Honolulu Community College Carpentry Technology Program

Safe Work Practices

General Health & Safety Rules, Honolulu Community College 1 Carpentry Shop Safety Rules 2 Safety Instructions for Specific Equipment & Source: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (CCOHS, http://www.ccohs.ca) Woodworking Machines General safety tips 3 Band saws 5 Jointers and planers 7 Mitre saws 9 Push sticks 11 Radial arm saws 13 Sanders 15 Shapers 17 Table saws 19 Wood turning lathes 22 Hand Tools General hand operations 23 Clamps 25 Cutting tools for bolts, cables, and strapping 27 Gear pullers 28 29 Hand saw 31 Non-sparking tools 33 Pipe tools – , cutters, reamers, and threaders 35 and wire cutters 37 Screw drivers 39 Snips 41 Struck tools 43 Vises 45 Wood chisels 47 Wrenches 48 Powered Hand Tools Basic safety for electric tools 51 Belt sanders 55 Drills 56 Ergonomics 58 Planers 61 Basic safety for pneumatic tools 63 Pneumatic nailing and stapling tools 65 Powder-actuated tools 67 Routers 69 Saws – Circular 71 Saws – Sabre, jig, and reciprocating 73

Honolulu Community College Carpentry Technology Program

General Health and Safety Rules Honolulu Community College (Source: Honolulu Community College Health & Safety Policy, April 2018)

The following Health and Safety Rules apply to all faculty members, staff, administrators, students, and visitors of Honolulu Community College.

1. Instructors must set a good example in promoting health and safety by following all Health and Safety Rules. 2. Health and safety rules will be strictly enforced by the instructor. Students who violate the rules will not be allowed to attend or continue the class until such actions are corrected. Repeated violations of safety rules may result in disqualifying students from receiving credit for the class. 3. Instructors are responsible for communicating the evacuation and emergency procedures to the students at the beginning of each semester. 4. All students involved in activities that pose potential exposures to chemical, physical and/or biological hazards in the classroom, laboratory, or shop must be trained on the hazards and safe practices. The training must be documented and documentations should include students’ signatures, list of safety topics covered, and evidence of students’ competencies. The training documents are to be kept for at least three years or as long as the students remain at HonCC, whichever is longer. 5. The “General Health and Safety Rules” which apply at all times in the classrooms, shops, and laboratories shall be posted. 6. Specific safety procedures for equipment, tools, and machinery, as applicable, must be posted at the locations of activities. The requirement to use personal protective equipment, for example, safety glasses/goggles, gloves, ear plugs, must be posted at the locations as well. 7. Thorough health and safety inspections will be conducted regularly. Shops and laboratories will be inspected at least once a week by instructors, or the instructor’s designee. Offices and classrooms will be inspected by the designated Safety Liaisons at least once for each semester. The inspection reports will be maintained on location for one year. Hazardous conditions, unless it poses an imminent danger, shall be abated as soon as possible. Conditions posing imminent threats and unsafe behaviors shall be corrected immediately. 8. An adequate first aid kit shall be maintained in each designated location. Instructors are not allowed to distribute topical ointment or internally-taken medicine, including pain killers such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Students requiring such medicines should be referred to the Student Health Office. 9. All equipment, tools, and machinery must be kept in good operating condition. Instructors must ensure that periodic inspections and preventive maintenance are conducted and that the equipment operates to manufacturer's specifications. 10. All accidents, with or without an injury, must be reported to the Health Nurse. The instructor must investigate each accident to identify the cause and corrective actions necessary to prevent similar accidents from recurring. All investigations shall be documented and kept on file for at least one year.

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Carpentry Shop Safety Rules

1. Shop areas must be kept clean and orderly. Keep floor and work surfaces free of clutter. Aisles and exits must be unobstructed at all times. 2. Set up work up to allow comfortable body position to avoid strains. Avoid bending, twisting, and overreaching. Practice safe lifting techniques. 3. Store tools, materials and projects safely and securely. 4. Report all unsafe conditions to the instructor immediately. 5. Know what to do in case of an emergency. 6. Sleeve tops, long pants, and sturdy covered shoes are required in the shop areas. Tuck in loose clothing, tie back long hair (or use protective head covering such as a hair net), remove jewelry or any item that might get caught in equipment’s moving parts. 7. Wear appropriate protective gear when required. These may include hand, eye, hearing, and respiratory protection. 8. Follow all safety rules. No horseplay. Walk, do not run, never rush. Avoid pushing or bumping. 9. Use the right tool for the job. Never force a tool or attachment to do a job for which it is not designed. 10. Always use a guard when operating equipment. Keep hands away from moving machinery. Do not distract anyone using equipment. 11. Inspect all equipment & tools before using. Never use equipment with missing/damaged guards or damaged power cords. Report any damaged or inoperable equipment to the instructor immediately. Damaged or inoperable equipment must be tagged and removed from service. 12. Operate powered equipment only under instructor’s supervision. When impaired (sick, overly tired, on medication, feeling drowsy, etc), do not use powered equipment. When uncertain about equipment, always ask the instructor. Know locations of the emergency stop buttons. 13. When using equipment that may pose risk to others (such as grinders, compressed air), make sure that the surrounding areas are clear. 14. Immediately report all accidents and injuries to the instructor.

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Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips

What should you do before using woodworking machines? • Only use woodworking machines that you have been trained to use properly and safely. • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. Ask questions if you have any doubts about doing the work safely.

What safety procedures should you follow when using woodworking machines? • Always wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. If you have trouble hearing someone speak from three feet away, the noise level from the machine is too high. Damage to hearing may occur. • Use gloves to protect hands from splinters when handling wood but do not wear them near rotating blades and other machinery parts where the gloves can catch. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Make sure the guard is in position, is in good working condition, and guards the machine adequately before operating any equipment or machine. Check and adjust all other safety devices. • Make sure the equipment is properly grounded before use. • Check that keys and adjusting wrenches are removed from the machine before turning on the power. • Inspect stock for nails or other materials before cutting, planing, routing or carrying out similar activities. • Make sure that all machines have start and stop buttons within easy and convenient reach of an operator. Start buttons should be protected so that accidental contact will not start the machine. A collar around the button 3 to 6 mm (1/8 to 1/4 inch) above the button is recommended. • Ensure that all cutting tools and blades are clean, sharp, and in good working order so that they will cut freely, not forced. • Turn the power off and unplug the power cord (or lock out the power source) before inspecting, changing, cleaning, adjusting or repairing a blade or a machine. Also turn the power off when discussing the work. • Use a "push stick" to push material into the cutting area. Jigs are also useful in keeping hands safe during cutting procedures. Keep hands out of the line of the cutting blade. • down and secure all work pieces when drilling or milling. • Use good lighting so that the work piece, cutting blades, and machine controls can be seen clearly. Position or shade lighting sources so they do not shine in the operator's eyes or cause any glare and reflections. • Ensure that the floor space around the equipment is sufficient to enable you to machine the size of work piece being processed safely without bumping into other workers or equipment. • Use extension tables or roller supports for large workpieces. Supports should be placed on both sides (infeed and outfeed).

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• Woodworking machines should be fitted with efficient and well-maintained local exhaust ventilation systems to remove sawdust or chips that are produced. • Electric power cords should be above head level or in the floor in such a way that they are not tripping hazards. • Keep work area free of clutter, clean, well swept, and well lit. Spills should be cleaned up immediately. Floor areas should be level and non-slip. Good housekeeping practices and workplace design will reduce the number of injuries and accidents from slips, trips, and falls.

What should you avoid when working with woodworking machines? • Do not wear loose clothing, work gloves, neckties, rings, bracelets or other jewelry that can become entangled with moving parts. • Avoid awkward operations and hand positions where a sudden slip could cause your hand to move into the cutting tool or blade. • Do not remove sawdust or cuttings from the cutting head by hand while a machine is running. Use a stick or brush when the machine has stopped moving. • Do not use compressed air to remove sawdust, turnings, etc. from machines or clothing. • Do not leave machines running unattended (unless they are designed and intended to be operated while unattended). Do not leave a machine until the power off is turned off and the machine comes to a complete stop. • Do not try to free a stalled blade before turning the power off. • Do not distract or startle an operator while he or she is using woodworking equipment. • Horse play should be prohibited. It can lead to injuries.

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Woodworking Machines - Band Saws

What should you do before using a band saw? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand the instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Securely anchor the band saw to the floor (or a of appropriate height) to reduce vibration. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safety precautions.

What safety procedures should you follow when using a band saw? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Make sure all guards are in place and properly adjusted. Ensure all band wheels are enclosed. • Adjust blade guard height to about 3 mm or 1/8 inch above the top of the material being cut. • Ensure the blade is tracking correctly and runs freely in and against the upper and lower guide rollers. • Ensure the blade is under proper tension. A band saw equipped with automatic tension control is desirable. • Use band saw blades that are sharp, properly set and otherwise suitable for the job (e.g., the right tooth pitch; tooth form; blade width). • Hold stock firmly and flat on the table to prevent the stock from turning and drawing your fingers against the blade. Keep hands braced against the table. • Use a push stick when you remove cut pieces from between the fence and saw blade or when your hands are close to the blade. Keep your hands on either side of the blade - not in line with the cutting line and the blade. See Woodworking Machines - Push Sticks for more information on push stick design. • Make release (relief) cuts before tight curves when doing intricate scroll-type work. • Keep the floor around a band saw clean and free of obstructions or clutter. • Keep the machine properly oiled and serviced. • Provide adequate lighting at the machine table. A light fixture with a flexible connection can provide essential lighting.

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What should you avoid when working with a band saw? • Do not use excessive force when pushing the wood past the blade. • Do not back the stock away from the blade while the saw is in motion if the work piece binds or pinches on the blade. • Do not stop a band saw by thrusting stock against the cutting edge or the side of a blade immediately after the power has been shut off. • Do not remove sawdust or cuttings from the table by hand or with compressed air. Use a stick or brush. • Do not leave a saw running unattended. Turn off the power and make sure the machine has stopped running before leaving the area.

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Woodworking Machines - Jointers and Planers

What should you do before using jointers and planers? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safety precautions.

What should you check before starting your machine? • Are the knives set for the proper clearance and depth of cut? Are they sharp, balanced, and fastened securely? • Is the fence anchored in the proper position? • Can the guard (swing or overhead) move freely and return over the cutting head? • Is the equipment properly lubricated? • Are the parts or accessories in proper working condition?

