Volume 11, Number 1 Backyard February/March 2016

PoultryDedicated to more and better small-flock poultry Antioxidants to the Rescue How the right diet can help your flock live longer and healthier

An Introduction to Raising Geese A Profile of the Cream Legbar Breed Debunking Chicken Myths $4.99 US www.backyardpoultrymag.com Backyard Poultry FP 12-15 THINK:Mother Earth 4.5 x7 12/17/15 3:20 PM Page 1

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Comb Care Photos by Ron McKibben The comb, believe it or not, has more function than form when it comes to chickens. It’s more than a fancy top hat or proof of superiority. It’s actually a tool chickens use to cool off because they cannot sweat. When blood is pumped into the comb, it cools before it is recirculated through the body. This also means the comb is a great indicator of overall health. If the comb is lighter or darker than usual, or sagging more than upright, it may be a sign that you have a sick chicken, so keeping an eye on your chickens’ combs is important to help you catch early signs of illness.

Photos, clockwise: Males usually have bigger combs than females, and some combs are colored orange, pink and purple. Vaseline has proven to prevent frostbite in chickens by providing a moisture-free barrier between the skin and cold air. The comb should feel soft and smooth to the touch. Bumps or black marks could be signs that you have mites or other insects biting at your chickens.

Ron McKibben is a photographer based in Florida.

A Home for Jonathan Stone and his family raise hundreds 62 Orpingtons of Orpingtons, as well as a friendly emu.

CONTENTS 4 Comb Care FEATURES 14 Something To Crow About 32 Family Album The best of the best submissions 11.1 20 Coming Events from flocks around the world.

36 Bookstore

40 Poultry Talk Ron Kean and Pam Freeman answer reader questions about their flocks.

44 Healthy Feed Lisa Steele starts a series on herbs that are healthiest for your chickens.

46 Coop Inspiration 26 Dottie Fumea shares how her family remodeled their coop for HELPFUL HINTS more space. 22 Chicken DNA 48 From Nutrena Why poultry played such an important role in early genetic discoveries. Tips for raising backyard meat birds. 26 Livestock Guardian Dogs Selecting the right dogs to take care of your flock can make life easier. 52 Free Radicals vs. Here’s how. Antioxidants 30 The Skeletal System Antioxidants like watermelon will In part 4 of our biology series, Thomas Fuller describes the amazing help your flock keep those disease- chicken skeleton. causing toxins in check.

8 Backyard Poultry

58 The Origins of Chicken Domestication Ever wonder how our chickens became domesticated?

62 Game, Set, Match Orpingtons galore, on the farm of a former professional tennis official.

68 Geese Personality and Basics We introduce you to the idea of raising geese, and offer a few breed choices to consider. Chicken Myths, Busted Think twice before you believe everything 72 Another British Invasion you hear about raising chickens. 56 Cream Legbars arrive in America.

76 Lille Collection of Preserved Breeds, Part 2 Three British Breeds: The Game Fowl, Scots Grey and Dorking

82 Finding CoCo We’re hiding a few deals and specials. Can you find CoCo?

Happy Hen Treats 92 For the Love of the Hobby In Judy Mehlman’s backyard, rabbits, Premium Treats for Chickens groundhogs and chickens coexist. We know how much you love your flock, so reward them with some tasty Happy Hen Treats. Our treats are specially 96 My Jurassic World formulated for chickens and made from quality ingredients. It’s fun raising little dinosaurs, isn’t it? We know you’ll love our products, because all our products 98 Gertrude McCluck are tested and approved by our own backyard flock. Duck Eggs 100 Marketplace Janice Cole shows us why duck eggs are growing in popularity in the kitchen. Visit us online to find a dealer near you! 102 Breeder’s Directory 84 happyhentreats.com 104 Classifieds

10 Backyard Poultry Happy Hen Treats Premium Treats for Chickens We know how much you love your flock, so reward them with some tasty Happy Hen Treats. Our treats are specially formulated for chickens and made from quality ingredients. We know you’ll love our products, because all our products are tested and approved by our own backyard flock.

