Pauri 5 Overview the Fifth Pauri Is Accompanied by Two Saloks. The

The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1

Pauri 5

Overview The fifth pauri is accompanied by two saloks. The first salok is comprised of four lines and the second is comprised of twenty-six. In the first salok, there is a description of the Divine-play (rās) in creation. It is suggested that nature itself is performing a Divine-play in which, parts of time and elements of nature are characters. The second salok contains three parts. The first part constitutes a satirical narrative of a theatrical performance (rās līlā1) - being carried out by actors, performers or street-artists. It explains that instead of making human life worthy through gaining an understanding of the mystery of the play of nature, human life is being wasted by engaging in superficial plays. The second part mentions the life- sketch of IkOankar’s servants imbued with IkOankar. In the third part, there is a satire on dance-rotations of the street-artists being compared to the devices rotating on their axis. In the pauri, it has been mentioned that the Nam of the formless IkOankar, when remembered in the spirit of complete surrender, is the right course of action to attain spiritual freedom. salok m: 1. ghaṛīā sabhe gopīā pahar kann̖ gopāl. gahaṇe paüṇu pāṇī baisantaru candu sūraju avtār. saglī dhartī mālu dhanu vartaṇi sarab jañjālu. nānak musai giān vihūṇī khāi gaïā jamkālu.1.

Literal Translation

1 Literally, a play (līlā) of aesthetics (rās), or more broadly, a pleasurable act or dance of love performed by Krishan and the cow-maidens, his beloved friends. This is part of the traditional story of Krishan described in the Hindu literature and scripture, where he dances with his beloved Radha and her companions. The rās līlā (play of aesthetics) would take place when the cow-maidens of Vrindavan, upon hearing the sound of Krishan’s flute, would sneak away from their households to the forest to dance with him throughout the night. In the early 15th Century, it became a popular form of folk theatre in Mathura and Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh, India, especially during the festival of Krishan’s birthday. The rās līlā is performed either by boys and girls, or by girls only. The dance is often accompanied with folk songs and devotional music. The whole performance is considered an experience of the spiritual world, in which the songs describe the spiritual abode of Krishan, Radha, and her companions (gopīs). The actors or performers mimic them in order to visually represent the rās līlā that is being described in the songs. The group of actors is led by a leader called swami or guru. –adapted from Wikipedia

All moments of day-night are cow-maidens; eight parts of day-night are Krishan’s cow-herds. Air, water, and fire are the ornaments; the moon and the sun are the incarnations. The entire earth is wealth; indulging (in it) is all material entanglement. Nanak! Devoid of wisdom (the populace) is being plundered; Jamkal has eaten (it) away.2

Interpretive Transcreation All moments of day-night are like Krishan’s female companions (cow-maidens) dancing in the play of the formless One’s creation; all parts of day-night are like Krishan’s male companions (cow-herds). All natural elements (air, water, and fire) are like ornaments worn by the female and male companions; the moon and the sun are like the incarnations of Krishan and Ram. All material objects of earth are like the material wealth of the female and male companions; all worldly entanglement is like the usage of that wealth.3 Nanak! Devoid of wisdom, the world is being deceived in this play. Jamkal, the fear of death, has and continues to eat away the world.

Word Meaning ghaṛīā = moments of day-night, the sixty divisions of day-night.4 noun, nominative case; feminine, plural. Old Panjabi/Braj – ghaṛī (clock, period of 24 minutes); Apabhransh – ghaṛī; Prakrit – ghaḍī (pot, water clock); Pali – ghaṭī (pot); Sanskrit – ghaṭī (घटी - pot, water clock; period of 24 minutes). sabhe5 = all.

2 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 3 vartaṇi vartiā sarab janjālu. –Guru Granth Sahib 1287 4 Word ‘ghaṛī’ is a time indicating unit used in the older times, which according to Mahan Kosh is equal to twenty-four minutes. According to this standard, a day and night together would have sixty ‘ghaṛīāṁ.’ But during the time of Bhagat Kabir, a ‘ghaṛī’ was considered to be of twenty-two minutes, and a day and night were equal to sixty-four ‘ghaṛīāṁ’: āṭh jāmi caüsaṭhi ghaṛī tua nirkhat rahai jīu. –Guru Granth Sahib 1377 5 In Guru Granth Sahib, ‘sabhi’ is used as a plural. Here ‘sabhi’ has been poetically modified into ‘sabhe.’

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 2 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 adjective (of gopīā), nominative case; feminine, plural. Old Panjabi – sabh/sabhe; Lahndi – sabho; Sindhi – sabhu; Apabhransh – sabbha; Prakrit – savva/sabba; Sanskrit – sarva (सर्व - all, everyone). gopīā = gopis, female cowherds/cow-maidens; Krishan’s female companions.6 noun, nominative case; feminine, plural. Old Panjabi – gopīā; Sanskrit – gopī (गोपी - milkmaid, cow-maid). pahar = eight parts of day-night, all parts of day-night.7 noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Braj/Apabhransh – pahar; Sanskrit – prahar (प्रहर - eighth part of a day and night combined, a duration of three hours). kann̖ = of Kanha, of Krishan. noun, genitive case; masculine, singular. Prakrit – kannha/kinnha/kisaṇ; Pali – kaṇha; Sanskrit – krishaṇ (कृष्ण - dark blue, black; Krishan). gopāl = caretaker of cows, male cowherds/milkmen; male companions of Krishan.8 noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – gopāl; Sanskrit – gopāl (गोपाल - caretaker of cows, male cowherds). gahaṇe = ornaments. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – gahaṇe; Oria – gahaṇā; Lahndi/Sanskrit – gahanā (गहना - ornaments). paüṇu = air. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – paüṇu; Apabhransh – paüṇ/ paün; Prakrit – pavan/payaṇ; Sanskrit – pavan (पर्न् - air).

6 The word ‘gopī’ has been specifically used for the cow-maidens of Vrindavan, who used to play with Krishan during his stay at Gokul. –Prof. Sahib Singh, Srī Gurū Granth Sāhib Darpaṇ (Vol 3), Raj Publishers, Jalandhar, 1963, page 628 7 The eighth part of a day and night (equivalent to three hours) is called a ‘pahar.’ 8 Though the word ‘gopāl’ is also an adjective used for Krishan, contextually, and also because ‘pahar’ being a plural here, the appropriate meaning of ‘gopāl’ is ‘the caretakers of cows, cowherds/milkmen; male companions of Krishan.’

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 3 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 pāṇī = water. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Apabhransh – pāṇī; Prakrit – pāṇīa; Sanskrit – pāṇīya (पानीय - water). baisantaru = fire. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Marwari/Dingal/Braj – baisantar; Apabhransh – baisandar; Prakrit – baisvāṇaro; Sanskrit – vaishvanarah (र्ैशर्ानर: - fire). candu = moon. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – candu/candā; Prakrit – cand; Pali – cand (moon); Sanskrit – candrah (चन्द्र: - shining, moon). sūraj = sun. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Braj/Apabhransh/Prakrit – sūraj; Sanskrit – sūrya (सूयव - sun). avtār = incarnations, those who are born for a special purpose; incarnations of Krishan and Ram.9 noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi/Apabhransh – avtār; Sanskrit – avtārah (अर्तार: - to descend, to take birth, to come to earth for a special purpose). saglī = all, entire. Adjective (of dhartī), nominative case; feminine, singular. Old Panjabi – saglī/sagal; Apabhransh – sagal; Prakrit – sagal/sayal; Sanskrit – sakal (सकल - entire). dhartī = earth. noun, nominative case; feminine, singular.