What safety procedures should you follow when using jointers and planers? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Allow only experienced and trained personnel to operate jointers and planers. • Use only sharp, balanced and joined knives. • Replace old square cutting heads with round heads as they are much safer. • Ensure start and stop buttons are within easy and convenient reach of the operator. • Make sure the swing guard pushes beside the stock as it passes over the cutting heads and returns against the fence after the stock is removed. • Remove all wrenches and tools used in the set up from the table. • Provide a minimum clearance of at least 1 m (3 ft) greater than the length of the longest stock being worked. • Construct hold-down push blocks to do bevelling and surface operations. See Woodworking Machines - Push Sticks for more information. • Use hold-down (double-handed) push blocks. These keep hands well away from the cutting head. • Maintain an adequate amount of downward and forward force with push blocks as the knife blades on a revolving cutting head can take the stock from an operator's hands.

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Figure 1 - Planer Figure 2 - Jointer

What should you avoid when using a jointer or planer? • Do not leave the machine running unattended. Shut off the power and make sure that the cutting head has stopped revolving. • Do not make cuts deeper than .3 cm (1/16") in one pass. • Do not join (edge) stock of pieces less than 30 cm (12") long, 2 cm (3/4") wide and less than .6 cm (1/4") thick. • Do not surface stock less than 30 cm (12") long, 2 cm (3/4") wide or more than 15 cm (6") wide or less than 1.5 cm (5/8") thick. • Do not pass hands over the cutters. • Do not remove dust or particles of wood from a table by hand or with compressed air. Use a stick or brush.

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Woodworking Machines - Mitre Saws

What should you do before using a mitre saw? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you know and understand the instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for more information.

What safety precautions should you follow when using a mitre saw? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • If work is dusty, use a respirator or dust mask. • Wear appropriate hearing protection. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Attach the saw firmly on a workbench or other rigid frame and operate saw at waist height. The saw can also be taken to remote locations by mounting it on a piece of plywood 13 mm (1/2 in.) or thicker. This must be clamped to a waist high work surface on the job site with large "C" clamps. • Keep one hand on the trigger switch and handle and use the other hand to hold the stock against the fence. • Keep hands out of the path of the blade. • Keep guards in place and in working order. • Remove adjusting keys and wrenches. • Use a crosscut or combination blade. • Ensure that the blade rotates in the correct direction. • Ensure that the blade and arbor collars are secure and clean. Recessed sides of collars should be against blade. • Keep blade tight, clean, sharp and properly set so that it cuts freely and easily. • Allow motor to reach full speed before cutting. • Follow instructions for lubricating and changing accessories. • Keep the work area clean. Cluttered areas and benches invite accidents. • Keep the work area well lit. • Reduce the risk of unintentional startup. Make sure saw switch is in OFF position before plugging in. • Unplug tools before servicing and when not in use. • Check for damage. Repair or replace damaged parts. • Keep motor air slots clean and free of chips. • Use only the accessories designed for the specific saw and job.

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What should you avoid when using a mitre saw? • Do not operate the saw on ground. • Do not cut pieces smaller than 20 cm (8 in.) in length. • Do not cut "free hand." The stock should lie solidly on the table against the fence. • Do not reach around or behind the saw blade. • Do not take your hand away from the trigger switch and handle until the blade is fully covered by the lower blade guard. • Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance at all times. • Do not force the saw. The saw cuts better and more safely at the rate for which it was designed. • Do not leave the saw until it has stopped completely. Turn the power off and unplug the saw. • Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations. • Do not operate electric tools near flammable liquids or in gaseous or explosive atmospheres. Sparks may ignite fumes.

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Woodworking Machines - Push Sticks

When should you use push sticks? Push sticks or push blocks should be used when operating standard woodworking machinery, including table saws, band saws, radial arm saws, jointer/planers and shapers. These sticks protect the hand while allowing good hand control of the stock as it is pushed through the cutting head or blade. Push blocks for Jointer/Planers should be constructed for two-handed positioning. • Always use a push stick for pieces less that 30 cm (1 ft) in length, or for the last 30 cm of a longer cut. • Use the push stick to remove the cut piece from between the fence and the blade.

What are some features of a push block? Hold-down push blocks should: • be rigid • enable the operator to protect both hands • allow the operator to exert a firm and steady pressure on the work piece.

The following are samples of push blocks. • Simple push sticks are useful on a table saw when distance between the blade and fence is narrow.

Simple push stick useful on table saw when distance between the blade and fence is narrow.

Double-handled hold-down push block

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Frontal Push Block

Side Push Block

Use of two push blocks on single application

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Woodworking Machines - Radial Arm Saws

What should you do before using a radial arm saw? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safety precautions.

What safety procedures should you follow when using a radial arm saw? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Feed stock against the direction of the blade (the blade should move downward when viewed by the operator). • Only use saw blades rated at or above the speed of the saw arbour. (An arbour is the attachment from motor to blade) • Use only the accessories designed for that specific saw and application. • Ensure the guard consists of two parts: 1. Upper hood type that covers arbour 2. Lower guard that rides on the stock, adjusting automatically to the thickness being cut. • Stand on the handle side when cross cutting. Pull the cutting head with the hand nearest the handle and maneuver the stock with the other hand. • Make sure the hand holding the stock is never in line with the blade. • Return the cutting head completely to the back of the saw table after each cut. The saw should be designed so that the blade will not move forward under its own weight or if the machine is vibrating.

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• When ripping, make sure that the overall length of the saw table (both infeed and outfeed) is twice the length of the longest pieces of lumber. • When ripping, make sure that the stock is fed against the direction of the blade (from the side where the saw blade rotates upward toward the operator). The blade should extend slightly into the table. The motor head must be locked at the correct height and angle. • Clamp stock to the table on one side of the saw blade, when making mitre, bevel or compound mitre cuts. Clamping prevents the wood from sliding along the fence during the cut. • Turn off the saw when making any adjustments or changes in the set up. • Make measurements by placing the wood to be cut against the stop gauge. When measuring with a tape measure or ruler is necessary, turn off the saw until the measuring is complete.

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Woodworking Machines - Sanders

What should you do before using sanders? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safeguards.

What safety procedures should you follow when using sanders? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) when operating a sander. • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Use sanders with the local exhaust ventilation (LEV) turned on. The LEV should be designed for the sander and well maintained to work effectively. • Wear respiratory protection (e.g., dust masks) where required, during sanding operations and clean up. • Keep hands away from the abrasive surface. • Hold small or thin pieces of stock in a jig or holding device to prevent injuries to the fingers or hands. • Inspect abrasive belts before using them. Replace belts worn, frayed, or excessively worn in spots. • Sand on the downward side of a disc sander so that the wood is driven onto the table by the machine's rotation. • Enclose all drums, disk or belt sanding machines with an exhaust dust hood that covers all portions of the machine but the portion designed for the work feed.

• Adjust work rests on all manually fed sanders to provide minimum clearance between the belt and the rest. The work rest should be secured properly. • Install abrasive belts that are the same width as the pulley drum. • Adjust abrasive belt tension to keep the belt running the same speed as pulley- drum when the wood is in contact with the belt. • Guard feed rollers to allow boards to pass, but keep operators' fingers and arms out. 15 | Page

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• Install guards to prevent contacts at: • in-running nip points, • power transmission, • feed roll parts, and • the unused portion of the abrasion belt on the operator's side of the machine.

What should you avoid when using sanders? • Do not sand small or thin hand-held work pieces. • Do not wear loose clothing or jewelry while using revolving power tools. Tie back long hair or wear appropriate hair protection. These measures will prevent hair, clothing, or jewelry (like dangling neck chains) from being caught and pulled by sander belts and pulleys that are in motion. • Do not operate sanders without the exhaust system operating. • Do not operate sanders unless adequately guarded. • Do not operate sanders unless the work rest is properly adjusted.

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Woodworking Machines - Shapers

What should you do before using shapers? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. Only trained, experienced personnel should be allowed to operate wood shapers. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safeguards.

What safety procedures should you follow when using shapers? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Use the cutter (and spindle speed / RPM) suited for the job. Use sharp cutters only and keep them clean. • Remove all wrenches and tools used in the set up from the table. • Check moving parts of the shaper periodically such as belts and pulleys for signs of wear; also check the spindle for burrs or for excessive runout. • Make sure all guards are in proper position. • Before operating, check that the spindle is square with the shaper table; that the spindle top and knives are correctly adjusted and securely fastened; and that the spindle is free before turning on the power. • Use jig fixtures, holders, and hold-down push blocks. Fasten the work securely in a jig. When a table guide pin is used, make sure it is adjusted and will not slip. • Cut with the grain rather than against it. • Remove all other blades when one blade is removed from the shaper spindle. This will prevent the other blades from being hurled from the spindle if the machine is started.

• Turn off power, lock out a machine when doing set-ups or any other operation on or about the spindle. • Shape only one piece of stock at a time. • Use extra care in machining stock that contains cross grains or knots. These may pull the operator's hands into the knives or may cause kickbacks. • Shape stock only if longer than 25 cm (10 in). • Support long pieces of wood with extension tables or roller supports.

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What should you avoid when using shapers? • Do not leave a shaper machine running. Make sure that the power is shut off and that the cutter head has stopped revolving before leaving the area. • Do not rest your hands near the edge of the stock being cut. • Do not tamper with the guards or make them inoperative in any way. • Do not back up the stock (check to see that the direction of rotation is as expected). Always feed against rotation of the cutter. • Do not make deep cuts or feed the stock too rapidly. • Do not distract or startle an operator during a shaping operation. • Do not remove saw dust or cuttings around knives by hand or with compressed air. Use a stick or brush. • Do not clear the table while the cutter is rotating. • Do not accumulate stock or finished work on the table. • Do not stand in line with the stock being fed.

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Woodworking Machines - Table Saws

What should you do before using a table saw? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safety precautions.

What safety procedures should you follow when using a table saw? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear protective footwear when required. • Pay particular attention to the manufacturer's instructions on reducing the risk of kickback (when the wood can be violently thrown back toward the operator). • Choose proper blades for the type of work being done. • Keep blades clean, sharp, and properly set so that they will cut freely without having to force the work piece against the blade. • Use the guards provided with the saw or ones designed for use with the saw that you are using. Keep them in place and in good working condition. • Use a guard high enough to cover the part of the blade rising above the stock and wide enough to cover the blade when it is tilted. The blade height should be set so it does not extend more than about 3 mm (1/8 in) above the height of the piece being cut. • Ensure that the fence is locked in position after the desired width has been set. • Hold the work piece firmly down on the table and against the fence when pushing the wood through. • Ensure that there is adequate support to hold a work piece; use extension tables or roller supports at the side or back for larger pieces. If an assistant is at the back (outfeed) end of the saw, an extension table should be in place so the back edge is about 1.2 m (4 ft) from the saw blade. The assistant should wait for the work piece to reach the edge of the extension table and should not reach toward the saw blade. • Feed stock into the blade against the direction of its rotation.