Visit us online to find a dealer near you! happyhentreats.com Volume 11, Number 1 : February/March 2016 Backyard Poultry www.backyardpoultrymag.com

ON THE General Manager Mike Campbell COVER [email protected] Special thanks to Katie Editor Ryan Slabaugh Kent from Holly Spings, [email protected] North Carolina, for winning this issue’s cover shot. Circulation and Fulfillment Learn more on page 32. Laura Ching, Ellen Soper, Lori Adams, Christine Barkley

Bookstore Managers Ann Tom Sam Ingersoll [email protected]

Advertising Representatives 800-551-5691 From Backyard Poultry Alicia Komanec [email protected] Kelly Weiler [email protected] 100 Years Clint Lindell t’s a big, triple-digit year for us here at Backyard [email protected] Poultry magazine. While this magazine has only been around 11 years — and a few Publication Designer Iexperiments before that — our mothership’s roots Malisa Samsel stretch back to 1917, 100 years ago, when William Blair started Small Stock Journal. Backyard Poultry’s Main Coop As with any major anniversary or holiday, our Backyard Poultry 145 Industrial Dr. publishing family’s centennial has caused some Medford, WI 54451 reflection. Today, trends are moving in favor of Ryan Slabaugh [email protected] Editor backyard poultry owners as the public consciousness grows wiser about food supply, and relaxes a bit Subscriptions (U.S. funds): about the true definition of nuisance. Want evidence $24.99 per year we’re living in the future? On page 52, Gail Damerow writes about free Backyard Poultry Subscriptions radicals and antioxidants, and how those can affect your chickens. A 145 Industrial Dr. hundred years ago, free radicals meant something else entirely, I’m sure. Medford, WI 54451 One thing that hasn’t changed, especially in our magazine’s young 800-551-5691 history, is the magazine’s celebration and love of animals. You’ll find that reflected in today’s For the Love of Hobby by Judy Mehlman on page 92. Printed in the U.S.A. She writes about incorporating the flock into her family, and what that has meant to everyone, including the town in which she lives. Backyard Poultry Like Judy’s story, our readership has proven that kindness can have (ISSN 1559-2251, USPS 023-374) a rebounding effect that returns in value hundreds of times over. And is published bi-monthly by Countryside Publications, at 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451. you’ve proven, time and time again, that love, even in feathered form, is Periodicals postage paid at Medford, WI and additional love nonetheless. So in 2016 (it’s going to be a good year), keep sharing mailing offices. ©2016 Countryside Publications. those stories about what your flock means to you, and how raising The views presented here do not necessarily represent chickens has changed your life — for better or worse. We promise, even those of the editor or publisher. All contents of this issue of Backyard Poultry are copyrighted if robots or roosters take over the world in the next century, those stories by Countryside Publications, 2016. All rights reserved. will never get old. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited except by permission of the publisher.

Ryan Slabaugh wants to salute anyone else out there celebrating a big POSTMASTER: anniversary, birthday or announcement in 2016. If you want to share the Send all UAA to CFS. (See DMM 707.4.12.5); good news, write [email protected]. NON-POSTAL AND MILITARY FACILITIES: send address corrections to Backyard Poultry Subscriptions, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 12 Backyard Poultry

Do You Have Something To Crow About? We want to hear from you. Send questions, comments, opinions, advice, coming events, etc. to: Backyard Poultry Editor, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 or email [email protected]