9 An invisible personality taking form is called incarnation. Time is an intangible/invisible thing. Sun and moon, which are the cause of division in time (day and night), are tangible, and considered the incarnations of time. –Shabdārth, Srī Guru Granth Sahib, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Amritsar, 2017, page 465

Maithili/Braj/Sindhi/Apabhransh – dhartī; Sanskrit – dharitrī (धररत्री - one who holds, earth). mālu dhanu = material objects, wealth, riches.10 noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. – money, wealth) + Old Panjabi/Apabhransh – dhanu; Sanskrit - مال) Arabic – māl dhanam (धनम् - wealth, riches, money). vartaṇi11 = utility, usage, indulging (in material objects). noun, nominative case; feminine, singular. Old Panjabi – vartaṇi; Sanskrit – vartan (र्तवन - subsistence, material necessary for subsistence; living/lifestyle). sarab = all. adjective (of janjālu), nominative case; masculine, singular. Braj – sarab; Apabhransh – sarab; Sanskrit – sarva (सर्व - all, everyone). janjālu = material entanglement/attachment; worldly entanglement. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Oria/Bhojpuri – janjāl; Sindhi – janjālu; Sanskrit – janjāl (जꅍजाल - worry, work, bondage). nānak = Nanak! noun, vocative case; masculine, singular. musai = is being plundered, is being deceived. verb, present tense; third person, feminine, singular. Old Panjabi/Braj – musai; Apabhransh/Prakrit – musaï; Sanskrit – mushayate (मुष्यते - has been looted). giān = (without) wisdom, (devoid of) wisdom. noun, accusative case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – giān; Sanskrit – ñānam (ज्ञानम् - to know, to understand). vihūṇī = without, devoid of.

10 The words ‘mālu’ and ‘dhanu’ are synonyms. Both mean wealth, riches, and money. 11 The sihārī (short vowel, ‘i’) in the end indicates the feminine.

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 5 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 postposition. Apabhransh/Prakrit – vihūṇī/vihūṇ (without, devoid of); Sanskrit – vidhūn/vihūn (वर्धून/वर्हून - left/abandoned, without). khāi gaïā = has eaten away. compound verb, past tense; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh/Prakrit – khāaï/khāi; Pali – khādati (eats); Sanskrit – khādati (खादवत - chews, bites; Rigved - eats) + Lahndi – gaïā; Braj – gayā; Apabhransh – gayaa; Prakrit – gay; Pali – gat; Sanskrit – gatah (गत: - went away). jamkālu = Jamkal; death, the fear of death.12 noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Braj/Apabhransh/Prakrit – jamkāl; Sanskrit – yamkāl (यमकाल - Jamkāl, Yamrāj).

Summary: This world is like a play (theater). The units of time like day, night, etc. are the characters of this play. Natural elements like air, water, fire, etc. are ornaments of these characters. The moon and sun are the incarnations in this play. The worldly objects are the riches of the characters and materialistic engagements are their dealings. Without the spiritual awareness of life, one is deceived by material allurements, and does not realize when death overcomes him/her.

Poetical Dimension Based on the assumption that object of comparison (upmān) is a form of subject of comparison (upmey), there is a beautiful use of metaphor in the first three lines of this four line salok:

Subject of comparison Object of comparison ghaṛīā (moments of day-night) gopīā (female cowherds/cow- maidens) pahar (eight parts of day-night) kann̖ gopāl (Krishan’s male companions, i.e., cow-herds) paüṇu pāṇī baisantaru (air, water, fire) gahaṇe (ornaments) candu sūraju (moon, sun) avtār (incarnations)

12 Yam or Yam-rāj (jam, jam-rāi/rājā, jam-kāl, etc. in Guru Granth Sahib) refers to Yama, one of the Hindu deities, who is the king or god of death, and the netherworld (hell). In the Guru Granth Sahib, he is also named dharam-rāj/rāi (the king of justice) or simply dharam. In Hinduism he is considered to administer justice on the actions committed by a person.

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 6 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 sagalī dhartī (entire earth) mālu dhanu (material objects/wealth) janjāl (material entanglement/attachment) vartaṇi (indulging)

Thus, two different images have been created here, using a series of allegories. One image is of the phenomenon occurring in nature, and the other image is that of a play/drama being enacted on the world-stage. But, through both these images, the sense of a unique drama being played out in the vast theatre of nature, has been portrayed by the employment of a series of metaphors.

The fourth line contains both the climax and the closure of the play, because this point is an exposition where the mystery of the play is revealed. Individuals who are without spiritual wisdom are deceived in the play, and eaten by death in the form of Yama (the god of death). Even though the ending of the play appears tragic and pessimistic at the surface level, in practical terms, it holds within, the immense possibilities of transformation. The spiritual wisdom obtained from the Guru is the real enabler of these possibilities.

In this fourth line, the verb ‘musai’ meaning ‘‘is being plundered/deceived’ is used for the individuals who are caught in worldly affairs. On the other hand, the expression ‘khāi gaïā jamkālu’ (Jamkal has eaten them away) has been used for the people dying. The expression ‘ṭhagge jāṇā’ (to be deceived) is associated with a thug or deception, whereas ‘khā laiṇā’ (to eat) is a devouring act. Thus, here, through semantic deviation, these verbs have been used for ‘worldly indulgence’ and ‘Yama like death.’ m: 1. vāini cele nacani gur. pair halāini pheran̖i sir. uḍi uḍi rāvā jhāṭai pāi. vekhai loku hasai ghari jāi. roṭīā kāraṇi pūrahi tāl. āpu pachāṛahi dhartī nāli. gāvani gopīā gāvani kān̖. gāvani sītā rāje rām. nirbhaü niraṅkāru sacu nāmu. jā kā kīā sagal jahānu. sevak sevahi karami caṛāu. bhinnī raiṇi jin̖ā mani cāu. sikhī sikhiā gur vīcāri. nadarī karami laghāe pāri. kolū carkhā cakī caku. thal vārole bahutu anantu. lāṭū mādhāṇīā angāh. paṁkhī bhaüdīā laini na sāh. sūai cāṛi bhavāīahi jant. nānak bhaüdiā gaṇat na ant. bandhan bandhi bhavae soi. paiai kirti nacai sabhu koi. naci naci hasahi calahi se roi. uḍi na jāhī sidh na hohi. nacaṇu kudaṇu man ka cāu. nānak jin̖ mani bhaü tin̖ā mani bhāu. 2.

Literal Translation The disciples play (musical instruments); the gurus dance, shake their feet, sway their heads.13 Rising continuously, the dust falls into (their) tangled hair. Crowd watches, and having returned home laughs. For the sake of bread, (these performers) keep time with the musical beat. They throw themselves on the ground.14 (They) sing of the cow-maidens, (they) sing of Krishan. (They) sing of Sita (and) the king Ram.15 Fearless is (only) the formless (One), only the Nam (of the formless One) is true; who has created the entire world. The servants (of the formless One) serve (the formless One); through the grace of (the formless One) there is a rise (of love for the formless One).16 Their night is drenched (in love), in whose mind (there) is joy.17 (Those devotees who have) learned the teaching through the Guru’s thought, the gracious formless One takes (them) across.18 Oil-press, spinning wheel, hand mill, potter’s wheel (and) many endless whirlwinds of the deserts. Spinning tops, churning sticks, grain threshers (and) the (flocks of) wandering birds, do not take a breath.19 Having been mounted on the spike, (many more) devices are rotated. Nanak! There are neither countings nor ends to the rotating (devices and beings). Having tied in the bonds, that (formless One alone) makes (the beings) wander. In accordance with the inscribed writ, everyone dances. (Those who) laugh, having danced, they depart crying. (They) cannot fly away, (they) cannot become siddhas.20 Dancing, hopping is a pleasure of mind. Nanak! In whose mind there is reverence (for the formless One), in their mind (alone) is love.