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• Move the rip fence out of the way when cross cutting. Never use it as a cut off gauge. • Use a push stick when ripping narrow or short stock (e.g., when the fence is set less than about 15 cm (6 in) from the blade; when the piece is less than 30 cm (12 in) long or when the last 30 cm (12 in) of a longer piece is being cut). Refer to ripping applications in the manufacturer's instruction manual. See Woodworking Machines - Push Sticks for more information on push stick design. • Use the push stick to remove the cut piece from between the fence and the blade. • Keep hands out of the line of a saw blade. • Use guard with a spreader (riving knife) and anti-kickback fingers for all ripping or cross cutting operations. • Keep the body and face to one side of the saw blade out of the line of a possible kickback. • Provide adequate support to the rear and sides of a saw table for wide or long stock. • Be careful when waxing, cleaning, or servicing the table. Shut off and unplug (or lock out) a saw before doing any work on the saw. • Keep area clean and clutter-free. Operate machines in a non-congested, well-lit area. • Use the proper sawdust exhaust systems as required by operation.

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What should you avoid when working with a table saw? Do not saw freehand. Always hold the stock firmly against the mitre gauge or a rip fence to position and guide the cut. • Do not reach around and over moving blades. • Do not feed the work piece faster than the saw can accept. • Do not leave a saw running unattended. Turn off the power and make sure the machine has stopped running before leaving the area.

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Woodworking Machines - Wood Turning Lathes

What should you do before using a wood turning lathe? • Read the owner's manual carefully. • Make sure you understand instructions before attempting to use any tool or machine. Only experienced and trained lathe operators should be allowed to operate lathes. • Learn the applications and limitations before use. • Refer to Woodworking Machines - General Safety Tips for general safety precautions.

What safety procedures should you follow when using a wood turning lathe? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) to protect yourself from flying chips. • Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you are exposed to in the woodworking area. • Wear a dusk mask when dust is generated (e.g., during sanding operations). • Wear protective footwear when required. • Work in well-lighted area. • Before the lathe is turned on, ensure that all clamps and fittings are secure and that the work piece is free to turn. • Use stock free of defects. • Hold tools firmly with both hands and against the tool rest. • Hold the stock securely on the faceplate or between the centres. • Use only furnished or approved tools. • Use sharp, well-maintained chisels and gouges. • Select a speed that is appropriate for the job. Operate the lathe at a low speed and use a moderate cut depth to prevent splinters from flying out during roughing operations. The actual speed of the lathe depends on type of wood, a diameter of stock, nature of work being done and type of tool used. • Adjust tool rests so that they are parallel and as close as possible to the stock. They should also be set high enough so that tools will cut into the wood slightly above the centre of the work being turned. • Remove the tool rest when sanding or polishing. • Use appropriate tools to hold the sand paper or emery paper whenever possible. Examples include a 'nut cracker' or the paper fixed to a piece of flat wood. If you must use your hands always hold the paper in a way that will not allow the paper to catch, pull or entangle around the stock. • To make a faceplate turning, the one hand steadies the tip of the chisel, which holds the edge against the tool rest while the other hand guides the tool. Keep the tip of the chisel held higher than the handle.

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Hand Tools - General Operation

What are some basic tips when using hand tools? • Always provide training on how to choose the right tool for the job, how to correctly use each tool, and how to identify when tools need repair. • Select the right tool for the job. Substitutes increase the chance of having an accident. • Use tools designed to allow wrist to stay straight. Avoid using hand tools with your wrist bent. • Ensure that employees are properly trained in the safe use of hand tools. • Use good quality tools. • Keep tools in good condition at all times. • Inspect tools for defects before use. Replace or repair defective tools. • Keep cutting tools sharp and cover sharp edges with suitable covering to protect the tool and to prevent injuries from unintended contact. • Replace cracked, splintered, or broken handles on files, hammers, , or sledges. • Ensure that the handles of tools like hammers and axes fit tightly into the head of the tool. • Replace worn jaws on wrenches, pipe tools and pliers. • Redress burred or mushroomed heads of striking tools. • Pull on a or pliers. Never push unless you hold the tool with your palm open. • Point sharp tools (e.g., saws, chisels, knives) laying on benches away from aisles and handles should not extend over the edge of the bench top. • Maintain tools carefully. Keep them clean and dry, and store them properly after each use. • Carry tools in a sturdy tool box to and from the worksite. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) and well-fitting gloves appropriate for the hazards to which you may be exposed when doing various tasks. • Keep the work environment clean and tidy to avoid clutter which may cause accidents. • Use a heavy belt or apron and hang tools at your sides, not behind your back.

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What should I avoid when using hand tools? • Do not use tools for jobs they are not intended to do. For example, do not use a slot screw drivers as a chisel, pry bar, wedge or or wrenches as hammers. • Do not apply excessive force or pressure on tools. • Do not cut towards yourself when using cutting tools. • Do not hold the stock in the palm of your hand when using a cutting tool or a . • Do not wear bulky gloves to operate hand tools. • Do not throw tools. Hand them, handle first, directly to other workers. • Do not carry tools in a way that interferes with using both hands on a ladder, while climbing on a structure, or when doing any hazardous work. If working on a ladder or scaffold, tools should be raised and lowered using a bucket and hand line. • Do not carry a sharp tool in your pocket.

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Hand Tools - Clamps

What are examples of clamps? Clamps are versatile tools that serve to temporarily hold work securely in place. They are used for many applications including carpentry, woodworking, furniture making, welding, construction and metal working.

Clamp styles include C-clamps, bar clamps, pipe clamps, and handscrews. Bar clamps have adjustable arms that are easily widened or narrowed to fit the work piece and, therefore, requires fewer turns of the screw spindle, compared to a C-clamp, to hold the piece tightly.

Proper use of a bar clamp: • Used for woodwork, especially for holding edges when gluing. • Apply clamping pressure at right angles to the glue line otherwise slippage may result.

Proper use of a c-clamp: • Used for carpentry, welding or cutting.

Proper use of a hand screw clamp: • Can be made of metal or wood. • Used to hold small pieces or in furniture repair.

What are some general safety tips to know when using clamps? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Select the proper clamp style and size by matching the work-holding requirements of the job with the following clamp features: • strength and weight (e.g., consider rail size and nominal clamping pressure) • opening (length of reach) • throat depth (depth of reach) • ease of adjustment

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• clamping surfaces (material used and size) • Ensure that the swivel at the end of the screw turns freely before using. • Dispose of clamps with bent frames; replace bent spindles, if possible. • Ensure that the pressure plate and anvil parts of the clamp are in full contact with the workpiece before tightening. • Close the jaws until the clamp feels tight. For example, when gluing, some glue will be squeezed out, a sign that it is tight enough. • Use pads with C-clamps to avoid marking the work.

• Remove clamps as soon as the job is finished. Clamps serve only as temporary devices for holding work securely in place. • Keep all moving parts of clamps lightly oiled and keep tools clean to prevent slippage. Also make sure there is no dirt or oil on any part that will come in to contact with the work. • Store C-clamps by clamping them in a rack, not in a drawer.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not use extra-large clamps just for the sake of their large throats. Instead, use, deep-throat clamps. • Do not use any clamps that have a bent frame or a bent spindle. • Do not use wrenches, pipes, hammers, or pliers to tighten clamps. Use wrenches only on clamps especially designed for wrenches. • Do not hoist or pull with C-clamps. Use special lifting clamps. • Do not use C-clamps to construct scaffolds or platforms for workers.

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Hand Tools - Cutting Tools for Bolts, Cables, and Strapping

What are some general safety tips to know when using cutting tools? Many types and sizes of cutters are used for cutting selected metal products made from iron, steel, or softer, non-ferrous materials (e.g., copper, brass, aluminum). Cutters are designed to cut materials of different kinds of products such as wires, cables (electrical, coax, multi-strand), wire ropes, fencing, bolts, rods, pre-stressed concrete wires, and strapping. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) and protective gloves when using cutters. • Choose the proper cutter for the job. Cutters are designed for a specific type, hardness, and size of material. • Cut materials straight across - keep the material being cut at right angles to the cutting edges of jaws. • Prevent injury from flying metal by wrapping a burlap bag, cloth or rag around the cutting jaws. Metal can fly when cut. The harder the metal, the farther it will fly. • Warn those in the area to take precautionary measures to avoid possible injury from flying metal pieces. • Keep cutting tools in good repair. • Adjust and lubricate cutter and moving parts daily if heavily used. • Sharpen jaws according to manufacturers' instructions.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not use a cutting tool until you are trained in its proper and safe use. • Do not use cushion grip handles for jobs requiring insulated handles. Cushion grips are for comfort primarily and do not protect against electric shock. • Do not use cutters which are cracked, broken or loose. • Do not exceed the recommended capacity of a tool. • Do not cut diagonally. • Do not rock cutters from side to side when cutting wire. • Do not pry or twist with tool when cutting. • Do not on cutting tools or extend the handle length to achieve greater cutting power. • Do not expose cutters to excessive heat. • Do not repair cutters. Discard equipment that is cracked, broken or shows signs of damage.

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Hand Tools - Gear Pullers

What are some safety tips for using gear pullers? Gear pullers are made in various shapes and sizes and have many uses. Always use the correct tool for the job. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Select the proper gear puller for each job. Always use a gear puller of the required size or larger. Use a 3-jaw puller, if possible.

• Ensure that the gear puller is aligned with the shaft and fits tightly around the part to be removed. The jaws should be parallel with the screw. This assures a straight pull. • Be careful when removing a stubborn gear or bearing. Always strike the head of the center screw squarely. If after two sharp blows the gear or bearing remains stuck, select a larger puller and proceed to remove the gear or bearing. • Use a protective cap or removable point to protect screw from mushrooming or splitting. • Stop work if the gear puller starts to deform. • Cover work with a cloth to protect you and by-standers from flying parts. • Lubricate the center screw with machine oil before use. • Clean the gear puller after use and store it in a dry place.

What are some things that I should avoid doing? • Do not use air powered tools on gear pullers. • Do not use any puller with functioning parts that show excessive wear, dents, or cracks. Inspect the center screw for signs of galling or seizing. • Do not heat any gear puller. It will lose its strength and break under pressure if heated. • Do not cut or grind any part of a gear puller.