Wildlife Party I can’t think of anything nicer than my One evening we were just sitting country home and my chickens. down to supper and I saw deer coming Enjoy and thanks for a lovely magazine. out of the woods. They meandered over Lu-Ann Grube toward the chicken coop and I was able to Pennsylvania get a picture from my kitchen window. It seems the deer were curious about the More Bone Broth Tips chickens and the chickens were likewise. I enjoyed the article about making We live in a rural area of western chicken stock and bone broth (Decem- Pennsylvania. I can’t think there is a bet- ber/January 2015, Backyard Poultry). I ter life anywhere than here and being able make and use a lot of stock, utilizing the to have my chickens. On Friday nights, carcasses of birds I raise for meat, surplus we always go out to supper with another roosters, or any chickens that need to be couple. Barb and Bill will come out to culled (except sick ones). I try to utilize visit after dinner and there is not a nicer as much of the bird as possible. After evening than with friends and my chick- chilling the stock and lifting off the fat, ens. We all just sit on the porch and watch I freeze the fat in small lumps (about them wandering around and enjoy some one tablespoon) on a cookie sheet, then freedom outside the chicken coop. They store them in a box in my freezer to use certainly are interesting creatures and I in place of butter or oil when sautéing or most certainly enjoy my quiet evenings roasting vegetables. Then, in order to use with them. every scrap from the spent carcass, I pick Meet Rooster Rodger I type this as I am looking out my off the boiled meat and make a yummy This is my rooster, Rodger. He is window. There is a Speckled Sussex and sandwich spread. You would be surprised always interested in my egg basket. He a couple of my Buff Orpingtons out in the how much meat comes off a previously never hurts the eggs. He just likes to grove of trees in the front of our house, picked carcass. look at them like he is counting them. He and they are just so cute running around Here is my recipe (adjust the amounts also races me to the food bin. I have to catching bugs. I know I am a country of the ingredients according to how much convince him to get off so that I can open bumpkin. I would have never imagined meat you get): it. I guess he worries that I might forget spending a Saturday evening sitting look- one day where it is. He is a sweetheart. ing out my office window at chickens. If 1 pound cooked chicken meat Sonya Hull I was 21 again, I would say I was nuts for 1/2 cup mayonnaise Texas enjoying such a site, but now that I’m 60, 1/4 cup spicy brown mustard

14 Backyard Poultry 1/4 cup dried onion flakes (not is thriving after we had to amputate her fresh onion) right leg below the knee where it was a 1 tablespoon dried parsley (or 2 complete open fracture. tablespooons fresh) With limited avian vet care, I and a 3 tablespoons maple syrup vet-tech friend took it off before gangrene 2 tablespoons sriracha or other set in. To help keep her balance and pro- hot sauce tect the stub, I used finger splints of var- 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce ious sizes during her healing over many 2 teaspoons smoked paprika months. I have been tireless in my quest 1 teaspoon dry mustard for something more permanent. Reading 1 teaspoon salt your article has renewed my vigor and 6 pickled cherry peppers or other imagination. I thank you very much for pickled vegetable that you like sharing the information. Erin Rue Butcher Put all of the ingredients in a food Ohio processor and process until smooth. This makes a great sandwich, espe- Coop Protection Concerns cially when grilled, or you can get fancy I just read my December/January and spread it on crackers. issue of Backyard Poultry and I have I created this recipe by adapting one a concern, which for me is serious for ham spread and then making changes enough to write to you about. It has to do until I settled on this one. You can ad- with coop safety and relates to two ar- just or change any of the ingredients to ticles in the issue: “An Expert’s Advice customize it to your palate. I’m thinking To New Breeders: Enjoy The Ride,” the next batch might have capers in it. and “How We Built Our Own Home Or olives. Chicken Coop.” And here is something interesting I Both articles show pictures of coops observe frequently in my hen house. My that are definitely not predator proof. The birds free range all day and go to bed one on page 22 is wired with 2-inch by in their safe hen house. In the morning, 3-inch fencing, which almost any pred- when I let them out, I raise the feeders ator, especially a raccoon or opossum, up above their heads so they don’t just could easily reach through and grab a hang out and eat feed all day instead of chicken. Even more likely, all kinds of doing pest control on the farm. I have an snakes could easily get in there and help ELECTRIC Ameraucana rooster who has been the themselves to eggs or young chicks. The big man on campus for a few years now. metal around the base will not dissuade He takes very good care of his harem and these predators from climbing up the NETTING has never threatened me, so he has had a wooden supports. good long life, so far. In the article on page 43, the para- One day, after I raised the feeders, graph about protecting the chickens from I saw Roo Three (his official title) hop the wild, has major issues. First, banking into the air from below the feeder and dirt up around the 2-by-4s will most grab a mouthful of feed at the top of his certainly not keep anything from digging trajectory. Upon landing, he dropped the under. Even a cat could dig under plain feed and began the “Food! Here! Now!” dirt. The coop pictured is double-wired • Superior protection from predators call and dance for his hens. He repeated with chicken wire and hog fencing, but • Lightweight, portable design for this maneuver over and over, until each it has the same issues as the one above. easy installation of his 20 or so gals got a little snack. The popular wisdom is that chicken wire • Available in green, orange, and white What a guy. will keep chickens in, but it cannot keep • Choose from 82’ and 164’ lengths Jane Sommers predators out. The hog fencing, depend- • Free shipping on all electric netting Oregon ing on how it is attached, may keep these Starting animals from pulling the chicken wire at $110.50 An Inspiring Story off or pushing it in, but the openings are I just read the article about a chicken still plenty large enough for raccoons and getting a 3-D prosthetic leg (December/ possums to reach through, and for snakes January Backyard Poultry). I can attest to climb through. from experience last year one of my many We learned these lessons the hard Call now for your free fence guide & catalog guinea hens was attacked by a dog. Miss way when we lost four of our pullets to a www.kencove.com 1-800-KENCOVE Peggy (aptly named due to her peg leg) raccoon and her babies. Now we use only

