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Going to Futures with Progressive Infinitives in Varieties of English: a Corpus-Based Study

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Going to Futures with Progressive Infinitives in Varieties of English: a Corpus-Based Study Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Nicholas Soete Going to futures with progressive infinitives in varieties of English: a corpus-based study Masterproef voorgedragen tot het behalen van de graad van Master in het Vertalen 2014 Promotor Prof. Dr. Bernard De Clerck Vakgroep Vertalen Tolken Communicatie The present dissertation studies the emerging Future Time Expression going to future with a progressive infinitive in English. It explores the frequency and the meaning of this new construction in twenty English varieties. In order to gather information, a quantitative and a qualitative analysis are conducted with written data collected from the online Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). Furthermore, frameworks for this study are provided, with accounts on (recent) changes and developments in the English verbal system and the expression of future time, and a Construction Grammar perspective. Conclusions for the quantitative analysis are drawn on the basis of statistics and graphs with relative frequencies clustered according to parameters taken from Schneider’s Dynamic Model on the evolution of English (geographical location, type of colony and phase). It is clear that be going to be –ing can no longer be treated as an anomaly. Based on the semantic analysis of the expression, its meaning generally seems to cover the same functional load of the future progressive. It is, however, impossible to form conclusive conclusions for both the quantitative and qualitative analysis, and further study on the factors that may influence the frequency and meaning of the expression is recommended. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Bernard De Clerck, for his patient guidance, intellectual insights and useful critiques. This dissertation would not have been completed without his enthusiasm and encouragement. Furthermore, special thanks should be given to my parents, for giving me the opportunity to study, for supporting me and for always being there. I also wish to thank Sven and Jeroen, for inspiring me, for giving me advice and for their friendship throughout the past four years at Ghent University. Finally, I would like to thank Nausikaä for her love and incredible support throughout the past years of my life. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 8 2. The expression of future time in English 9 2.1 The main uses of future time expressions in English 9 2.1.1 The pure future (the will or shall + infinitive form) 9 2.1.2 The future progressive (the will or shall + be –ing form) 10 2.1.3 Be going to + infinitive 11 2.1.4 The (present) progressive 12 2.1.5 Be to + infinitive 12 2.1.6 The present simple 12 2.1.7 Be about to + infinitive; be on the verge/the point/the brink of –ing 13 2.2 A Construction Grammar perspective 13 2.3 Critical comments 15 2.3.1 Future tense vs. future time expressions 15 2.3.2 Form function revisited 15 2.3.3 And the new form? 17 3. Developments of future time expressions in English 18 3.1 The rise of the progressive 18 3.1.1 Previous studies 18 3.1.2 Factors relevant to the rise of the progressive 21 3.2 The rise of the be going to future 23 3.2.1 Previous studies 23 3.2.2 Factors relevant to the rise of the be going to future 26 3.3 The synchronic status and diachronic development of will/shall + progressive 27 3.3.1 Studies and results 27 3.3.2 Factors relevant to the development of will/shall + progressive 30 3.4 Conclusion 30 4. The development of Postcolonial Englishes 31 4.1 Previous frameworks and models 31 4.2 Schneider’s Dynamic Model 33 4.3 Schneider’s case studies of various Postcolonial Englishes 35 4.3.1 The Pacific Rim 37 4.3.2 Asia 38 4.3.3 Africa 40 4.3.4 The Americas 41 4.4 Hypotheses 42 5 5. Methodology 43 5.1 The GloWbE corpus 43 5.2 Data retrieval issues 44 5.3 Mapping the frequencies of the future time expressions 47 6. Quantitative data analysis 48 6.1 General overview 58 6.2 Analysis based on geographical location 53 6.3 Analysis based on type of colony 55 6.4 Analysis based on phase 56 6.5 Conclusion 58 7. Qualitative data analysis 59 7.1 Hypothesis 1 60 7.2 Hypothesis 2 62 7.3 Conclusion 63 8. Conclusion 64 9. References 66 Appendix A: GloWbE frequencies for the FTEs 69 Appendix B: Graphs 73 Appendix C: Figures for the chi-square tests 78 Appendix D: List of instances from the qualitative analysis 82 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 BNC/COCA frequencies for be going to be –ing 17 Table 2 GloWbE frequencies for be