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Hand Tools - Hammers

What are some safety tips to know when using a hammer? Hammers and other striking tools are widely used and often abused. Hammers are made for specific purposes in various types and sizes, and with striking surfaces of varying hardness. For example, hammers are used for general carpentry, framing, nail pulling, cabinet making, assembling furniture, upholstering, finishing, riveting, bending or shaping metal, striking masonry drill and steel chisels, and so on. Hammers are designed according to the intended purpose. • Select a hammer that is comfortable for you and that is the proper size and weight for the job. Misuse can cause the striking face to chip, possibly causing a serious injury. • Choose a hammer with a striking face diameter approximately 12 mm (0.5 inch) larger than the face of the tool being struck (e.g., chisels, punches, wedges, etc.). • Ensure that the head of the hammer is firmly attached to the handle. • Replace loose, cracked or splintered handles. • Discard any hammer with mushroomed or chipped face or with cracks in the claw or eye sections. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Strike a hammer blow squarely with the striking face parallel to the surface being struck. Always avoid glancing blows and over and under strikes. (Hammers with beveled faces are less likely to chip or spall.)

• Look behind and above you before swinging the hammer. • Watch the object you are hitting. • Hold the hammer with your wrist straight and your hand firmly wrapped around the handle

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What should I avoid doing? • Do not use a hammer with a loose or damaged handle. • Do not use handles that are rough, cracked, broken, splintered, sharp-edged or loosely attached to head. • Do not use any hammer head with dents, cracks, chips, mushrooming, or excessive wear. • Do not use a hammer for any purpose for which it was not designed or intended. • Do not use one hammer to strike another hammer, other hard metal objects, stones or concrete. • Do not redress, grind, weld or reheat-treat a hammer head. • Do not strike with the side or cheek of the hammer.

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Hand Tools - Hand Saw

What should I know about hand saws? Saws are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Use the correct saw for the job. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Select a saw of proper shape and size for stock being used. • Select a saw with the number of teeth per inch (TPI) in order to get the desired finish. For example: a coarse tooth blade (e.g., 2 or 3 TPI) should be used for thicker stock. 18 to 32 TPI should be used on thinner metals or plastic (0.5 cm or 1/4 inch). General wood cutting typically requires about 4 TPI. • Choose a saw handle that keeps wrist in a natural position in the horizontal plane. • Choose saw with a handle opening of at least 12 cm (5 in.) long and 6 cm (2.5 in.) wide and slanted at a 15° angle.

• Check the stock being cut for nails, knots, and other objects that may damage or buckle saw. • Start the cut by placing your hand beside the cut mark with your thumb upright and pressing against blade. Start cut carefully and slowly to prevent blade from jumping. Pull upward until blade bites. Start with partial cut, then set saw at proper angle. • Apply pressure on downstroke only.

• Hold stock being cut firmly in place. • Use a helper, a supporting bench or vise to support long stock if required. • Keep teeth and blades properly set. • Protect teeth of saw when not in use. • Keep saw blades clean. 31 | Page

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What should I know about using a hacksaw? • Select correct blade for material being cut. • Secure blade with the teeth pointing forward. Tighten the nut until the blade is under tension. • Keep blade rigid, and frame properly aligned. • Cut using steady strokes, directed away from you. • Use entire length of blade in each cutting stroke. • Use light machine oil on the blade to keep it from overheating and breaking.

• Cut harder materials more slowly than soft materials. • Clamp thin, flat pieces requiring edge cutting. • Keep saw blades clean and lightly oiled. • Do not apply too much pressure on the blade as the blade may break. • Do not twist when applying pressure. • Do not use when the blade becomes loose in the frame.

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Hand Tools - Non-sparking tools

What is a "non-sparking" tool? "Non-sparking", "spark reduced", "spark-resistant" or "spark-proof" tools are names given to tools made of metals such as brass, bronze, Monel metal (copper-nickel alloy), copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum bronze), or copper-beryllium alloys (beryllium bronze).

Commonly used hand tools are often manufactured of steel alloys. Preferred "non- sparking" metals have less tensile strength than steels usually used to make tools. A lower tensile strength means the metal has less strength or resistance to tearing apart when stretched under test conditions. It also means that these tools are softer, wear down more quickly than ordinary steel tools, and have to be dressed more frequently.

What is the most important thing to know about "non-sparking" tools? Non-sparking tools also generate sparks sometimes referred to as “cold sparks”. These cold sparks have a low heat level and do not ignite carbon disulfide, which has the lowest ignition point of any substance known to man. Therefore while “non-sparking” tools may lower the risk of a spark, they do not eliminate the possibility of sparks. The name "non-sparking" is misleading because these tools are capable of producing a spark: the term "reduced-sparking tools" better describes these tools. Non-metals like wood, leather, and plastic are suitable for some tools like shovels, scrapers or scoops and do not pose a friction spark hazard.

Non-sparking tools provide protection against fires and explosions in environments where there is a concern about sparks igniting flammable solvents, vapors, liquids, dusts or residues. There are many standards and recommendations that have been published by OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) and NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) that advise the use of non-sparking tools in hazardous environments.

NOTE: It is important to assess each situation carefully and use the appropriate tools for the hazards that are present. In some cases, “non-sparking” tools may still be able to produce a spark. Contact the tool manufacturer, and the producer of the flammable material (for example) for recommendations and more information.

What are the hazards of both "sparking" and "non-sparking" tools? Both "sparking" and "non-sparking" materials can cause ignition. Two types of hazards are associated with tools manufactured of either material: 1. Ignition by friction, with impact on each other or on other materials such as steel or concrete, in which an "ordinary" (mechanical or frictional) spark is generated. All tools can ignite flammable mixtures by sparks generated by friction or impact. However, this is true only when the generated spark is incendive: that means a spark that has to have enough heat content (i.e., enough mass and sufficiently high temperature) and has to last long enough to heat a flammable air-vapour mixture above its ignition temperature. This is more likely in the case of sparks formed when using a metal grinder that a spark generated when a hammer strikes some metal.

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2. Ignition by a chemically-generated spark, caused by impact between certain metals and some oxygen-containing substances (such as rust, which is iron oxide).

How should you use and maintain "non-sparking" tools? • Make sure all "non-sparking" tools are kept clean and free from ferrous or other contaminants, which may hamper the non-sparking properties. • Do not use non-sparking hand tools in direct contact with acetylene, which may form explosive acetylides, especially in the presence of moisture. • Use local or mechanical ventilation systems as appropriate to remove hazardous materials, dusts and vapors from the workplace. • Follow normal safety procedures when sharpening non-sparking tools such as the provision of eye and face protection, adequate extraction and dust collection facilities.

What is the best safeguard against accidental explosions? Follow safe work procedures. Always evaluate a job to be done in a hazardous environment (even the simplest one)! Use proper tools and equipment that eliminate ignition such as electric motors that can be certified as "explosion proof" for use in most hazardous work locations or non-sparking tools with proper use and maintenance. Keep in mind that there are no truly non-sparking tools. In any work where flames are used, or sparks are produced, make sure that an explosive atmosphere does not develop. Such atmospheres include flammable vapor-air mixtures and organic dust clouds like flour or coal dust. Isolation, ventilation and purging are methods of insuring a safe working atmosphere. Use combustible gas meters in the workplace to protect those working in hazardous environments.

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Hand Tools - Pipe Tools - Wrenches, Cutters, Reamers, and Threaders

What are some safety tips for using pipe wrenches? Pipe tools are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Always use the correct tool for the job. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles), when necessary. • Select a with sufficient capacity and leverage to do the job. • Use a pipe wrench to turn or hold a pipe. Never use a pipe wrench to bend, raise or lift a pipe. • Adjust the pipe wrench grip to maintain a gap between the back of the hook jaw and the pipe. This concentrates the pressure at the jaw teeth, producing the maximum gripping force. It also aids the ratcheting action.

• Inspect pipe wrenches periodically for worn or unsafe parts and replace them (e.g., check for worn threads on the adjustment ring and movable jaw). • Keep pipe wrench teeth clean and sharp. • Face a pipe wrench forward. Turn wrench so pressure is against heel jaw. • Pull, rather than push on the pipe wrench handle. Maintain a proper stance with feet firmly placed to hold your balance.

What are some things I should avoid doing when using pipe wrenches? • Do not use a pipe wrench as a hammer, or strike a pipe wrench with a hammer. • Do not use pipe wrenches on nuts and bolts. • Do not use a pipe extender for extra leverage. Get a larger pipe wrench.

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What are some safety tips for using pipe cutters, reamers, threaders? • Replace pipe cutter wheels which are nicked or otherwise damaged. • Use a 3- or 4-wheeled cutter, if there is not enough space to swing the single wheel pipe cutter completely around the pipe. • Choose a cutting wheel suitable for cutting the type of pipe material required: • Thin wheel for cutting ordinary steel pipe. • Stout wheel for cutting cast iron. • Other wheels for cutting stainless steel, plastic and other materials. • Select the proper hole diameter and correct tap size to tap a hole. The hole should be sized so that the thread cut by the tap will be about 75% as deep as the thread on the tap. • Use a proper tap wrench (with a "T" handle) for turning a tap. • Use lubricant or machine cutting fluid with metals other than cast iron.

What are some things I should avoid doing when using pipe tools? • Do not allow chips to clog the flutes (groves in the tap that allow metal chips to escape from the hole). The chips may prevent the tap from turning - this may result in the tap breaking if you continue to apply pressure. • Do not use a conventional adjustable wrench for turning a tap - it will cause uneven pressure on the tap that may cause it to break. • Do not attempt to thread hardened steel. This can chip or damage the die. • Do not thread any rod or other cylindrical object that is larger in diameter than the major diameter of the die thread. • Do not use a spiral reamer on a rotating pipe. The reamer may snag and cause serious injury.

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Hand Tools - Pliers and Wire Cutters

What are common types of pliers and wire cutters? Pliers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for gripping something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and others are designed to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire. There are also tools that are used just for cutting wires (as opposed to wire cable and rope). Use the correct pliers or wire cutters for the job.

Proper use of side cutting (lineman's) pliers: • Many applications including electrical, communications and construction work • Use to grip, splice or cut wires, and strip

insulation. Proper use of long nose pliers: • Use to grip small objects, reach awkward places, holding wires, bend loops, and attach wires • Work involving smaller gauge wire.

Proper use of utility pliers: • Use to grip round square, flat and hexagonal objects. • Can apply limited torque (twisting force) without damaging the work. Proper use of diagonal cutting pliers: • For work involving cutting and skinning wires, cutting and removing pins, nails and other fasteners.

Proper use of flat nose pliers: • Common pliers, used in many applications and assembly work. • Use to grip, turn and bend wires.

Proper use of : • Used to adjust nuts or bolts.

Proper use of end cutting pliers • Use for cutting wires, nails, rivets close to work.

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What are some safety tips to know when using pliers and wire cutters? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) whenever there is a potential hazard from flying particles, pieces of wire, etc. • Cut at right angles. Never rock the cutting tool from side to side or bend wire back and forth against the cutting edges.

