{l SOll/trI.\", ('(\. Helen Gardner (Oxford, 1965). Subsequelll quolalions 0" Donnl"s poctry are from this edition.

8. Poetry of the Spanish Civil War 'See and see the world'

l. Poetry o/tltt Thirties, ed. Robin Skcllon (Harmondsworlh, 19(4), p. 19. 2. Quoted from \V. H. Auden and Louis MacNcice, I.el/nr Fom 1ct'lmul (1937; rpt London, 1967). 3. Quoted in Gontemporary Poets, ed. James Vinson, 2nd edn (I.olldoll ami New York, 1975), p. 49. 4. Quoted in Monroe K. Spears, The Poetry of W. II. Auden: The I>i.ren• chanted Istand (New York, .1963), p. 157. 5. Quoted in The Poetry of W. 11. ,.luden: The Disencltanted hlalld, p. 157. 6. Christopher Caudwell, Illusion and Reality: A Slurly 0./ llte Source.\· 0/ Poetry (1937; rpt London, 1946), pp. 282, 283. Caudwcll, a poet ami :\1arxisl critic, served in the pro-Republican International Brigade in Spain ami was killed in 1937. 7. See discussion in Smith, pp. 170-3, esp. 172, where Smilh argucs: '/\t issue in both poems is the sense of history made up 0" changing and unrepeatable human subjects .... And the deepcsl dislress lhe)' share ... issues from a sense of the essential frivolity of art'. 8. Quoted from [ellers Jrolll leeland. 9. From A.ulhors Take Sides on llte Spanislt frar (1937), quoled in Spanült Fronl: Jrrilers on Ilte Gidl Jlar, ed. Yalentine Cunningham «()xliJrd and :\"ew York, 1986), p. 55. 10. Louis ~Iac:\"eice, Tlte Poelry o} W. B. Yeals, p. 126. 248 Auden, MacNeice, Spender: The Thirties Poetry

11. Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War 3rd edn (1977; rpt Harmonds• worth, 1984), p. 272. 12. See discussion in The Spanish Civil War, p. 864. 13. Franz Borkenau, The Spanish Cockpit (1937; rpt London and Sydney, 1986), p. x. 14. The Spanish Civil War, p. 155. 15. See MacNeice's unfriendly words about Marxists in his account of this trip to Spain, SAF, p. 161. 16. 'To-day the Struggle', first printed in New Statesman & Nation, 5 June 1937, rpt in Spanish Front: Writers on the Civil War, p. 325. 17. First line's 'ironie echo' of 'Ode to a Nightingale' pointed out in The Poems 01 Wiifred Owen, p. 163. 18. This and the subsequent quotation from Wordsworth taken from Wordsworth: Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutehinson, new ed. Ernest de Selincourt (1936; rpt London, 1967). 19. The Prelude, 1850, Book XI, lines 142-4. Index

Altolaguirre, ManueI, 240-2 passim 'Get there if you can and see the Auden, W. H. land you on ce were praud to MacNeice on, 63 own', 146 Spender on, 6, 23, 39, 145, 159 'Hearing of harvests rotting in the WORKS valleys' ('Paysage Moralise'), 'Again in conversations', 16 99,152-3 'As I walked out one evening', '', 217 157-8 I Believe, 172, 173, 175 'August for the people and their 'Impressions of Valencia', 210 favourite islands', 2,146,164-5 'In Memory of Ernst Toller', 209 'Before this loved one', 16, 17, 25 'In Memory ofW. B. Yeats', 2, 'Between attention and attention', 31,159-61, 181,241 25,31 'In Praise of Limestone', 9, 97 'Brathers, who when the sirens In Time ofWar, 4, 97,171-80 raar', 208 'It was Easter as I walked in the 'Consider this and in our time', public gardens', 27-9, 146-8, 31-4,90,93, 102, 122, 123-4, 149 149, 173 'Journey to Iceland', 168 'Contral of the passes was, he 'Lay your sleeping head, my love', saw,the key', 9-10, 32, 90 169-71 'Doom is dark and deeper than 'Letter to Lord Byron', 163 any sea-dingle', 88 'Letter to R. H. S. Crossman 'Dover', 163 Esq.', 209 'Easily, my dear, you move, easily 'Look, stranger, at this island yom head' ('A Bride in the now', 165-8 30's'), 154-7 'Love by ambition', 22, 24-5, Education To-day - and To-morrow, 30 110 'Matthew Arnold', 159 Enchafid Flood, The, 92 'May with its light behaving', 'Fish in the unrufHed lakes', 167 153-4 Foreword to Collected Shorter 'Musee des Beaux Arts', 159 Poems, 145,216 'Now the leaves are falling fast', 'Fram the very first coming down' 168 ('The Letter'; 'The Love '0 Love, the interest itself in Letter'), 21-4, 97, 152 thoughtless Heaven', 168-9