going to be –ing 17 Table 3 Progressive forms in the press sections (A-C) of four reference corpora 19 Table 4 Spoken and written language compared 19 Table 5 Going to futures in four reference corpora 24 Table 6 Future marker paradigms in four spoken corpora 24 Table 7 Proportions of FTEs in the press sections (A-C) of four reference corpora 25 Table 8 Will/shall be –ing in British and American English in ARCHER 3.1 28 Table 9 Will/shall be –ing in British and American English in the ‘Brown family’ 28 corpora Table 10 Constructions referring to the future in corpora of recent British English 29 Table 11 The evolutionary cycle of New Englishes: parameters of the development 34 phases Table 12 GloWbE queries for the FTEs under study 44 Table 13 Primary analysis of GloWbE queries 45 Table 14 Proportion of will/shall + infinitive and progressives with future time 46 reference Table 15 American and Ghanaian data for will/shall + infinitive and progressives 46 Table 16 List of countries with their ISO-code 48 Table 17 Frequencies for be going to be –ing from COHA, COCA and GloWbE US 49 Table 18 Average normalised frequencies per geographical location 54 Table 19 Average normalised frequencies per colonisation type 56 Table 20 Average normalised frequencies per phase 57 Table 21 Factors considered in the analysis 60 Table 22 Normalised frequencies for personal pronouns with a future progressive or 61 the new construction Table 23 Number of instances per category 61 Table 24 Number of instances per category for American, British and South African 62 English 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Proportion of progressives that refer to the future 20 Figure 2 Evidence for the rise of the progressive 20 Figure 3 Future time expressions in ARCHER 3.1 (1650-1999) 24 Figure 4 Going to and gonna 1600-2000 25 Figure 5 Kachru's ‘Three Circles’ model 32 LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 1 Future time expressions in English (with noise) 49 Graph 2 Future time expressions in English (without noise) 50 Graph 3 Be going to + infinitive vs. pure future 51 Graph 4 Future progressive vs. be going to be –ing 51 Graph 5 Be going to + infinitive vs. be going to be –ing 51 Graph 6 Be going to + infinitive per geographical location 53 Graph 7 Future progressive per geographical location 53 Graph 8 Be going to be –ing per geographical location 53 Graph 9 Be going to + infinitive per type of colony 55 Graph 10 Future progressive per type of colony 55 Graph 11 Be going to be –ing per type of colony 55 Graph 12 Be going to + infinitive per phase 57 Graph 13 Future progressive per phase 57 Graph 14 Be going to be –ing per phase 57 8 1. INTRODUCTION The present dissertation is a study on the frequency and meaning of an emerging Future Time Expression (FTE) in English, namely the going to future complemented with a progressive infinitive , as illustrated in (a) and (b). To date, this FTE has not received a lot of attention, compared to other related expressions that are used to establish future time reference. (a) ‘I’m definitely going to be working over at Mr Lawson's for the rest of the week at least pa,’ Jamie said. ‘Whether you like it or not.’ (b) ‘I’ m going to be doing an extra year at med school anyway.’ The aim of the dissertation is twofold: firstly, the frequency of the expression in twenty varieties of present-day English is examined, compared to the fully fledged English FTEs will or shall + infinitive, will or shall + be –ing , be going to + infinitive, and the progressive. In this quantitative analysis the hypotheses on factors that may influence the increase of the new expression are assessed. The second aim of this study is to gather information on the meaning of the new construction compared to the other expressions, and evaluate the form as an FTE. Both the quantitative and the qualitative analysis are based on data gathered from the online Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE), which offers a unique amount of 1.9 billion data for twenty countries. Before addressing these aims, a theoretical framework is drawn of the changes and developments in the English verbal system and the expression of future time, with studies from scholars like Szmrecsanyi (2003), Mair (2006), Celle and Smith (2010) and Nesselhauf (2007, 2010 and 2012). A second framework, based on Schneider’s book Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World (2010), is provided to situate the global spread of English and the emergence of a wide range of postcolonial varieties in the world. Schneider provides an account of the evolution of these varieties, exploring the historical, social, and ecological factors that have shaped all levels of their structure.
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