• Choose pliers or wire cutters that have a grip span of 6 cm - 9 cm (2 1/2 - 3 1/2 in.) to prevent your palm or fingers from being pinched when the tools are closed. • Use adjustable pliers that allow you to grip the workpiece firmly while maintaining a comfortable handgrip (i.e., hand grasp is not too wide). • Use tools only if they are in good condition. • Make sure that the cutting edges are sharp. Dull and worn down cutting edges require many times more force needed for cutting. • Make sure that the toothed jaws are clean and sharp. Greasy or worn down jaws can result in compromised safety. Such tools also require increased force to hold the workpiece which, in turn, increases the risk of muscular fatigue and repetitive strain injuries. • Oil pliers and wire cutters regularly. A drop of oil on the hinge will make the tools easier to use. • Pull on the pliers; do not push away from you when applying pressure. If the tools slips unexpectedly, you may lose your balance or hit your hand against equipment or something else hard that could result in an injury.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not cut hardened wire unless the pliers or wire cutters are specifically manufactured for this purpose. • Do not expose pliers or wire cutters to excessive heat. • Do not bend stiff wire with light pliers. Needle nose pliers can be damaged by using the tips to bend large wire. Use a sturdier tool. • Do not use pliers as a hammer. • Do not hammer on pliers or wire cutters to cut wires or bolts. • Do not extend the length of handles to gain greater leverage. Use a larger pair of pliers for gripping or a bolt cutter for cutting. • Do not use cushion grip handles for jobs requiring tools with electrically insulated handles. Cushion grips are for comfort primarily and do not protect against electric shock. • Do not use pliers on nuts and bolts; use a wrench.

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Hand Tools - Screwdrivers

What are some general safety tips to know when using screwdrivers? Screwdrivers are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Use the correct screwdriver for the job. • Always match the screwdriver to the screw head, both in terms of size and type. • Choose contoured handles that fit the shank tightly, with a flange to keep the hand from slipping off the tool. • Use a slot screwdriver with a blade tip width that is the same as the width of slotted screw head. • For cross head screws, use the correct size and type of screwdriver: a Phillips screwdriver may slip out of a screw head designed for use with the slightly, flatter-tipped Pozidriv screwdriver. • Use a vise or clamp to hold the stock if the piece is small or moves easily. • Wear safety glasses or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) that is appropriate for the hazards of the work you are doing. • Keep the screwdriver handle clean. A greasy handle could cause an injury or damage from unexpected slippage. • Shut off electricity before beginning work on electrical equipment (lock out, de- energize and tag out). • If work must be carried out on "live" equipment, use screwdrivers that have insulated handles designed for electrical work and a non-conducting shaft. Remember, most plastic handles are designed for grip and comfort. • Use non-magnetic tools when working near strong magnets (e.g., in some laboratories). • Use a screw-holding screwdriver (with screw-holding clips or magnetic blades) to get screws started in awkward, hard-to-reach areas. Square-tipped screwdrivers (e.g., Robertson) that hold screws with recessed square holes are also useful in such situations. • Use an offset screwdriver in close quarters where a conventional screwdriver cannot be used.

Offset Screwdriver

• Use a screwdriver that incorporates the following features when continuous work is needed: • A pistol grip to provide for a straighter wrist and better leverage. • A "Yankee drill" mechanism (spiral ratchet screwdriver or push screwdriver) which rotates the blade when the tool is pushed forward. • A ratchet device to drive hard-to-move screws efficiently. • Or use a powered screwdriver.

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Yankee Drill Mechanism with a Pistol Grip • File a rounded tip square making sure the edges are straight. A dull or rounded tip can slip out of the slot and cause hand injury or damage to materials. • Store screwdrivers in a rack or partitioned pouch so that the proper screwdriver can be selected quickly.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not lean or push on a screwdriver with any more force than necessary to keep contact with the screw. A screw properly piloted and fitted will draw itself into the right position when turned. Keep the shank directly over the screw being driven. • Do not hold the stock in one hand while using the screwdriver with the other. If the screwdriver slips out of the slot, you may cut your hand. • Do not hammer screws which cannot be turned. • Do not grind the tip to fit all sizes of screw heads. • Do not try to use screwdrivers on screw heads for which they are not designed (e.g., straight blade screwdrivers on Phillips, clutch head, Torx or multi-flutted spline screw heads). • Do not use defective screwdrivers (i.e., ones with rounded or damaged edges or tips; split or broken handle; or bent shaft). • Do not use a screwdriver for prying, punching, chiseling, scoring, scraping or stirring paint. • Do not use pliers on the handle of a screwdriver for extra turning power. A wrench should only be used on the square screwdriver shank designed for that purpose. • Do not expose a screwdriver blade to excessive heat. Heat can affect the temper of the metal and weaken the tool. • Do not use a screwdriver to check if an electrical circuit is live. Use a suitable meter or other circuit testing device. • Do not carry screwdrivers in your pockets.

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Hand Tools - Snips

What are some safety tips to know when using snips? Snips are made in various shapes and sizes for various tasks. The handle can be like those on scissors with finger and thumb holes or like plier handles. Models are available for cutting in straight lines, in curves to the left or curves to the right. • Universal snips can cut in both straight and wide curves. • Straight snips and duckbill snips (flat blade, "perpendicular" to the handle, with pointed tips) are designed to cut in straight lines; some duckbill snips are designed for cutting curved lines. • Hawk's bill snips (with crescent-shaped jaws) are used for cutting tight circles. • Aviation snips have compound leverage that reduces the effort required for cutting. • Offset snips have jaws that are set at an angle from the handle.

DO • Select the right size and type of snips for the job; check the manufacturer's specifications about the intended use of the snips (e.g., type of cut - straight, wide curve, tight curve, right or left, and maximum thickness and kind of metal or other material that can be cut). • Only use snips that are sharp and in good condition. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glases or goggles) and protective gloves when working with snips. Small pieces of metal may go flying in the air and the cut edges of metal are sharp.

Left cut snips are for making cuts to the left and straight cuts.

Right cut snips are for making straight cuts and cuts to the right.

Straight cut snips (not shown) are for making straight cuts and shallow cuts to the right or left.

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Offset snips permit you to keep your hands safely above the cut while cutting directly through the center of a large sheet. • Use snips for cutting soft metal only. Hard or hardened metal should be cut with cutting tools designed for that purpose. • Use ordinary hand pressure for cutting. If extra force is needed, use a larger tool. • Cut so that the waste is on the right if you are right-handed or on the left if you are left-handed. • Avoid springing the blades. This results from trying to cut metal that is too thick or heavy for the snips you are using. • Keep the nut and the pivot bolt properly adjusted at all times. • Oil the pivot bolt on the snips occasionally. • Use the locking clip (if available) to keep the snips closed when not in use.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not try to cut sharp curves with straight cut snips. • Do not cut sheet metal thicker than the manufacturer's recommended upper limit (e.g., cuts up to 16 gauge cold rolled steel or 18 gauge stainless steel). • Do not extend the length of handles to gain greater leverage. • Do not hammer or use your foot to exert extra pressure on the cutting edges. • Do not use cushion grip handles for tasks requiring insulated handles. They are for comfort primarily and not for protection against electric shocks. • Do not attempt to resharpen snips in a sharpening device designed for scissors, garden tools or cutlery.

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Hand Tools - Struck Tools

What are some safety tips to know when using a struck tool? Struck tools are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses and include cold chisels, punches, nail sets, rock and star drills, and wedges. Use the correct tool for the job.

DO • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Use the tools only if they are good condition (i.e., cutting edges are sharp, struck head is not mushroomed or chipped). • Hold the chisel, for shearing and chipping, at an angle which permits the bevel of the cutting edge to lie flat against the shearing plane. • Provide hand protection

• Hand protection can be provided by a sponge rubber shield forced onto the shaft of a chisel or select struck tools that come with hand protectors designed for the tool. • Punch and chisel holders are also available. • Discard tools which are bent, cracked or chipped. • Redress striking tools with burred or mushroomed heads.

• Redress the point or cutting edge to its original shape. Grind to a slightly convex cutting edge. The point angle of the chisel should be 70° for hard metals, 60° for soft.

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What should I avoid doing? • Do not use struck tools if the struck end is chipped or mushroomed. • Do not use struck tools if the cutting edge is dull or chipped or if the point of a punch is slanted or damaged. • Do not apply too much pressure to the head when grinding a chisel. The heat generated can remove the temper. Immerse the chisel in cold water periodically when grinding. • Do not use cold chisels for cutting or splitting stone or concrete. • Do not use a drift pin punch (also called an aligning punch) as a pin punch intended for driving, removing, or loosening pins, keys, and rivets. • Do not allow bull point chisels to be hand-held by one employee and struck by another. Use tongs or a chisel holder to guide the chisel so that the holder's hand will not be injured.

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Hand Tools - Vises

What should I know about using a vise? A vise, sometimes called the third hand, is an indispensable tool in the tool room or workshop. Vises are usually mounted on or similar firm supports to hold material in place. Most vises can be used for a wide variety of work. Select the most suitable vise which is strong enough for the work. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) when using striking tools or power tools on a workpiece held by a vise. • Attach a vise securely. Place bolts in all the holes in the base of the vise. Use lock washers under the nuts. • Mount a vise so that the stationary jaw projects slightly beyond the edge of the workbench. This allows long work to be clamped in the vise without interference from the edge of the workbench. • Ensure that the workbench is firmly secured to its base.

• Check the vise for cracks or other damage before clamping a workpiece in it. • Use a vise large enough to hold the work without strain. • Place the workpiece in the vise so that the full clamping surface of the jaw supports the workpiece • Keep the workpiece in the vise close as possible to the jaws to prevent vibration when sawing, filing, etc. • Support the end of extra-long work with an adjustable stand, saw horse, or box rather than putting extra strain on the vise. • Keep all threaded and moving parts clean, oiled and free of chips and dirt. • Use jaw liners in a vise where there is any possibility of marking the work. • Replace a bent handle and worn jaw inserts.

What should I not do? • Do not weld the base of the vise to any metal. • Do not repair a vise by welding or brazing. • Do not try to bend a heavy rod in a light vise. • Do not cut into the jaws. • Do not apply heavy pressure at the corner of the vise jaws. • Do not use a handle extension (e.g., a pipe) for extra clamping pressure.

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• Do not hammer on the handle to tighten beyond hand pressure. • Do not use the jaws of the vise as an anvil. • Do not use any vise that has the slightest crack. • Do not unscrew or open the jaws of the vise wider than they were designed to be used.