249 250 Index

Auden, W. H., (cont.) 'Since you are going to begin Orators, The, 4, 5, 33, 85-115; to-day', 89 'Address for a Prize-Day', 88-9, 'Sir, no man's enemy, forgiving 146; 'Argument', 86-8, 89-90, all', 145-6, 217 94,95; 'Epilogue', 96, 115; 'Spain', 4, 5, 114, 150, 206-18 'Journal of an Airman' , 90, 'Taller to-day, we remember 92-3, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100; similar evenings', 19-21, 23 'Letter to a Wound', 91, 92; 'The strings' excitement, the Ode I, 102-5, 111, 133; Ode applauding drum', 17-19,25 II, 102, 105-6; Ode III, 102, 'This lunar beauty', 16, 25 106-8, 208; Ode IV, 108-11; To ask the hard question is Ode V ('Which Side am I simple', 25, 30-1, 94, 177 Supposed to be On?'), 101, 102, 'Victor', 157 111-14; Ode VI, 111, 114-15; 'Voltaire at Ferney', 159 Preface to 1966 edition, 86, 92, 'Watch any day his nonchalant 94, 108; 'Prologue', 8-9, 30, 96, pauses, see', 97, 102 97-9, 100; 'There are some 'Who stands, the crux left of the birds in these valleys' (The watershed' ('The Watershed'), Decoys'), 96, 100-1; 'We have 7-9, 90, 97, 100, 165 brought you, they said, a map 'Who will endure', 30 of the country', 96, 100 (and Isherwood, Christopher), Outline for Boys and Girls and Ascent of F6, The, 5; Dog Their Parents, An, 33-4 Beneath the Skin, The, 5; Journey 'Out 011 thc lawn I lie in bed' ('A to a War, 171; , 5 Summer Night'), 5, 148-52, 155 (and MacNeice, Louis), Letters Oxford Book of Light Verse, The, from [celand, 80, 218 Introduction to, 172, 173 Paid on Both Sides, 10-16, 29, 30, Bakhtin, Mikhail, 88, 220 88, 92, 166; 'Always the Barcelona, 182, 186, 192,219-25 following wind of history' , 11; passim 'In these days during the BaUle of Maidon, The, 209 migrations, days', 13-14; Beach, Joseph Warren, 101 There is the city', 14-15,89; Beckett, Samuel, 63 The Spring unsettles sleeping Bergonzi, Bernard, 9 partnerships', 11-13; 'To Bible, The, 221-5 passim throw away the key and walk Genesis, 224 away', 15-16 Psalm 23, 98 Poems (1928), 6, 86, 87 Blair, John, 100 Poems (1930), 86 Blake, William, 37, 74, 141, 168 'Psychology and Art To-day', Blunt, Anthony, 225, 227 16-17 Borkenau, Franz 'Public v. the Late Mr. William Spanish Cockpit, The, 225 Butler Yeats, The', 159-60 Brodsky, Joseph, 161 'Rimbaud', 159 Brooke, Rupert, 40 'Sea and the Mirror, The', 207 Brooks, Cleanth, 3 'Sentries against inner and outer' , Byron, Lord, 155 25 'September I, 1939',3, 161-3, Caudwell, Christopher, 181 Illusion and Reality, 215 Index 251