13 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 14 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 15 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 16 othai ammritu vanḍīai karmī hoi pasāu. kancan kāiā kasīai vannī caṛai caṛāu. – Guru Granth Sahib 146 17 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 18 Meaning derived by changing the sentence structure. 19 ‘laini na sāh’ (do not take a breath) is an idiomatic phrase, which means ‘do not tire’ (circle tirelessly). 20 Phrases ‘uḍi na jāhī’ (they do not fly away) and ‘sidh na hohi’ (they cannot become sidhs) are idiomatic in nature, which means ‘they cannot attain an elevated spiritual state’ and ‘they cannot attain spiritual wisdom’ respectively.

Interpretive Transcreation Instead of enjoying the natural play staged by the formless One, people perform plays of god-incarnates, the disciples play musical instruments and their mentors (gurus) dance, shaking bell anklets tied to their feet and swaying their heads. The dust rises continuously with the movement of the dancers’ feet and settles in their tangled hair. The crowd watches, and after returning home, thinks about them and laughs. These performers dance to the beat and throw themselves on the ground merely for the sake of money and bread.21 Instead of singing praises of the formless One, these performers mimic and sing the praises of the god-incarnates (Krishan and Ram Chandra) and their companions (cow-maidens, Sita). Only the formless One, who has created the entire world, is beyond any Command; Identification (Nam) of the formless One is eternal. The devotees who have a yearning for the formless One, remember (serve) only the formless One. Through the grace of the formless One, their mind is dyed in the love of the formless One, their consciousness rises, and their lives (day and night) are drenched in spiritual ecstasy. Those devotees who have learned the teaching of the formless One through Guru’s thought, the gracious formless One takes them across the world-ocean. Oil-press, spinning wheel, hand mill, potter’s wheel, and the countless unending whirlwinds of the deserts. Spinning tops, churning sticks, grain threshers, and flocks of birds tirelessly circling in the sky. Besides these, many other devices are mounted on the spike and rotated.22 Nanak! The number of these rotating devices and wandering beings can neither be counted, nor their limits known. But, nothing is in the hands of these worldly beings. The formless One’s will alone binds people in material entanglements and makes them wander; everyone dances according to the Writ.23

21 māiā kai arthi bahutu lok nāce ko virlā tatu bīcārī. –Guru Granth Sahib 506 22 In addition to a pointer to ‘canḍol’ (n. caturdol, a device consisting of four cradles in which people take a joy ride: Pañjābī Kosh, Vol 2, Bhasha Vibhag Punjab, 1988, page 329) in Faridkot Tika, the line ‘sūai cāṛi bhavāīahi jant’ refers to the wish fulfilment at the temple of Sūā deity in the south. According to this, those whose children do not survive, come to this temple and are made to mount a spike from the back and rotate. It is believed that this helps even a dead child live their complete life. –Ādi Srī Gurū Granth Sāhib Jī Saṭīk (Pharīdkoṭ Vālā Ṭīkā), Vol 2, Bhasha Vibhag Punjab, 1992, page 986 23 bandhani bandhi bhavaīanu karaṇā kachū na jāi. 17. –Guru Granth Sahib 1414

Those who, having forgotten the formless One, dance for the sake of money in the plays they enact and laugh, depart from the world in despair (crying) in the end. Such means of entertainment can neither help them in elevating their spiritual state (flying away), nor in attaining spiritual wisdom (becoming siddhas). Such dancing and hopping is merely a pleasure of the mind; it is not love for the formless One. Nanak! In whose mind there is reverence for the formless One, in their mind (alone) is Love.

Word Meaning vāini = they play (musical instruments). verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Lahndi – vāvaṇā/vāuṇā24 (play musical instruments, etc.); Gujarati – vāvu (to play); Prakrit – vāei; Pali – vādeti (plays a musical instrument); Sanskrit – vādyati (र्ादयवत - causes to play). cele = disciples, followers. noun, nominative case; third person, masculine, plural. Braj/Apabhransh – cele/celā; Prakrit – cella; Pali – cellak; Sanskrit – cella/ceṭṭa (चेल्ल/चेट्ट - boy, disciple/adherent). nacani = they dance. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – nacani; Apabhransh – naccaṇi; Prakrit – ṇaccanti; Pali – naccati; Sanskrit – nrityanti (नृत्यन्ति - they dance). gur = gurus/mentors, masters, leaders. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh – guru (big, great; teacher); Prakrit – guru/gurua (heavy; teacher); Pali – guru (teacher); Sanskrit – guru (गु셁 - heavy, serious/big/long; teacher, spiritual mentor). pair = feet. noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi/Braj – pair; Apabhransh – paiṛ/paiyaṛ; Prakrit – pai/paya; Sanskrit – pad (पद - feet). halāini = they move, they shake.

24 ‘piā vanjhalī vāe te rāg gāve’ (Hīr Vāris). –G. S. Rayall, Panjābī Bhāshā Dā Nirukat Kosh, Punjabi University, Patiala, 2006, page 604

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 10 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – halaṇā; Sindhi – halaṇu (to walk, to move); Prakrit – hallaï (walks); Sanskrit – hallati (हल्लवत - walks, moves). pheran̖i = they turn/rotate, they sway. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – pheraṇā; Lahndi – pheraṇ; Sindhi – pheraṇu (to turn/rotate); Prakrit – pheraṇ (to turn/rotate); Sanskrit – pheryati (फेरयवत - turns/rotates). sir = heads. noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi – sir; Sindhi – siru; Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali – sir; Sanskrit – shiras (वशरस् - head). uḍi uḍi = rising continuously. perfect participle (adverb). Apabhransh – uḍḍi (having flown); Prakrit – uḍḍei; Pali – uḍeti; Sanskrit – uḍḍayate (उड्डयते - flies). rāvā25 = dust. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Braj/Sindhi – ravā (dust); Sanskrit – rav (रर् - piece, particle). jhāṭai = in the unkempt hair, in the tangled hair of the head. noun, ablative case; masculine, singular. Panjabi – jhāṭā; Sindhi – jhāṭ; Prakrit – jhāṁṭi (bunch of hair); Sanskrit – jhāṭṭha/jhāṇaṭ (झाठ्ठ/झाण्ट - hair, bunch of hair). pāi = falls, settles. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – pāuṇā; Lahndi – pāvaṇ; Sindhi – pāiṇu (to obtain); Prakrit – pāvaï (obtains); Pali – pāpeti (obtains, brings); Sanskrit – prāpyati (प्रापयवत - causes to be obtained, obtains). vekhai = sees, watches. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular.

25 In Guru Granth Sahib, the word ‘rāvā’ appears only once.

Lahndi – vekhaṇ (to see/look); Prakrit – vehaï; Sanskrit – vīkshate/vīkshati (र्ीक्षते/र्ीक्षयवत - sees/looks). loku = world; crowd. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Braj – lok; Apabhransh/Prakrit – loa; Sanskrit – lokah (लोक: - region, world). hasai = laughs. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – hasai; Prakrit – hassaï; Pali – hassati; Sanskrit – hasyate (हसयते - laughs). ghari = in the house. noun, locative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi/Braj – ghar; Sindhi – gharu; Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali/Sanskrit – ghar (घर - house). jāi = having gone, having returned, after returning. perfect participle (adverb). Apabhransh/Prakrit – jāi; Sanskrit – yāti (यावत - goes, departs). roṭīā = (for the sake of) bread; (for the sake of) money, (for the sake of) putting food on the table. noun, dative case; feminine, plural. Lahndi – roṭī; Apabhransh – roṭī/roṭ; Prakrit – roṭṭa; Sanskrit – roṭṭa (रोट्ट - bread). kāraṇi = for, because of, for the sake of. postposition. Sindhi – kāraṇu; Apabhransh – kāraṇi; Prakrit/Pali/Sanskrit – kāraṇ (कारण - reason, for the sake of). pūrahi = they keep time with musical beat; they dance to the beat. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Panjabi – pūraṇā; Lahndi – pūraṇ; Sindhi – pūraṇu; Kashmiri – pūrun (to fill); Apabhransh/Prakrit – pūraï; Pali – pūreti; Sanskrit – pūryati (पूयववत - fills). tāl = a musical beat, the sound of a clap to divide time and rhythm in music. noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh – tāl; Sanskrit – tāl (ताल् - striking one palm with another, to clap).