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Hand Tools - Wood Chisels

What are some safety tips to know when using a wood chisel? Wood chisels are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Use the correct chisel for the job. • Wear safety glasses, or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Use the right size of chisel for the job. • Choose smooth, rectangular handles that have no sharp edges and are attached firmly to the chisel.

• Ensure that the cutting edge is sharp. Dull chisels can be difficult to control and require more effort to do the job. • Check stock thoroughly for knots, staples, nails, screws or other foreign objects before chiseling. • Clamp stock so it cannot move. • Adjust your stance so that you do not lose your balance if the tool slips. • Chip or cut away from yourself. • Keep your hands and body behind the cutting edge. • Use a wooden or plastic with a large striking face on all chisels. Only heavy-duty or framing chisels are made of a solid or molded handle that can be struck with a steel hammer. • Make finishing or paring cuts with hand pressure alone. • Place chisels safely within the plastic protective caps to cover cutting edges when not in use. • Replace any chisel that is bent or shows dents, cracks, chips, or excessive wear. • Store chisels in a "storage roll," a cloth or plastic bag with slots for each chisel, and keep them in a drawer or tray. • Replace broken or splintered handles. • Sharpen cutting edges as often as necessary.

What should I avoid doing? • Do not use a wood chisel as a pry or a wedge. • Do not use a wood chisel on metal. • Do not use an all-steel chisel with a mushroomed face or a chipped edge. Redress with a file or whetstone. • Do not use a grinder to redress heat-treated tools. Use a whetstone. • Do not use a dull chisel.

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Hand Tools - Wrenches

What kinds of wrenches are there? Wrenches are made in various shapes and sizes and are used for gripping, fastening, turning, tightening and loosening things like pipes, pipe fittings, nuts and bolts. There basically two major kinds of wrenches: • Pipe wrenches used in plumbing for gripping round (cylindrical) things. • General use wrenches used on nuts and bolts that have flat, parallel surfaces; e.g., square or hexagonal (hex).

Wrenches may be adjustable to fit different sized pipes, nuts and bolts or may be a fixed size.

What are some examples of adjustable wrenches? Adjustable wrenches include: • Pipe wrenches. • Crescent (TM) wrenches which have adjustable jaws set at a 30 degree angle from the handle. Although Crescent is a trade name, it is widely used to refer to any regular adjustable wrench with an angled jaw regardless of who manufactured it. • Monkey wrenches which have their adjustable head at a 90 degree angle from the handle.

What are some examples of fixed-size wrenches? Fixed-sized wrenches include: • Open ended wrenches that have "jaws" with parallel sides or tines that fit snugly on nuts and bolts. • Closed end or box wrenches that have a loop at the end with notches on the inside that allow the wrench to fit either square or hex nuts or both (depending on the number of notches or points). • Combination wrenches that have both an open end and a closed end on either end of the wrench; usually they fit the same size nut or bolt. • Socket wrenches are like closed end wrenches except they are cylindrical in shape. They can fit over a nut in a recessed hole that would be inaccessible with open or closed ended wrenches. These have an offset handle at right angles to the nut being tightened or loosened. Usually the handle is a ratchet-type handle that allows the user to turn the socket continuously in one direction by moving the handle back and forth without having to take the socket off the nut. • Torque wrenches, one type of socket wrenches, have a built-in spring-loaded indicator that shows how much torque being is being applied (i.e., shows how hard the nut is being tightened). • Nut drivers, another type of socket wrenches, are sockets that can be snapped on or permanently fixed to a screwdriver-type handle. • Allen wrenches or Allen keys are hexagon-shaped (six-sided) metal shafts that are bent into an L-shape for leverage. Hex drivers are "straight Allen wrenches" that have a screwdriver-type handle. These are different from the other wrenches since they fit inside a recessed hexagonal hole in screw heads instead of around a nut or bolt.

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Fixed wrenches fit single, specific sizes. Metric wrench sizes are expressed as whole numbers (e.g., 8, 10, 14, 32) that correspond to the sizes in millimetres. Non-metric sizes used widely in the U.S. are also called S.A.E (Society of Automotive Engineers) sizes and are expressed as fractions of an inch; e.g., 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1 1/4. Since both metric and S.A.E. fasteners (nuts, bolts, etc.) are used in Canada, users must select the correct type and size of wrench to prevent injuries and damage to equipment in case of slippage when force is applied to the wrench.

What are general safety tips when using wrenches? • Use the correct wrench for the job - pipe wrenches for pipes plumbing fittings, and general use wrenches for nuts and bolts. • Discard any damaged wrenches (e.g., open ended wrenches with spread jaws or box wrenched with broken or damaged points). • Select the correct jaw size to avoid slippage. • Wear safety glasses or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) where there is a likely hazard of flying particles or falling debris. • Position your body in a way that will prevent you from losing balance and hurting yourself if the wrench slips or something (e.g., a bolt) suddenly breaks. • Use a box or with a straight handle, rather than an off-set handle, when possible. • Ensure that the jaw of an open ended wrench is in full contact (fully seated, "flat", not tilted) with the nut or bolt before applying pressure. • When turning with an adjustable wrench, the direction of the turn should be against (towards) the permanent jaw. • Ensure that the teeth of a pipe wrench are sharp and free of oil and debris and that the pipe or fitting is clean to prevent unexpected slippage and possible injuries. • Apply a small amount of pressure to a ratchet wrench initially to ensure that the ratchet wheel (or gear) is engaged with the pawl (a catch fitting in the gear) for direction you are applying pressure. • Support the head of the ratchet wrench when socket extensions are used. • Pull on a wrench using a slow, steady pull; do not use fast, jerky movements. • Stand aside when work is done with wrenches overhead. • Make sure adjustable wrenches do not "slide" open during use. • Keep tools well maintained (cleaned and oiled). • Clean and place tools and wrenches in a tool box, rack or tool belt after use.

What should I avoid doing when using wrenches? • Do not use push on a wrench - losing your balance is more likely if the wrench slips. • Do not use a wrench that is bent handle or damaged. • Do not use worn adjustable wrenches. Inspect the knurl, jaw and pin for wear. • Do not pull on an adjustable wrench that is loosely adjusted. • Do not use pipe wrenches on nuts or bolts. • Do not use pipe wrenches for lifting or bending pipes. • Do not use a wrench on moving machinery. • Do not use the wrong tools for the job. Never use pliers instead of a wrench or a wrench as a hammer. • Do not use a make-shift wrench. 49 | Page

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• Do not insert a shim in a wrench for better fit. • Do not strike a wrench (except a "strike face" wrench) with a hammer, or similar object, to gain more force.

• Do not increase the leverage by adding sleeved additions (e.g., a pipe) to increase tool handle length. • Do not expose a wrench to excessive heat (like from a blow torch) that could affect the temper of the metal and ruin the tool.

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Powered Hand Tools - Electric Tools - Basic Safety

When and how should you inspect powered hand tools? • Inspect tools for any damage prior to each use. • Check the handle and body casing of the tool for cracks or other damage. • If the tool has auxiliary or double handles, check to see that they installed securely. • Inspect cords for defects: check the power cord for cracking, fraying, and other signs of wear or faults in the cord insulation. • Check for damaged switches and ones with faulty trigger locks. • Inspect the plug for cracks and for missing, loose or faulty prongs.

What should you do if you find a tool defective? • If a tool is defective, remove it from service, and tag it clearly "Out of service for repair". • Replace damaged equipment immediately - do not use defective tools "temporarily". • Have tools repaired by a qualified person - do not attempt field repairs.

What should you do before using powered hand tools? • Ensure that you have been properly trained to use the tool safely. Read the operator's manual before using the tool and operate the tool according to the manufacturer's instructions. Use only tested and approved tools. • Ensure that the power tool has the correct guard, shield or other attachment that the manufacturer recommends. • Prevent shocks. Ensure that the tools are properly grounded using a three-prong plug, are double-insulated (and are labelled as such), or are powered by a low- voltage isolation transformer: this will protect users from an electrical shock. • Check electric tools to ensure that a tool with a 3-prong plug has an approved 3- wire cord and is grounded. The three-prong plug should be plugged in a properly grounded 3-pole outlet. If an adapter must be used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to a known, functioning ground. NEVER remove the third, grounding prong from a plug.

• Replace open front plugs with dead front plugs. Dead front plugs are sealed and present less danger of shock or short circuit.

• Have a qualified electrician install a polarized outlet if the polarized, two-prong plug of a double-insulated tool does not fit in a two-hole receptacle. Double insulated tools use plugs having one prong that is visibly wider than the other.

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• Test all tools for effective grounding with a continuity tester or a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) before use. • Use only the kind of battery that the tool manufacturer specifies for the battery- powered tool that you are using. • Recharge a battery-powered tool only with a charger that is specifically intended for the battery in that tool. • Remove the battery from the tool or ensure that the tool is switched off or locked off before changing accessories, making adjustments, or storing the tool. • Store a battery pack safely so that no metal parts, nails, screws, wrenches and so on can come in contact with the battery terminals; this could result in shorting the battery and possibly cause sparks, fires or burns.

What should you do while using powered hand tools? • Wear or use personal protective equipment (PPE) or clothing that is appropriate for the work you are doing; this may include items such as safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles), hearing protection, dust mask, gloves, safety boots or shoes, or rubber boots. • Switch off the tools before connecting them to a power supply. • Switch off the tools before connecting them to a power supply. • If a power cord feels more than comfortably warm or if a tool is sparking, have it checked by an electrician or other qualified person. • Disconnect the power supply before making adjustments or changing accessories. • Remove any wrenches and adjusting tools before turning on a tool. • Inspect the cord for fraying or damage before each use. Tag defective tools clearly with an "Out of service" tag and replace immediately with a tool in good running order. • During use, keep power cords clear of tools and the path that the tool will take. • Use clamps, a vice or other devices to hold and support the piece being worked on, when practical to do so. This will allow you to use both hands for better control of the tool and will help prevent injuries if a tool jams or binds in a work piece. • Use only approved extension cords that have the proper wire size (gauge) for the length of cord and power requirements of the electric tool that you are using. This will prevent the cord from overheating. • For outdoor work, use outdoor extension cords marked "W-A" or "W". • Suspend power cords over aisles or work areas to eliminate stumbling or tripping hazards. • Eliminate octopus connections: if more than one receptacle plug is needed, use a power bar or power distribution strip that has an integral power cord and a built-in overcurrent protection. • Pull the plug, not the cord when unplugging a tool. Pulling the cord causes wear and may adversely affect the wiring to the plug and cause electrical shock to the operator. • Follow good housekeeping procedures - keep the work area free of clutter and debris that could be tripping or slipping hazards. • Keep power cords away from heat, water, oil, sharp edges and moving parts. They can damage the insulation and cause a shock. • Ensure that cutting tools, drill bits, etc. are kept sharp, clean and well maintained. 52 | Page

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• Store tools in a dry, secure location when they are not being used.