Chamberlain, Neville, 181 Heaney, Seamus, 6, 7, 14, 89, 148 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 239 'From the Canton of Expectation', Connolly, Cyril, 228 165 Cornford, John, 8, 106, 218 Hitler, Adolf, 108-9, 150, 156, 181, Cunningham, Valentine, I, 59, 210, 199 222, 236, 237 Hölderlin, Friedrich 'Half of Life, The', 140 Davie, Donald, 47 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 105, 106, Depression, The, 40, 202 145 Dodds, E. R, 219 'Windhover, The', 57 Donne, John, 170 Hough, Graham, 65 'The Sunne Rising', 203, 205 Hynes, Samuel, 1,53,56,57,58, Douglas, Keith 186, 202, 215, 229, 234-5, 241 'Mersa',51 Isherwood, Christopher, 164, 165 Eliot, T. S., 2, 184 in The Orators, 103-4 Ash-Wednesday, 55, 182 see also Auden, W. H., IYORKS 'Burial of the Dead, The' (The Waste Land), 13-14 Jackson, Laura (Riding) 'Burnt Norton' (Four Quartets), 78 see Riding, Laura Coriolan, 5, 94-6 passim, 132-3 James, Henry, 2 passim Jarrell, RandalI, 37, 38, 39, 42, 'Gerontion', 140 56 'Little Gidding' (Four Quartets), 182 Keats, John, 211 Murder in the Cathedral, 134 Hyperion, 228 'Preludes', 40-1 Kulkarni, H. B., 44 'Rhapsody on a Windy Night', 124 'What the Thunder said' (The Langland, William Waste Land), 43 Piers Plowman, 102-3 'Whispers of Immortality', 86 Lawrence, D. H., 2, 44, 58, 100, Empson, William 104 'Just a Smack at Auden', 74 Fantasia oJ the Unconscious, 28, Engels, Friedrich, 176 92,98-9, 109-10, III Everett, Barbara, 12, 13, 16, 30, 85, Layard, John, 85, 104 88, 91, 100, 103, 106 Leavis, F. R., 3, 126 Lewis, C. Day, 5, 215 Franco, General Francisco, 206, 211, 'Conflict, The', 116-17 219 HopeJor Poetry, A, 116-17 Fraser, G. S., 65-6 Longley, Edna, 66, 71-2, 187,219, Freud, Sigmund (and Freudianism), 223 16,44, 153, 156, 158, 209 Longley, Michael, 70 Fuller, John, 11, 14, 24, 25, 85-6, Lowell, Robert, 210-11 89, 96, 98, 105, 107, 108, 110, Life Studies, 47 112,147-8,163,166,173,175, Ludendorff, General Erich F. W. 177, 180, 208 Coming War, The, 94, 96

Hamlet, 11, 92, 197, 219, 220, 224, MacNeice, Louis 225 Spender on, 84, 184 252 Index

MacNeice, Louis (cant.) Orwell, George WORKS Inside the Whale, 213 Autumn Journal, 3, 4, 5, 84, Owen, Wilfred, 37, 117 181-205, 219-27 Spender on, 41 'Bagpipe Music', 69,71,73-5, WORKS 78, 109, 184 'Anthem for Doomed Y outh', 65, 'Birmingham', 69, 71-3, 75, 76, 230 78 'Dulce et Decorum Est', 13, 228 'Brandy Glass, The', 69 'Exposure', 228 'Carrickfergus', 78-80 'Insensibility', 37 'Christmas Shopping', 69, 73, 'Strange Meeting', 13 75-8, 184, 187 'Eclogue for Christmas, An', Perse, Saint-John 64-6, 70, 185 Anabase, 89-90, 94-5, 96 'Entirely', 68 Pinter, Harold, 63 'Epilogue: For W. H. Auden' Poems for Spain, 206, 233 ('Postscript to Iceland'), 80-4, See also Introduction to Poems Jor 188,202,218-19 Spain, under Spender, Stephen, 'Experiences with Images', 184, WORKS 221-22 Pope, Alexander, 244-5 'Hornage to Cliches', 69-70, 70-1, 74, 183 Read, Herbert, 58 Modern Poetry, 2 Reichstag, The, 49 'Ode', 66,67,68, 184, 197 Replogle, Justin, 6, 101, 113, 114 Poetry 01 w. B. Yeats, The, 2, 75, Riding, Laura, 5, 25-31 passim 220 'Corne, Words, Away', 25 'Snow', 4, 64, 68, 74, 79,220 'Death as Death', 26-7 Strings Are False, The, 219, 222, 'Definition of Love, The', 30-1 223, 225 'Map of Places, The', 30 'Sunlight on the Garden, The', Selected Poems: In Five Sets, 25, 69,203,205 26 'Today in Barcelona', 219, 'World and I, The', 27-8 222-3 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 179-80 'Train to Dublin', 66-7, 68, 184, 'Archaic Torso of Apollo', 140 187, 195 Marsack, Robyn, 78-9 'Seafarer, The', 107 Marx, Karl (and Marxism), 106, Scrutiny, 126 119, 142, 151,215,227 Shakespeare, William Mendelson, Edward, 11, 30, 85, 89, Antony and Cleopatra, 69, 203 91, 92, 94, 96, 104, 105, 106, Coriolanus, 133 109, 111, 113, 115, 152, 157, Macbeth, 57 161, 168,211,213-14,216 Sonnets, 158 Milton, John see also Hamlet Paradise Lost, 21, 153-4 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 58, 168, 235 Munich Agreement (1938), 181, 186, Adonais, 55 198,202 Epipsychidion, 58 Mussolini, Benito, 108, 156 'Ode to the West Wind', 168 Prometheus Unbound, 131 New Criticism, 4-5 Skelton, Robin, 206 Index 253