āpu = to self, themselves. pronoun, accusative case; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – āp/āpu/āpi; Prakrit – ātā/āyā/attaṇ; appā/appaṇ; Pali – attan (self); Sanskrit – ātman (आत्मन् - breath, soul; Rigved - self). pachāṛahi = they throw (on the ground). verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – pachāṛaṇā (to be knocked down in wrestling); Sindhi – pachāṛaṇu (to fall down); Prakrit – pacchāḍid; Sanskrit – pracchāṭ (प्रच्छाट - to fall down/to fall). dhartī = (on) the earth, (on) the ground. noun, ablative case; feminine, singular. Maithili/Braj/Sindhi/Apabhransh – dhartī; Sanskrit – dharitrī (धररत्री - one who holds, earth). nāli = with, on. postposition. Old Panjabi – nāli (with); Kashmiri – nāl (chest); Prakrit – ankvālii, Sanskrit – aṅkapālih (अङ्कपावल: - to embrace). gāvani = they sing. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Apabhransh – gāvani/gāvahi/gāahi; Prakrit – gāaï ; Pali – gāanti; Sanskrit – gāyanti (गायन्ति - they sing). gopīā = cow-maidens; friends/companions of Krishan. noun, genitive case; feminine, plural. Old Panjabi – gopīā; Sanskrit – gopī (गोपी - milkmaid, cow-maid). kān̖ = of Krishan. noun, genitive case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh – kānha; Prakrit – kannha/kinnha/kisaṇ; Pali – kaṇha; Sanskrit – krishaṇ (कृष्ण - dark blue, black; Krishan)26.

26 In medieval writings, words ‘kannha, kānha’ are more common than ‘krishan.’ According to Dr. Bhola Nath Tiwari, the word in Hindi is also ‘kānha’ and not ‘krishan.’

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 13 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 sītā = of Sita. noun, genitive case; feminine, singular. Sanskrit – sītā (सीता - a line drawn in the field by the plough/furrow; Sita, the daughter of Janak).27 rāje = of the king. adjective (of rām), genitive case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – rājā; Sanskrit – rājan (राजन् - king). rām = of Ram, of Ram Candar, the son of King Dashrath. noun, genitive case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – rām; Sanskrit – rāmah (राम: - Ram Candar). nirbhaü = without fear, fearless; fearless IkOankar, beyond the Command. adjective (of niraṅkāru), nominative case; masculine, singular. Negating prefix ‘nir’ + Apabhransh – bhaü; Sanskrit – bhaya (भय - fear). niraṅkāru = without form; the formless One. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – niraṅkār; Sanskrit – nirākār (वनराकार - without form). sacu = true; ever-steady, eternal. adjective (of nāmu), nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – sac/sacā/sacī/sace; Apabhransh – sacu; Prakrit – saco; Sanskrit – satya (सत्य् - truth). nāmu = Nam, Identification. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Kashmiri – nām/nāv; Prakrit – ṇām; Sanskrit – nāman (नामन् - name). jā = who. pronoun, genitive case; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – jā (when, who, which, etc.); Prakrit – jāv Sanskrit – yāvay (यार्त् - whom, whose, which). kā = of.

27 It is believed that the daughter of Janak was named Sita, because she was found from the line formed while ploughing a field.

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 14 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 postposition. Old Panjabi/Braj – kā/kī/ke (of); Apabhransh – ker (of); Prakrit – kārito; Sanskrit – kritah (कृत: - to do). kīā = made, created. verb, past tense; third person, masculine, singular. Braj/Rajasthani – kīā/kīe; Apabhransh – kīa/kīaā; Prakrit – karīi; Sanskrit – kritah (कृत: - done). sagal = all, entire. adjective (of jahānu), accusative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – sagal; Apabhransh – sagal; Prakrit – sagal/sayal; Pali/Sanskrit – sakal (सकल - entire). jahānu = world. noun, accusative case; masculine, singular. Farsi – jihān (world). sevak = those who serve, servants; servants of the formless One, devotees. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh/Prakrit/Sanskrit – sevak (सेर्क - one who serves, servant). sevahi = they serve; they remember. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Apabhransh – sevahi; Prakrit – sevaï; Pali – sevate; Sanskrit – sevante (सेर्क - they serve, they worship). karami = through grace, through benevolence. noun, instrumental case; masculine, singular. .(grace, blessing - کرم) Arabic – karam caṛāu = rise, rise (of love for the formless One); dyed in the love of the formless One. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – caṛhaṇ; Sindhi – caḍhaṇu (to grow, to rise/climb); Apabhransh – caḍaï; Prakrit – caḍaï; Sanskrit – caḍhati (चढवत - grows, rises/climbs). bhinnī = drenched, soaked; drenched (in spiritual ecstasy/bliss). past participle (adjective of raiṇi), nominative case; feminine, singular.

Old Panjabi/Lahndi – bhinnī/bhinnā; Sindhi – bhīno (drenched/soaked); Sanskrit – bhiyajayate (वभयजयते - is smeared, is drenched/soaked). raiṇi = night; night-day, life. noun, nominative case; feminine, singular. Apabhransh – raiṇi; Prakrit – rayaṇi; Pali – rajani; Sanskrit – rajanih (रजवन: - night). jin̖ā = of whom, whose. pronoun, genitive case; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – jinā; Apabhransh – jiṇā/jiṇi; Prakrit – jeṇ; Sanskrit – yen (येन - who has). mani = in the mind. noun, locative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – mann; Apabhransh – mane/maṇe; Prakrit – maṇi/maṇ; Sanskrit – manas (मनस् - mind). cāu = joy, delight, yearning. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Awadhi – cāu (strong desire); Lahndi – cāh (desire); Sindhi – cāhu (desire, love); Apabhransh – cāhaï (wishes, desires); Prakrit – cāhaï (desires, expects, asks); Sanskrit – cāh (चाह - to see, to search, to desire). sikhī = learned, have learned. verb, past tense; third person, feminine, singular. Apabhransh – sikhī/sikhā; Prakrit/Pali – sikakhā; Sanskrit – shikshā (वशक्षा - teaching, education). sikhiā = teaching, Divine teaching. noun, accusative case; feminine, singular. Old Panjabi – sikhiā; Apabhransh – sikhyā/sikh; Prakrit/Pali – sikakhā; Sanskrit – shikshā (वशक्षा - teaching, education). gur = of the Guru. noun, genitive case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – guru (big, great; teacher); Prakrit – guru/gurua (heavy; teacher); Pali – guru (teacher); Sanskrit – guru (गु셁 - heavy, serious/big/long; teacher, spiritual mentor).

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 16 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 vīcāri = through thought, through wisdom. noun, instrumental case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – bīcār; Sanskrit – vicār (वर्चार - thought, discussion). nadarī = the bestower of grace, the gracious formless One. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. .(to see, sight - نظر) Arabic – nazar karami = through grace, through benevolence. noun, instrumental case; masculine, singular. .(grace, blessing - کرم) Arabic – karam laghāe = takes across. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – laṅghaṇā; Lahndi – lagghaṇ; Sindhi – laṅghaṇu (to pass over); Apabhransh/Prakrit – laṅghei; Pali – laṅgheti; Sanskrit – laṅghayati (लꅍघयवत - leaps over, transgresses, ascends). pāri = across; across the world-ocean. adverb. Lahndi – pār; Sindhi – pāru; Kashmiri/Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali/Sanskrit – pār (पार - to cross the river). kolū = oil-press, a device for extracting oil from mustard, cottonseed, etc. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Sindhi – kolū; Apabhransh/Prakrit – kolhu; Sanskrit – kolhu (कोल्हु - machine for pressing sugarcane or oilseeds). carkhā = spinning wheel, an indigenous device to weave yarn (thread). noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Farsi – carkhah (a rotating machine).28 cakī = hand mill, a device made of two stone plates used for grinding grains. noun, nominative case; feminine, singular. Old Panjabi – cakī (mill); Sindhi – cakī (hand mill); Sanskrit – cakrī (चक्री - wheel). caku = potter’s wheel. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular.