What should you avoid when using powered tools? • Do not wear gloves, loose clothing or jewelry while using revolving power tools. Tie back long hair or wear appropriate hair protection to prevent hair from getting caught in moving parts of equipment. • Do not use a tool unless you have been trained to use it safely and know its limitations and hazards. • Avoid accidental starting by ensuring the tool is turned off before you plug it in. Also do not walk around with a plugged-in tool with your finger touching the switch. • Do not bypass the ON/OFF switch and operate the tools by connecting and disconnecting the power cord. • Do not disconnect the power supply of the tool by pulling or jerking the cord from the outlet. • Do not leave a running tool unattended. Do not leave it until it has been turned off, has stopped running completely, and has been unplugged. • Do not use electric tools in wet conditions or damp locations unless tool is connected to a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). • Do not expose electric power tools to rain or wet conditions; wet tools increase the likelihood of electric shock. • Avoid body contact with grounded surfaces like refrigerators, pipes and radiators when using electric powered tools; this will reduce the likelihood of shock if the operator's body is grounded. • Do not plug several power cords into one outlet by using single-to-multiple outlet adapters or converters ("cube taps"). • Do not use light duty power cords. • Stop using an electric power tool if you feel a tingle in your fingers. This is a warning that the tool is faulty and needs repair. • Do not connect or splice extension cords together to make a longer connection: the resulting extension cord may not be able to provide sufficient current or power safely. • Do not carry electrical tools by the power cord. • Do not tie power cords in knots. Knots can cause short circuits and shocks. Loop the cords or use a twist lock plug.

• Never break off the third prong on a plug: replace broken 3-prong plugs and make sure the third prong is properly grounded. • Never use extension cords as permanent wiring: use extension cords only as a temporary power supply to an area that does not have a power outlet.

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• Do not walk on or allow vehicles or other moving equipment to pass over unprotected power cords. Cords should be put in conduits or protected by placing planks on each side of them. • Do not bush away sawdust, shavings or turnings while the tool is running. Never use compressed air for cleaning surfaces or removing sawdust, metal turnings, etc. • Do not operate tools in an area containing explosive vapours or gases. • Do not clean tools with flammable or toxic solvents. • Do not surprise or touch anyone who is operating a tool. Startling a tool operator could end up causing an accident or injury.

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Powered Hand Tools - Belt Sanders

What should you do to work safely with belt sanders? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear a dust respirator for dusty operations. • Make sure the sander is switched "OFF" before connecting the power supply. • Disconnect power supply before changing a sanding belt, making adjustments, or emptying dust collector. • Inspect sanding belts before using them. Replace those belts worn or frayed. • Install sanding belts that are the same widths as the pulley drum. • Adjust sanding belt tension to keep the belt running true and at the same speed as pulley drum. • Secure the sanding belt in the direction shown on the belt and the machine. • Keep hands away from a sanding belt. • Use two hands to operate sanders - one on a trigger switch and the other on a front handle knob. • Keep all cords clear of sanding area during use. • Clean dust from the motor and vents at regular intervals.

What should you avoid while working with belt senders? • Do not use a sander without an exhaust system or a dust collector present that is in good working order. Empty the collector when 1/4 full. The dust created when sanding can be a fire and explosion hazard. Proper ventilation is essential. • Do not exert excessive pressure on a moving sander. The weight of the sander supplies adequate pressure for the job. • Do not work on unsecured stock unless it is heavy enough to stay in place. Clamp the stock into place or use a "stop block" to prevent movement. • Do not overreach. Always keep proper footing and balance. • Do not cover the air vents of the sander.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.

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Powered Hand Tools - Drills

How do you select the proper bit or attachment? • Follow manufacturers' instructions when selecting and using a bit or attachment, especially with unfamiliar drills or work. • Select the bit or attachment suitable for the size of the drill and the work being done. • Ensure that the bit or attachments are properly seated and tightened in the chuck. • Use only bits and attachments that turn true. • Use the auxiliary (second) handle for larger work or continuous operation.

What should you do when working with powered hand drills? • Wear safety glasses or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Keep drill air vents clear to maintain adequate ventilation. • Keep drill bits sharp always. • Keep all cords clear of the cutting area during use. Inspect for frays or damage before each use. • Disconnect power supply before changing or adjusting bit or attachments. • Tighten the chuck securely. Remove chuck key before starting drill. • Secure workpiece being drilled to prevent movement.

• Slow the rate of feed just before breaking through the surface. • Drill a small "pilot" hole before drilling large holes.

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What should you do when working with small pieces? • Clamp stock so work will not twist or spin. • Do not drill with one hand while holding the material with the other.

What should you avoid when working with powered hand drills? • Do not use a bent drill bit. • Do not exceed the manufacturer's recommended maximum drilling capacities. • Do not use a hole saw cutter without the pilot drill. • Do not use high speed steel (HSS) bits without cooling or using lubrication. • Do not attempt to free a jammed bit by starting and stopping the drill. Unplug the drill and then remove the bit from the workpiece. • Do not reach under or around stock being drilled. • Do not overreach. Always keep proper footing and balance. • Do not raise or lower the drill by its power cord. • Do not use in wet or muddy locations. Use a nonpowered drill instead. • Do not use excessive force to drill into hard material. Reduce drill speed if possible.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.

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Powered Hand Tools - Ergonomics

What are the ergonomic concerns for selecting powered hand tools? • Select tools that can be used without bending the wrist. Hand tools should allow the operator to grasp, hold, and use the tool with the wrist held straight.

• Select the tool with the workplace layout and job design in mind. Sometimes a tool is correct for one operation and incorrect for another.

• Use the right tool for the job. Ensure it is the right size and has sufficient power to do the job safely. • Weight of the tool and distribution of the load affect the way the user holds the tool. Limit the weight of the tool to 1.4 kg (3 lbs) or less for tools operated with one hand. For precision operations, tools should weigh less than 0.5 kg (1 lb). When there is a choice, select a tool of a low weight. • Select low-vibrating tools. • Choose tools with vibration-absorbing handles, like those covered with cork, rubber, plastic or plastic bonded to steel, to reduce hand-arm vibration. • Choose hand tools that have the centre of gravity within or close to the handle, or that help line up the tool’s centre of gravity with the gripping hand.

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• Choose the tools with handles that can be held using a power grip. A power grip allows the operator to align the fingers such that they work with, rather than against, each other to maximize the grip. • Select tools with rounded, cylindrical, or oval shape, and smooth handles that you can grip easily. • Choose handles that extend at least the same length as the palm of the hand to prevent pressure points in the middle of the palm. Where possible, the handle length should be 14 cm (5.5 inches) with a minimum of 10 cm (4 inches). A longer handle length may be required if work is performed wearing gloves. • If they are available, choose hand tools with double handles to permit easier holding and better manipulation of the tool.

• Select tools with a trigger strip, rather than a trigger button. This strip will allow you to exert more force over a greater area of the hand that, in turn, will reduce muscle fatigue. • Ensure that the trigger works easily to reduce the effort needed to operate it.

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• Select hand tools that encourage a good grip, such as non-slip, non-conductive and compressible materials like plastics or compound rubbers. The goal is to reduce the effort needed to use the tool effectively and at the same time, prevent the tool from slipping out of the hand.

How can you reduce the ergonomic hazards of working with powered hand tools? • Use the right tool for the job and the right tool for the user. • Ensure that your tool is well maintained and in good repair. • Do not use glossy coated and highly polished handles. • Frequently-used tools that weigh more than 0.5 kg (1 pound) should be counter- balanced. • Hold the tool close to the body. Do not overreach. • Keep good balance and proper footing at all times. This posture will help operators to control the tool better, especially in response to unexpected situations. • Make sure to secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool. • Rest your hands by putting the tool down when you are not using it. • Reduce power to the lowest setting that can complete the job safely. This action reduces tool vibration at the source. • Follow manufacturer’s instructions for changing accessories and maintenance. • Try to avoid or limit the use of hand tools with vibration. • Consider wearing anti-vibration gloves. However, you should not wear thick or heavy gloves if operating the tool requires precise movements. • Keep work areas well lighted when operating powered hand tools.

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Powered Hand Tools - Planers

What should you do before you start cutting with a planer? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles), and use the appropriate hearing protection. • Disconnect the planer from the power supply before making any adjustments to the cutter head or blades. • Ensure switch is in off position before plugging in. • Use blades of the same weight and set at the same height. • Ensure that the blade-locking screws are tight. • Remove adjusting keys and wrenches before turning on power. • Support the material (stock) in a comfortable position that will allow the job to be done safely and accurately. • Check stock thoroughly for staples, nails, screws, or other foreign objects before using a planer. • Do not cut stock less than 20 cm (8 in) long or 1 cm (0.5 in) thick.

What should you do while cutting with a planer? • Start a cut with the infeed table (front shoe) resting firmly on the stock and with the cutter head slightly behind the edge of the stock. • Use two hands to operate a planer - one hand on the trigger switch and the other on a front handle. • Do not put your finger or any object in a deflector to clean out chips while a planer is running. • Disconnect the power supply when stopping to dump out chips. • Do not set a planer down until blades have stopped turning. • Stand on the side of the planer near the controls. Never stand behind stock when being fed into the planer.

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• Keep all cords clear of cutting area. • Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.

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Powered Hand Tools – Basic Safety for Pneumatic Tools

What are pneumatic tools? Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-powered hand tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling guns, grinders, drills, hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.

How do you use pneumatic tools safely? • Review the manufacturer's instruction before using a tool. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles), and, where necessary, safety shoes or boots and hearing protection. • Post warning signs where pneumatic tools are used. Set up screens or shields in areas where nearby workers may be exposed to flying fragments, chips, dust, and excessive noise. • Ensure that the compressed air supplied to the tool is clean and dry. Dust, moisture, and corrosive fumes can damage a tool. An in-line regulator filter and lubricator increases tool life. • Keep tools clean and lubricated, and maintain them according to the manufacturers' instructions. • Use only the attachments that the manufacturer recommends for the tools you are using. • Be careful to prevent hands, feet, or body from injury in case the machine slips or the tool breaks. • Reduce physical fatigue by supporting heavy tools with a counter-balance wherever possible.

How should you handle air hoses? • Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter. • Use hoses specifically designed to resist abrasion, cutting, crushing and failure from continuous flexing. • Choose air-supply hoses that have a minimum working pressure rating of 1035 kPa (150 psig) or 150% of the maximum pressure produced in the system, whichever is higher.