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 15 ½-inch hardware cloth, nailed down and not respond to as many acoustic stimuli not cock-a-doodle-do because our rooster the raw edges covered on both sides. I and produce less syllables than broody, is a modern commercial breed, and does know that a great number of new, inexpe- non-commercial breeds.” not produce the syllables that non-com- rienced poultry owners look to Backyard The Coogan article brought back up a mercial breeds do? Poultry for advice and direction. I would conversation we have had here on and off. Either way, we are very happy with hate for anyone to experience what we Our almost a year-old New Hampshire Big Red and his three ladies seem to be did. We enjoy Backyard Poultry very Red rooster, “Big Red,” does not cock- very happy with him. On our hobby farm, much, but we hate to see information a-doodle-do, he a-rooka-rooka-roos. I a-rooka-rooka-roos are a very welcoming published that could cause grief to any- have raised chickens and other poultry sound. It’s good to have a rooster again. one. Thanks very much. for almost a decade. Prior to that I have John Bailey Lizabeth Craig had chickens with roosters off and on. Florida Florida Having a rooster again really brings joy to the hobby and the expectation of fresh Editor’s note: Being a commercial Editor’s Note: Lizabeth is exactly chickens for the freezer instead of just breed could be the reason for your birds right. You can never predator-protect eggs is wonderful. sounding differently, but without under- too much. We recommend customizing A few weeks ago, we traveled to standing the total genetic makeup of the to your local or neighborhood predator the National Peanut Festival in Dothan, bird, it’s hard to tell. protocols. If you’re leaning one way or Alabama, about an hour and half away. the other, go with Lizabeth’s idea. Pred- While at the Poultry Exhibit barn, many Some Feedback From a Longtime ator-proof as much as you can. young roosters — mostly Buff Orping- Chicken Owner tons — also a-rooka-rooka-roo-ed. Our I read each and every issue, and espe- conservation turned again to the why cially enjoy the reader comments. There My Rooster Doesn’t Know English aren’t they cock-a-doodle-doo-ing? were two issues that I want to comment In the December 2015/January 2016 Our rationalization was that maybe about. Let me preface my remarks by tell- issue, I found Coogan’s article, “What the roosters are just young or these breeds ing your readers that I have raised small They Are Crowing About,” very infor- don’t cock-a-doodle-do. Now we wonder flocks of chickens for 65 years. mative and enjoyable. Coogan mentions, if Coogan’s observations highlight why On the issue of external parasites, in “Modern breeds lack the ability to speak,” our rooster does not cock-a-doodle-do. particular the mites mentioned by Erin while “modern production poultry do Am I right in understanding that they do on page 15, dusting the platforms of my