28 Its root is ‘carakh’ (to rotate).

Sindhi – cakka (potter’s wheel); Prakrit/Pali – cakka (wheel); Sanskrit – cakra (चक्र - wheel, potter’s wheel). thal = of the dry lands, of the deserts. noun, genitive case; masculine, plural. Lahndi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali – thal; Sanskrit – sthal (थल् - dry land). vārole = whirlwinds, sandstorms, speeding gusts of whirlwinds in deserts.29 noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi/Apabhransh/Prakrit – vāu+rolā; Sanskrit – vāyū+rav (र्ायू+रर् - air+to produce sound). bahutu = a lot of, many, countless. adjective (of vārole), nominative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi/Apabhransh – bahutu; Prakrit – bahutto; Pali – bahutta; Sanskrit – bahutam (बुतम् - many). anantu = without an end, endless, unending. adjective (of vārole), nominative case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh – anant; Sanskrit – anant (अनि - without an end). lāṭū = spinning tops. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – lāṭū (spinning top); Sanskrit – laṭyate (लटयते - it moves). mādhāṇīā = churning sticks, devices to churn milk. noun, nominative case; feminine, plural. Lahndi – madhāṇī/mādhāṇī; Sindhi – mādhāṇī; Prakrit/ Sanskrit – manthān (मन्थान - churning device, churning stick). angāh = flails, grain threshers, devices to thresh grains. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi – annagāh; Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali – ann+gāh; Sanskrit – ann+grāhah (अन्न+ग्राह: - grain+seizing). paṅkhī = birds, kites, etc.

29 Singular for the word ‘vārole’ is ‘vārolā,’ which is formed with the combination of ‘vāu+rolā.’ Its contemporary form is ‘vā-varolā.’

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 18 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 noun, nominative case; feminine, plural. Gujarati – pankhī; Lahndi – pakkhī; Apabhransh/Prakrit – pakkhī; Pali – pakkhīn; Sanskrit – pakshin (पवक्षन् - a bird with feathers). bhaüdīā = wandering, circling. present participle (adverb).30 Lahndi – bhaüdā/bhaüdī; Apabhransh/Prakrit – bhamḍaï/bhamaï; Pali – bhamati; Sanskrit – bhramati (भ्रमवत - wanders, revolves). laini = take (a breath). verb, present tense; third person, feminine, plural. Old Panjabi – laiṇā (to take); Lahndi – levaṇ/laihaṇ (to take, to receive/obtain); Sindhi – labhaṇu (to receive/obtain); Prakrit – labhaï/lahaï (takes); Sanskrit – labhate (लभते - catches/grabs, takes). na = no, not. particle. Old Panjabi – nā/na; Marwari/Awadhi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh – na; Prakrit – ṇaa/ṇā; Pali – nā/na; Sanskrit – nah (न: - no/not, denoting negation). sāh = breath. noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi – sāh; Sindhi/Apabhransh – sāhu/sāsu; Prakrit/Pali – sās; Sanskrit – shvās (श्वास - breath). sūai = on the spike.31 noun, locative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi/Bangali – sūā; Sindhi – suo; Prakrit – sūa; Pali/Sanskrit – shūk (शूक - pointed sprout, sharp shoot). cāṛi = having mounted, are mounted. perfect participle (adverb). Lahndi – cāṛaṇ; Sindhi – cāṛaṇu (to mount); Kashmiri – cāran (to pick/lift, to collect); Sanskrit – cāḍayati (चाडयवत - picks/lifts).

30 Adjective of ‘laini.’ 31 “A pointed thorn like metal, on which people balance their back and revolve in front of their female deity. This custom is popular in the south.” –Bhai Vir Singh, Gurū Granth Sāhib Kosh, Singh Brothers, Amritsar, 2003, Page 71

bhavāīahi = they are rotated, they are made to rotate. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – bhuāuṇā; Lahndi – bhavāvaṇ (causes to rotate/revolve, to send back); Prakrit – bhamāvei (causes to rotate/revolve); Sanskrit – bhramati (भ्रमवत - wanders here and there, rotates/revolves, wanders). jant = devices.32 noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Apabhransh/Prakrit – jant; Sanskrit – yantra (यन्त्र - instrument/machine). nānak = Nanak! noun, vocative case; masculine, singular. bhaüdiā = of those rotating, of those wandering. active voice participle (noun), genitive case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – bhaüṇā; Lahndi – bhavaṇ; Sindhi – bhavaṇu/bhaüṇu (to go round in a circle, wander); Prakrit – bhamaï; Pali – bhamati; Sanskrit – bhramati (भ्रमवत - wanders here and there, rotates/revolves, wanders). gaṇat = countings.33 noun, nominative case; feminine, plural. Apabhransh/Prakrit – gaṇat; Sanskrit – gaṇit (गवणत - counting). na = no, not. particle. Old Panjabi – nā/na; Marwari/Awadhi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh – na; Prakrit – ṇaa/ṇā; Pali – nā/na; Sanskrit – nah (न: - no/not, denoting negation). ant = ends, limits. noun, nominative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi/Apabhransh/Prakrit – ant (end); Pali/Sanskrit – ant (अि - end, border, proximity).

32 Street entertainers while displaying their stunts, balance a plate on a sharp stick. The same seems to have been referred to as a ‘jant’ here, meaning a ‘jantar’ (a device). 33 ‘gaṇat na ant’ means ‘there is neither a count, nor an end.’ Thus they qualify as nouns, not adjectives.

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 20 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 bandhan = in the bonds, in the material entanglements. noun, locative case; masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – bandhaṇ/bannhaṇ; Sindhi – bandhaṇu (halter); Apabhransh – bandhan; Prakrit – bandhaṇ (bondage, imprisonment); Sanskrit – bandhan (बन्धन् - to tie, embank; bondage, rope/chain, imprisoment). bandhi = having tied, having bound. perfect participle (adverb). Apabhransh – bandhi; Prakrit – bandhaï; Pali – bandhati; Sanskrit – bandhati (बन्धवत - ties). bhavāe = makes (them) wander. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – bhaüṇā; Lahndi – bhavaṇ; Sindhi – bhavaṇu/bhaüṇu (to go round in a circle, wander); Prakrit – bhamaï; Pali – bhamati; Sanskrit – bhramati (भ्रमवत - wanders here and there, rotates/revolves, wanders). soi = That alone, that formless One alone. pronoun, nominative case; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh/Prakrit – soi/so/su; Prakrit – su/so; Sanskrit – sah (स: - he). païai = in accordance with the inscribed. causative participle (noun), instrumental case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – païṇā/paüṇā (to fall); Lahndi – pevaṇ; Sindhi – pavaṇu (to fall, to happen); Pali – patati (alights, falls); Sanskrit – patati (पतवत - flies; Rigved - falls). kirati = in accordance with the inscription, in accordance with the Writ.34 noun, instrumental case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi/Apabhransh – kirati; Sanskrit – kritih (कृवत: - composition/creation, construction; work, deed). nacai = dances. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular.