Smith, Stan, 4, 6, 32, 92, 104, 105, 'In railway halls', 55-6, 59-62, 152, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 117 165-6, 217 Introduction to Gollected Poems Spanish Civil War, 4-5, 182, 198, 1928-1953, 127, 136 206-42 passim Introduction to Poems fOT Spain, Spencer, Bernard, 5, 41 211 'Allotments: April', 41 'I think continually of those who 'Cold Night, A', 46 were truly great', 45-6, 55, Spender, Stephen 56-9, 118, 122 in The Orators, 103 'Landscape near an Aerodrome, WORKS The',122-6 'Acts passed beyond the boundary 'Moving through the silent of mere wishing', 52-3 crowd', 3, 37-41, 42-3, 60 'An "I" can never be great man', 'My parents kept me from 44 children who were rough', 47-8 'At Castellon', 233-4 'Never being, but always at the 'At the end of two months' edge of Being', 54 holiday',44-6, 121 'Not palaces, an era's crown', 'Auden's Funeral', 6, 47 129-31 'Beethoven's Death Mask', 53-5, 'Not to you I sighed. No, not a 118 word',51-2 'Coward, The', 232 'Oh young men oh young 'Darkness and Light', 136, 142-4, comrades', 49, 57 239 'One More New Botched Destructive Element, The, 35, 41, Beginning', 36 42, 44, 55, 124, 128, 138 'Photograph, The', 36 'Diary Poems', 47 'Poetry and Revolution', 48 'Elementary School Class Room 'Polar Exploration', 138-9 in a Slum, An', 141-2 'Port Bou', 5, 237-40 'Exiles from their Land, History 'Prisoners, The', 59-60 their Domicile', 36, 136, 137 'Pylons, The', 4,121,127-9 'Exiles, The', 36 'Rolled over on Europe: the sharp 'Express, The', 120-2, 123 dew frozen to stars', 43-4, 46 'Fall of a City', 232-3 'Room Above the Square, The', 'Footnote, A (From Marx's Ghapter 238 on The Working Day)', 136, 142 'Separation, The', 141 Foreword to The Still Gentre, 'Sonnet', 234 137 'Stopwatch and an Ordnance 'For T. A. R. H.', 50-1 Map, A', 232 Forward fTom LibeTalism, 58-9 Temple, The, 119 'From all these events', 61-2 'Thoughts During an Air Raid', 'Funeral, The', 117-19, 127 235-7 'Heroes in Spain', 228 'To a Spanish Poet', 240-2 'He will watch the hawk with an Trial of a Judge, 5, 131, 134-5 indifferent eye', 53 'Two Armies', 5, 228-31, 234 'How strangely this sun reminds 'Ultima Ratio Regum', 234-5 me of my love', 36,49-50 'Uncreating Chaos, The', 139-41 'Human Situation, The', 137-8 'Van der Lubbe', 49 'In 1929', 119-20 Vienna, 5, 131-4, 135 254 Index

Spender, Stephen (cont.) Warn er, Rex, 5 'War Photograph', 232 'The Tourist Looks at Spain', 'What I expeeted', 56 206-8,210 'Who live under the shadow of a Weatherhead, A. Kingsley, 42, 51, war', 44, 230 128, 143 'Without that onee clear aim, the Wordsworth, William path of flight', 126-7 'Affiietion of Margaret, The', 237 World Within World, 2, 35, 39, 43, 'Indignation of a High-Minded 46,52, 125, 131,240 Spaniard', 211 Stein, Gertrude, 90 Prelude, The, 242

Tennyson, Alfred Lord Yeats, W. B., 1-2,74,83,117,128 In Memoriam, 186 Auden's response to, 2, 153, 159, Thomas, Hugh, 222, 226 167; see also 'In Memory of Thurley, Geoffrey, 230 W. B. Yeats', under Auden, Trilling, Lionel, 39 W. H., WORKS MaeNeiee on, see Poetry of W. B. Yeats, The, under MaeNeiee, Vendler, Helen, 1, 56 Louis, WORKS Virgil Spender on, 2, 44, 128 Aeneid, 73 WORKS 'Easter 1916', 138 'Wanderer, The', 107 'Prayer for my Daughter, A', 128 Warner, John, 109 'Sailing to Byzantium', 220