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• Check hoses regularly for cuts, bulges and abrasions. Tag and replace, if defective. • Blow out the air line before connecting a tool. Hold hose firmly and blow away from yourself and others. • Make sure that hose connections fit properly and are equipped with a mechanical means of securing the connection (e.g., chain, wire, or positive locking device). • Install quick disconnects of a pressure-release type rather than a disengagement type. Attach the male end of the connector to the tool, NOT the hose. • Do not operate the tool at a pressure above the manufacturer's rating. • Turn off the air pressure to hose when not in use or when changing power tools. • Do not carry a pneumatic tool by its hose. • Avoid creating trip hazards caused by hoses laid across walkways or curled underfoot. • Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.

What should you avoid with a compressed air? • Cleaning with compressed air is dangerous. • Do not use compressed air for cleaning unless no alternate method of cleaning is available. The nozzle pressure MUST remain below 207 kPa (30 psi). Personal protective equipment and effective chip guarding techniques must be used. • Two acceptable methods of meeting the "below 207 kPa (30 psi)" requirement are illustrated below.

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Powered Hand Tools - Pneumatic Nailing and Stapling Tools

What general safety principles should you follow when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools? • Permit only experienced and trained people to operate pneumatic nailing and stapling tools. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) and, where necessary, use hearing protection. • Inspect each tool before connecting it to the air supply: • Check tool safety mechanisms if applicable. • Tighten all screws and cylinder caps securely. • Check for correct air supply and pressure before connecting a tool. • Check that the tool is correctly and securely connected to the air supply hose, in good working order, and has a fully operating safety mechanism before using. • Always handle a tool as if it is loaded with fasteners (nails, staples, etc.). • Equip tools with a work-contacting element that limits the contact area to one that is as small as practical. • Make sure that the mechanical linkage between work-contacting element and trigger is enclosed.

• Disconnect tool from air supply when not in use and during cleaning or adjustment. Before clearing a blockage, be sure to depress the trigger to exhaust all air from the tool. • Use only fasteners recommended by the manufacturer. • Permit only properly trained people to carry out tool maintenance.

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What should you avoid when using pneumatic nailing and stapling tools? • Do not point the tool toward yourself or anyone else whether it contains fasteners or not. • Do not operate at a pressure above the manufacturers' rating. • Do not depress the trigger unless the nose piece of tool is directed onto a safe work surface. • Do not carry a tool with the trigger depressed. • Do not load a tool with fasteners while the trigger is depressed. • Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance. • Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Pneumatic Tools for general safety tips for using tools powered by compressed air.

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Powered Hand Tools - Powder-Actuated Tools

What general safety principles should you follow when using powder-actuated tools? • Allow only trained, competent and authorized persons who are familiar with the regulations governing the use of the tool to operate powder-actuated tools (also known as explosive actuated fastening tools). • Powder-actuated tools operate like loaded guns. Handle powder-actuated tools with the same respect and safety precautions as guns. • Use the manufacturer's information as a guide for safe operation and maintenance of the tool. • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) and a hard hat. • Wear hearing protection. • yourself at all times when working on ladders or scaffolds to maintain good balance. • Keep tools pointed in a safe direction. Never point powder-actuated tools at anyone. • Load powder-actuated tools just before use. Do not carry loaded tools from job to job. • Do not leave loaded powder-actuated tools unattended. • Do not allow bystanders near the work. Shields for protecting workers against a possible ricochet may be necessary in the working area.

How should you care and service a powder-actuated tool? • Clean and maintain tools according to the manufacturers' instructions. • Check tools before use to ensure that they are in good working order. • Tag defective tools "Out of service" and remove from service until properly repaired. • Store tools and cartridges in a locked container when they are not in use. Ensure that the tool is unloaded before storing it.

How should you use a powder-actuated tool safely? • Use the tool at right angles to the work surface. • Check the chamber to see that the barrel is clean and free from any obstruction, before using the tool. • Do not use the tool where flammable or explosive vapours, dust or similar substances are present. • Do not place your hand over the front (muzzle) end of a loaded tool.

How should you use the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) safely? • Use only the projectiles (fasteners, nails, studs, etc.) recommended by the tool manufacturer. • Ensure that the base material has no holes or openings and is of sufficient consistency to prevent a projectile from passing right through. • Do not load a tool until immediately before use. • Do not force a projectile into a working surface that is harder than the projectile being used. If the base material is unknown, use a hand hammer to drive the projectile, using it as a centre punch. 67 | Page

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How should you use charge cartridges safely? • Use only cartridges recommended by the tool manufacturer. • Check that the color of the cartridge is appropriate for work being done. Charge cartridges are color-coded to show their strength. • Conduct a first trial by using the weakest or lowest strength charge cartridge. • Provide adequate ventilation in confined spaces where powder-actuated tools are used. • Hold the tool in the fixing position for no less than 5 to 15 seconds when a tool misfires. Keep the tool pointed in a direction that will not cause injury to you or others and unload a cartridge with extreme caution. • Use caution when using tools near live electrical circuits. Make sure that the nails (etc.) do not enter live circuits buried or hidden in the base material. • Keep cartridges in a lock up when not in use. • Do not attempt to force a cartridge into a tool. • Do not discard unfired cartridges carelessly. • Do not carry cartridges loose or in a pocket. Carry them in the manufacturer's package.

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Honolulu Community College Carpentry Technology Program

Powered Hand Tools - Routers

What should you do before start cutting with a router? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) and appropriate hearing protection. • Disconnect the power supply before making any adjustments or changing bits. Inspect bits carefully before installing • Ensure that the bit is securely mounted in the chuck and the base is tight. • Put the base of the router on the work, template or guide. Make sure that the bit can rotate freely before switching on the motor. • Secure stock. Never rely on yourself or a second person to support or hold the material. Sudden torque or kickback from the router can cause damage and injury. • Before using a router, check stock thoroughly for staples, nails, screws or other foreign objects. • Keep all cords clear of cutting area.

What should you do to work with a router safely? • Hold both hands on router handles always, until a motor has stopped. Do not set the router down until exposed router bit has stopped turning. • Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance. • When inside routing, start the motor with the bit above the stock. When the router reaches full power, lower bit to required depth. • When routing outside edges, guide the router counter clockwise around the work. • When routing bevels, moldings and other edge work, make sure the router bit is in contact with the stock to the left of a starting point and is pointed in the correct cutting direction.

• Feed the router bit into the material at a firm, controlled speed. • With softwood, you can sometimes move the router as fast as it can go. • With hardwood, knotty and twisted wood, or with larger bits, cutting may be very slow.

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• The sound of the motor can indicate safe cutting speeds. When the router is fed into the material too slowly, the motor makes a high-pitched whine. When the router is pushed too hard, the motor makes a low growling noise. • When the type of wood or size of the bit requires going slow, make two or more passes to prevent the router from burning out or kicking back. • To decide the depth of cut and how many passes to make, test the router on scrap lumber similar to the work.

If a router is connected to a router table, refer to Woodworking Machines - Shapers for more guidance.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general electrical safety tips.

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Powered Hand Tools - Saws - Circular

What should you do before start cutting with a circular saw? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Wear an approved respirator or dust mask when exposed to harmful or nuisance dusts. • Use appropriate hearing protection equipment in noisy areas. • Check the retracting lower blade guard to make certain it works freely. • Ensure that the blade that you have selected is sharp enough to do the job. Sharp blades work better and are safer. • Check the saw for proper blade rotation. • Set the depth of the blade, while the saw is unplugged, and lock it at a depth so that the lowest tooth does not extend more than about 0.3 cm (1/8") beneath the wood. • Keep all cords clear of cutting area. • Circular saws are designed for right-hand operation; left-handed operation will demand more care to operate safely.

What should you do to work safely with a circular saw? • Check the retracting lower blade guard frequently to make certain it works freely. It should enclose the teeth as completely as possible, and cover the unused portion of the blade when cutting.

• Check that the retracting lower blade guard has returned to its starting position before laying down the saw. • Keep upper and retracting lower blade guard clean and free of sawdust. • Disconnect power supply before adjusting or changing the blade. • Allow the saw to reach full power before starting to cut. • Use two hands to operate saws - one on a trigger switch and the other on a front knob handle. • Keep motor free from accumulation of dust and chips. • Select the correct blade for stock being cut and allow it to cut steadily. Do not force it. • Secure stock being cut to avoid movement.

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What should you avoid when cutting with a circular saw? • Do not hold or force the retracting lower guard in the open position. • Do not place hand under the shoe or guard of the saw. • Do not over tighten the blade-locking nut. • Do not twist the saw to change, cut or check alignment. • Do not use a saw that vibrates or appears unsafe in any way. • Do not force the saw during cutting. • Do not cut materials without first checking for obstructions or other objects such as nails and screws. • Do not carry the saw with a finger on the trigger switch. • Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance. • Do not rip stock without using a wedge or guide clamped or nailed to the stock.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.

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Powered Hand Tools - Saws - Sabre, Jig and Reciprocating

What should you do before start cutting with powered hand saws? • Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles). • Disconnect power supply before changing or adjusting blades. • Use lubricants when cutting metals. • Keep all cords clear of cutting area. • Position the saw beside the material before cutting and avoid entering the cut with a moving blade. • Make sure guards, if present, are installed and are working properly.

What should you do to work with powered hand saws safely? • Hold reciprocating saw with both hands. • Remember sabre saws cut on the up stroke. • Secure and support stock as close as possible to the cutting line to avoid vibration. • Keep the base or shoe of the saw in firm contact with the stock being cut. • Select the correct blade for the material being cut and allow it to cut steadily. Do not force it. Clean and sharp blades operate best. • Set the blade to go no further than 0.32 to 0.64 cm (1/8 to 1/4 inch) deeper than the material being cut. • Do not start cutting until the saw reaches its full power. • Do not force a saw along or around a curve. Allow the machine to turn with ease. • Do not insert a blade into or withdraw a blade from a cut or lead hole while the blade is moving. • Do not put down a saw until the motor has stopped. • Do not reach under or around the stock being cut. • Maintain control of the saw always. Avoid cutting above shoulder height.

How should you start an external cut? • Place the front of the shoe on the stock. • Make sure that the blade is not in contact with the material or the saw will stall when the motor starts. • Hold the saw firmly down against the material and switch the saw on. • Feed the blade slowly into the stock maintaining an even forward pressure.

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How should you start an inside cut? • Drill a lead hole slightly larger than the saw blade. With the saw switched off, insert the blade in the hole until the shoe rests firmly on the stock. • Do not let the blade touch the stock until the saw has been switched on.

Refer to Powered Hand Tools - Basic Safety for Electric Tools for general safety tips.

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