34 Word ‘kiratu’ refers to the writ written by the Creator on the forehead of every human (kiratu païā kartai kari pāiā meṭi na sakai koī. –Guru Granth Sahib 763). All humans live their lives in accordance with this writ alone. This writ cannot be erased by anyone’s personal effort (lekhu na miṭaī he sakhī jo likhiā kartāri. –Guru Granth Sahib 937). –Bhai Joginder Singh Talwara, Nitnem Saral Vīcār-Dhārā, Singh Brothers, Amritsar, 2005, page 112

Apabhransh – naccai; Prakrit – ṇaccaï; Pali – naccati; Sanskrit – nrityati (नृत्यवत - dances). sabhu koi = everyone. pronoun, nominative case; third person, masculine, singular. Sindhi – sabhu; Apabhransh – sabbha; Prakrit – savva/sabba; Sanskrit – sarva (सर्व - all, every one) + Apabhransh – koī/koi; Prakrit/Pali – ko; Sanskrit – kah (क: - someone, who). naci naci = having danced. perfect participle (adverb). Apabhransh – nacci (having danced); Prakrit – ṇaccaï; Pali – naccati; Sanskrit – nrityati (नृत्यवत - dances). hasahi = they laugh. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – hasahi; Apabhransh – hassaï; Prakrit/Pali – hasanti; Sanskrit – hasanti (हसन्ति - they laugh). calahi = they walk, they depart. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Apabhransh – calahi/callahi; Prakrit/Sanskrit – calanti (चलन्ति - they walk). se = they, those. pronoun, nominative case; third person, masculine, plural. Apabhransh/Prakrit – se/su/so; Sanskrit – sah (स: - he). roi = having cried, crying; in despair. perfect participle (adverb). Old Panjabi – roi; Apabhransh – roi (to cry); Prakrit – roi/rovaï/royaï; Pali/Sanskrit – rodati (रोदवत - cries). uḍi = having flown, fly away. perfect participle (adverb). Apabhransh – uḍi (having flown); Prakrit – uḍḍei; Pali – uḍeti; Sanskrit – uḍḍayate (उड्डयते - flies). na = no, not. particle.

Old Panjabi – nā/na; Marwari/Awadhi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh – na; Prakrit – ṇaa/ṇā; Pali – nā/na; Sanskrit – nah (न: - no/not, denoting negation). jāhī = they go, they can go. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – jāhi; Apabhransh – jāhī/jāhi/jāsi; Prakrit – jāi/jāṁti; Pali – jāi/jāṁti; Sanskrit – yānti (यान्ति - they go). sidh = siddhas, the Yogis who have excelled in their Yogic goals.35 noun, accusative case; masculine, plural. Lahndi – sidh; Sindhi – sidhu; Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali/Sanskrit – siddh (वसद्ध् - exalted, an accomplished Yogi). hohi = they can be, they can become. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – hoṇā; Lahndi – ho; Sindhi – huṇu (to be); Prakrit – havaï/bhavaï; Sanskrit – bhavati (भर्वत - happens). nacaṇu = dancing. abstract participle (noun), nominative case; masculine, singular. Sindhi – nacaṇu (to dance); Apabhransh – naccai; Prakrit – ṇaccaï; Pali – naccati; Sanskrit – nrityati (नृत्यवत - dances). kudaṇu = jumping, hopping. abstract participle (noun), nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – kudaṇā; Sindhi – kuḍaṇu (to jump/leap); Prakrit – kuddaṇ; Sanskrit – kūrdati (कूदववत - jumps/leaps). man = (of) the mind. noun, genitive case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – mann; Apabhransh – mane/maṇe; Prakrit – maṇi/maṇ; Sanskrit – manas (मनस् - mind). kā = of.

35 The term Siddha, widely used in Indian religious traditions, literally means, a wise or an accomplished Yogi. It also refers to one of the eighty-four accomplished Yogis who were believed to have possessed the eight siddhis (extraordinary physical and spiritual capabilities).

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 23 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 postposition. Old Panjabi/Braj – kā/kī/ke (of); Apabhransh – ker (of); Prakrit – kārito; Sanskrit – kritah (कृत: - to do). cāu = joy, delight, pleasure. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Awadhi – cāu (strong desire); Lahndi – cāh (desire); Sindhi – cāhu (desire, love); Apabhransh – cāhaï (wishes, desires); Prakrit – cāhaï (desires, expects, asks); Sanskrit – cāh (चाह - to see, to search, to desire). nānak = Nanak! noun, vocative case; masculine, singular. jin̖ = of whom/whose. pronoun, genitive case; third person, masculine, plural. Old Panjabi – jinha; Apabhransh – jiṇi (who has); Prakrit – jeṇ; Sanskrit – yen (येन - who has).36 mani = in the mind. noun, locative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – mann; Apabhransh – mane/maṇe; Prakrit – maṇi/maṇ; Sanskrit – manas (मनस् - mind). bhaü = fear; reverence for the formless One. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi/Sindhi/Apabhransh – bhaü; Prakrit/Pali – bhaya; Sanskrit – bhaya (भय - fear). tin̖ā = their. pronoun, genitive case; third person, plural. Old Panjabi – tinhā/tinha; Prakrit – teṇ; Pali – ten; Sanskrit – tah (त: - that). mani = in the mind. noun, locative case; masculine, singular.

36 In many handwritten manuscripts of the Guru Granth Sahib, the subscript used under ‘n̖a’ (ꉍ) is found to be written as ‘nah’ (ꉍਹ ), which is correct. None of the writers including Bhai Gurdas has used this sign in Sikh literature. This mistake seems to have been made by Sanskrit/Hindi educated scribes of the Guru Granth Sahib.

Lahndi – mann; Apabhransh – mane/maṇe; Prakrit – maṇi/maṇ; Sanskrit – manas (मनस् - mind). bhāu = love, Divine love; Love. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Sindhi/Apabhransh – bhāu; Prakrit – bhāv; Sanskrit – bhāv (भार् - love, affection).

Summary: In this cosmic expanse, just like the natural worship (ārtī) being performed by nature, there is a natural phenomenon occurring in creation, in which units of day and night; air, water, fire; the moon, the sun, etc. are playing roles of different characters. But the pretentious gurus forget this cosmic play staged by the Creator and mimic the deities and their companions (cow-maidens) and dance along with their disciples. The dust rising from their feet settles in their hair and they become the laughing stock of the world. This salok also highlights the economic distress of these performers and explains that their performance is only limited to entertaining people for the sake of putting food on the table.

Oil-press, spinning wheel, grindstones of a mill, spinning top, churning stick, etc. are continuously spinning and revolving. Being inanimate, all these things do not share any emotional bond with their actions (rotation). Similarly, human beings undertake religious practices in a detached manner, while being in the throes of material entanglements. Therefore, religious practices devoid of love for the formless One are useless.

Poetical Dimension This salok can be divided into four main parts. The first part consists of the first eight lines. In these lines, an allusion to the enactment of the play in the name of religious tradition (rās līlā) has been depicted. In the ninth and tenth line, IkOankar has been praised and depicted as the Creator of the entire universe. Thus, these lines make way for the second part of the salok.

The third part consists of lines eleven to fourteen. Contrary to the situation in the first part, those who followed the Guru's instruction and received blessings from the formless One, have been depicted in these lines.

The fourth part consists of lines from fifteen to twenty-four. These lines explain that worldly beings caught in material attachments are repeatedly taking rounds (while dancing during rās līlā) just like the rotating devices, such as the oil-press, spinning wheel, flail, potter’s wheel, whirlwinds, spinning toys, churning sticks, birds, objects

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 25 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 mounted on spikes, etc. Many examples have been used here to explain the figurative expressions. In addition, satire and humor are also visible here as these lines satirize the worldly beings dancing in the plays.

There is an alliteration in the salok because of the presence of words like ‘vāini’ (they play), ‘nacani’ (they dance), ‘halāini’ (they move/shake), ‘pheran̖i’ (they turn/rotate/sway) in the first-second line, ‘uḍi uḍi’ (rising continuously) in the third line, ‘gāvani gopīā gāvani… rāje rām’ (they sing of the cow-maidens… king Ram) in the seventh-eighth line, ‘nirbhaü niraṅkāru’ (fearless formless) in the ninth line, ‘sevak sevahi’ (servants serve) in the eleventh line, ‘sikhī sikhiā’ (learned the teaching) in the thirteenth line, ‘carkhā cakī caku’ (spinning wheel, hand mill, potter’s wheel) in the fifteenth line, ‘bandhan bandhi’ (tied in the bonds) in the twenty-first line, ‘naci naci’ (having danced), ‘hasahi calahi’ (they laugh and depart) in the twenty-third line, and ‘nacaṇu kudaṇu’ (dancing, hopping) in the twenty-fifth line, etc. These words also introduce a special aural rhythm in this salok.

Twenty-fifth line ‘nacaṇu kudaṇu man ka cāu’ (dancing, hopping is a pleasure of the mind) expresses the central idea of the entire salok; accordingly, we have syntactic rareness here. In the twenty-sixth line (last), ‘jin̖ mani bhaü tin̖ā mani bhāu’ (in whose mind there is reverence, in their mind is love), similar structural form has been repeated. Through this morphological parallelism it has been stressed that only those individuals who have reverence of the formless One in mind can attain love of the formless One within them.

In the entire salok, clear and simple language has been used. This is a proficient use of simple linguistic expression. paüṛī. nāu terā niraṅkāru hai nāi laïai narki na jāīai. jīu pinḍu sabhu tis dā de khājai ākhi gavāīai. je loṛahi caṅgā āpaṇa kari punnahu nīcu sadāīai. je jarvāṇā parharai jaru ves karedī āīai. ko rahai na bharīai pāīai.5.

Literal Translation (O seeker!) Nam (of the formless One, and) the formless One are your (support); by uttering Nam (one) does not go to hell. Mind, body, everything, is of that (formless One; that formless One alone) gives to eat, having asked is useless. If (you) seek your own welfare, (then, even after) having done charity, (you) will have to call (yourself) lowly.

If a powerful (person) keeps (old age) away; (even then), having disguised, the old age would arrive. No one can stay, (when) the vessel (of life) fills up.

Interpretive Transcreation (O seeker!) The formless One and the Identification (Nam) of the formless One alone are your real support. By continuously reflecting upon the Identification (Nam), one can overcome the painful moments of life (hell).37 Your mind, body, and everything else is of the formless One. The formless One alone gives food to eat. Explicitly asking for things is useless. If you seek your own welfare, then even after doing good deeds, you ought to stay humble. Even if a powerful person tries to keep old age away, the old age would still arrive disguised in one form or the other. When the lifespan granted by the formless One is exhausted, no one can continue to stay in this world.38

Word Meaning nāu = Nam; Identification. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi/Old Marathi/Rajasthani/Sindhi, etc. – nāu; Old Marwari/Marathi etc. – nāv; Kashmiri – nām/nāv; Prakrit – ṇām; Pali – nāman; Sanskrit – nāman (नामन् - name). terā = Your. pronoun, genitive case; second person, masculine, singular.

37 Generally, this verse (by addressing IkOankar) is interpreted as: “(O IkOankar!) Your name is ‘niraṅkāru’” [By reciting (Your) name one does not go to hell]. But this interpretation does not match the preceding verses (which are addressed to the human being). So, here this verse is interpreted by referring it to the human being. Please refer to Tika Faridkot. 38 In the ancient period, time was measured with the help of a big water-clock (pāī) consisting of a bowl with a hole. When the bowl was filled up with water, it would submerge in the water. Here, it has been used as an illustration to highlight the temporary nature of human existence. No matter how powerful an individual might be, when the breath gets exhausted, the vessel of life is submerged, and the individual has to depart from this world. Only the Creator is eternal and imperishable. - muhlati punī pāī bahrī jānīaṛā ghati calāiā. –Guru Granth Sahib 578 - je bahuterā paṛiā hovahi ko rahai na bharīai pāī. –Guru Granth Sahib 24

Old Panjabi – terā/terī/tere; Braj – terā; Apabhransh – teraya; Prakrit – tubbam; Sanskrit – tvam (तुर्म् - you). niraṅkāru = without form, formless; formless One. adjective (of nāu), nominative case; masculine, singular. Apabhransh – niraṅkār; Sanskrit – nirākār (वनराकार - without form). hai = is. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Braj – hai; Apabhransh – haï; Prakrit – asaï/ahaï; Sanskrit – asti (अन्ति - is, to happen). nāi = through Nam; through Identification. noun, instrumental case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi/Old Marathi/Rajasthani/Sindhi, etc. – nāu; Old Marwari/Marathi etc. – nāv; Kashmiri – nām/nāv; Prakrit – ṇām; Sanskrit – nāman (नामन् - name). laïai = by reciting/uttering (Nam), by reflecting upon (Nam). causative participle (noun), instrumental case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – laiṇā (to take); Lahndi – levaṇ/laihaṇ (to take, to receive/obtain); Sindhi – labhaṇu (to receive/obtain); Prakrit – labhaï/lahaï (takes); Sanskrit – labhate (लभते - catches/grabs, takes). naraki = in hell, in the painful moments. noun, locative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi/Braj – narak; Sanskrit – narkah (नरक: - hell). na = no, not. particle. Old Panjabi – nā/na; Marwari/Awadhi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh – na; Prakrit – ṇaa/ṇā; Pali – nā/na; Sanskrit – nah (न: - no/not, denoting negation). jāīai = goes, departs. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – jāṇā (to go); Apabhransh – jāī/jāi; Prakrit – jāi; Sanskrit – yāti (यावत - goes, departs). jīu = creature, being, mind. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular.

Bhojpuri/Bengali/Sindhi/Braj – jīu; Apabhransh/Prakrit – jīa; Sanskrit – jīv (जीर् - alive, life, being). pinḍu = body. noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – pinḍā (body); Lahndi – pinḍ (village, mound of ruins; balls of cooked rice/barley/meat ritually offered to the deceased relatives); Braj – pinḍ; Sanskrit – pinḍ (वपण्ड - sphere/ball, ball/sphere of soil, body). sabhu = all, everything. pronoun, nominative case; third person, masculine, singular. Sindhi – sabhu; Apabhransh – sabbha; Prakrit – savva/sabba; Sanskrit – sarva (सर्व – all, every one). tis = (of) that, (of) the formless One. pronoun, genitive case; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – tis; Apabhransh/Prakrit – tissa; Sanskrit – tah (त: - in that). dā = of. postposition; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – dā/dī/de; Old Panjabi/Braj – kā/kī/ke (of); Apabhransh – ker (of); Prakrit – kārito; Sanskrit – kritah (कृत: - to do). de = gives. verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – de/dei; Prakrit – deei/dāi; Pali/Sanskrit – dadāti (ददावत - gives). khājai = for eating, to eat. noun, dative case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – khājā (victuals); Lahndi – khāj; Sindhi – khāju (food); Apabhransh – khāj; Prakrit – khajja (eatable); Pali – khajja (solid food); Sanskrit – khādaya (खादय - worth eating, food).

ākhi = having asked, by asking. perfect participle (adverb). Old Panjabi – ākhi; Apabhransh – ākhaï; Prakrit – ākkahaï; Sanskrit – ākhyāti (आख्यावत - says). gavāīai = is lost/wasted; is useless.

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 29 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 verb, present tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – gavāuṇā/gumāuṇā (cause to lose/cause to be lost, to harm/destruct, throwing in waste etc.); Sindhi – gavāiṇu (cause to lose, cause to be lost); Prakrit – gamei/gamāvaï (goes, understands); Pali – gameti (goes; understands); Sanskrit – gamyati (गमयवत - goes). je = if, even if. conjunction. Old Panjabi – ji; Lahndi/Sindhi – je (if); Braj – je (this); Apabhransh/Prakrit – jaï; Pali – jadi; Sanskrit – yadi (यवद - if). loṛahi = (you) want/wish, (you) seek. verb, subjunctive future tense; second person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – loṛaṇā (to search, to wish); Western Pahari – loṛanu (essential, needed); Pali – loṭan (to move, to shiver/vibrate); Sanskrit – loṭhati/loṭati (लोठवत/लोटवत - rolls/lies down) caṅgā = good, welfare. noun, accusative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – caṅgā; Kashmiri – caṅgo (good); Apabhransh/Prakrit – caṅg (clever, handsome); Sanskrit – caṅg (चङ्ग - wise, handsome).

āpaṇā = (of) yourself, (of) your own. pronoun, genitive case; masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – apaṇā/āpaṇā; Lahndi – āpaṇā/āpaṇo; Apabhransh – apan/āppan/appaa (own); Prakrit – attaṇaa/appaṇaya (own); Sanskrit – ātmanak (आत्मनक - own). kari = having done, after doing. perfect participle (adverb). Old Panjabi/Apabhransh – kari (having done); Prakrit – karii; Sanskrit – karoti (करोवत - does). punnahu39 = charity, good deeds. noun, accusative case; masculine, singular.

39 Here, ‘punnahu’ have been poetically derived from ‘punnah,’ which, in turn, has developed from ‘punn’ (accusative case, plural).

Lahndi – punn; Sindhi – punu; Apabhransh – punnu; Prakrit – puṇṇ; Pali – punna; Sanskrit – puṇya (पुण्य - sacred, good, beautiful, beneficial). nīcu = lowly, humble. noun, accusative case; masculine, singular. Sindhi/Apabhransh – nīcu; Prakrit – ṇīcca; Pali/Sanskrit – nīc (नीच् - lowly). sadāīai = be called, should be called. verb, subjunctive future tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – sadāuṇā/sadāṇā; Lahndi – sadāvuṇ (to call); Sindhi – sadāiṇu (to have called); Sanskrit – shabdāpyati (शब्दापयवत - causes to call). je = if, even if. conjunction. Sindhi/Lahndi/Panjabi/Braj – je; Apabhransh – jei; Prakrit – jaï; Sanskrit – yadi (यवद - if). jarvāṇā = powerful.40 noun, nominative case; masculine, singular. Lahndi – jarvāṇā; Farsi – zor+vāṇ/bān (power+owner).41 parharai = forsakes, keeps away, tries to keep away; tried to avoid. verb, subjunctive future tense; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – parihari (having forsaken/given up); Prakrit – parihariya; Pali – pariharati; Sanskrit – parihārati (पररहारवत - forsakes). jaru = old age.42 noun, nominative case; feminine, singular. Bangali/Apabhransh – jar; Prakrit/Pali/Sanskrit – jarā (जरा - old age). ves = guise, form. noun, accusative case; feminine, singular.

40 oṛaku āiā tin sāhiā vaṇjāriā mitrā jaru jarvāṇā kanni. –Guru Granth Sahib 76 41 It can also be the Sanskrit suffix ‘vān’ (र्ान - owner/possessor). 42 Its auṁkaṛ-ending (short vowel, ‘u’) being original in nature, stays in the Guru Granth Sahib. In Apabhransh literature, ‘jaru’ has been used only as masculine. But in the Guru Granth Sahib, it appears as both masculine and feminine. Here ‘jaru’ is feminine; for this reason, the verb ‘karedī’ is also feminine.

Apabhransh/Prakrit/Pali – ves; Sanskrit – vesh (र्ेष/र्ेश - attire, costume, clothes, clothing). karedī = having done, having disguised. present participle (adverb). Lahndi – kareṁdī; Braj – kartā; Apabhransh – karat; Prakrit – karant; Sanskrit – karoti (करोवत - does).

āīai = would arrive. verb, subjunctive future tense; third person, masculine, singular. Old Panjabi – āuṇā; Lahndi – āvuṇ; Prakrit – āīaï/āvei/āvaï (comes); Pali – āpeti; Sanskrit – āpyati (आपयवत - causes to reach). ko = someone; no one. pronoun, nominative case; third person, masculine, singular. Lahndi/Sindhi/Braj/Apabhransh – ko; Pali/Prakrit – ko/kā (somebody, anybody); Sanskrit – kah (क: - where, anybody). rahai = can stay, can live. verb, subjunctive future tense; third person, masculine, singular. Apabhransh – rahai; Prakrit – rahaï; Sanskrit – rahati (रहवत - stays/lives). na = no, not. particle. Old Panjabi – nā/na; Marwari/Awadhi/Lahndi/Sindhi/Kashmiri/Apabhransh – na; Prakrit – ṇaa/ṇā; Pali – nā/na; Sanskrit – nah (न: - no/not, denoting negation). bharīai = (when it) fills up; (is) exhausted.43 verb, subjunctive future tense; third person, feminine, singular. Old Panjabi – bharnā; Lahndi – bharaṇ; Sindhi – bharaṇu (to fill); Prakrit – bharaï (supports, fills); Pali – bharati (bears, supports, feeds); Sanskrit – bharati (भरवत - bears, brings, keeps/places; Rigved - fills). pāīai = water-clock, a vessel with a hole floated on the water to measure time; life/lifespan.44

43 Passive voice. 44 According to Giani Narain Singh, ‘pāī’ here refers to ‘paṛopī’ (a measurement of weight in the earlier times that was equivalent to 2-3 ser; a ser is approximately 0.9

© SikhRI 2020. All Rights Reserved. GuruGranthSahib.SikhRI.org 32 The Guru Granth Sahib Project Asa Ki Var, Version 1 noun, accusative case; feminine, singular. Lahndi – pāī (a measurement; 1/12 of an ānā); Sindhi – pāī (1/12 of an ānā); Sanskrit – pādikā (पावदका - a quarter/one fourth; a coin).

.5. = Fifth pauri is complete.

Poetical Dimension There is a presence of alliteration in the first line of this pauri because of the repeated use of the letter ‘na.’ Similarly, the use of ‘jāīai’ (go/depart), ‘gavāīai’ (lose/waste), ‘āīai’ (arrive), ‘bharīai’ (fills up), ‘pāīai’ (water-clock), etc. is also alliteration.

The first four lines of the pauri express the same meaning. Through simple linguistic expression it has been made clear that by connecting with the Nam, one can be saved from hell (misery). If we seek our welfare, then we should stay humble even while doing good. If we try to escape old age, it still arrives disguised in some form or another.

In the third line, ‘nīcu sadāīai’ (call lowly) is a symbolic statement, where considering oneself lowly means being humble.

Similarly, ‘bharīai pāīai’ (vessel fills up) and ‘ko rahai na’ (no one can stay) in the last line are also symbolic statements. The submerging of ‘pāī’ (water-clock) in ‘bharīai pāīai’ (vessel fills up), which is essentially a water clock in the form of a bowl with a hole, means an individual who has completed their lifespan. Word ‘rahai na’ in ‘ko rahai na’ (no one can stay) means ‘to die or not to live.’ Using symbolic meanings, instead of direct meanings, introduces semantic deviation here.

kilograms), which is called ‘pāilī’ in the Marwar region. Giani Narain Singh has interpreted this line as: Once the filled vessel capsizes, no grain shall remain (implying that once the breaths have been exhausted, they cannot be gained back). –Srī Gurū Granth Sāhib (third volume), Wazir Hind Press, Amritsar, page 233