16 Backyard Poultry IMPORTANT VOLUNTARY RECALL hens’ roost each night with food-grade BYP Readers Inspire and IMMEDIATE ACTION REQUIRED diatomaceous earth, solves that problem. Encourage Brower Top Hatch Incubator Adding it to their feed also helps prevent I received a free issue from you be- STOP USING THIS internal parasites. cause of an offer I read from a different INCUBATOR & On page 92, Mark’s story about his magazine. So I get your October/Novem- CONTACT US TO runaway chicken can be addressed quite ber 2015 issue, and on page 14, there OBTAIN A FREE simply by conditioning the flock to come is a small article from the editor, Ryan BASE ASSEMBLY running to you with simple verbal com- Slabaugh, and he wrote about a fellow in mands. This is done by saying a command Texas who is serving time and wrote to This involves THI20 and then offering their favorite treats. A Backyard Poultry, which in turn inspired Version 2. Not all Top Hatch Incubators are week or two is all it takes to get them to a lot of people to show support by pro- being recalled. Call come running to you just by saying the viding the man with a paid subscription 800-553-1791 or go to command alone. That’s a lot easier than to your magazine. browerequip.com for chasing chickens around the yard. This is very encouraging for me, as I more information. Carl R. Ognibene too am serving time for a DWI, and am New York waiting for parole in Missouri. It’s nice to know that there are still people out there RECALL SLICK.indd 1 5/6/2013 11:53:51 AM who care about others who have made mistakes. I just want to thank those peo- ple for supporting such people in prison, who just want to get back out to raising chickens and other forms of livestock, and getting back home to their families. This one free issue has affected my life and helps me to keep my focus on doing what is right, and I am anxious to get back to my 10 acres in central Missouri and raise chickens. So thanks again to Backyard Poultry and its subscribers for the information and support you all give. It is much appreciated, even from a few that have been removed from society. You are all great people. Wade Emery Missouri

Loving Their New Birds Curious Bird We built a chicken/guinea coop using One of our hens hopped up on the step pallets. We split the coop and put chick- next to me while I was reading Backyard ens on one side and guineas on the other. Poultry. You’ll see she’s also looking a We are loving these birds! little ragged these days; I’m thinking the Here are a few pictures of our new next article she reads should be about adventure! molting! Darlene Vause Sue Sturm South Carolina Illinois

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 17 Creative Solutions When avian influenza raised its ugly head and shut down poultry shows throughout Wisconsin, the Wisconsin Junior Poultry Association decided to stage an event in spite of it all. Focus- ing on other talents they bring to the poultry hobby, members of the WJPA, an organization of young exhibiters, gathered at the site of what would have been Wisconsin’s largest poultry show. This time however, without a chicken in sight, an amazing fun-filled day was on the horizon. The entire day was scheduled with fun-filled activities for all to participate in. The young people competed in egg-preparation demonstrations, a poultry photo contest, poster education, a quiz bowl competition, eggs reviewed for quality and artistry and an essay writing contest appropriately named “Pullet Surprise.” Other activities were a “Stump the Expert” panel, puzzles, and educational games that all provided multiple challenges for young poultry enthusiast. The Wisconsin Poultry Association is an organization of 125 members ages 6 to 21. It is an affiliate of the National Youth Exhibition Poultry Association and, under the guidance of the Wisconsin International Poultry Club, this youth organization is in its 19th year of providing poultry oppor- tunities for its members. Adhering to the belief that something good can come from disappointment, this group put its best foot (webbed or otherwise) forward, demonstrating that it’s never too early to learn about biosecuri- ty, poultry health and management in a variety of fun-filled and interesting ways. Barbara Gromacki Wisconsin

Photos by Kristina and Charlie Edstrom

18 Backyard Poultry Dogs and Flocks for the broody box, so I brought it inside Since having chickens, I have had two to be with the first four chicks. The others dogs. Daisy is now deceased, but when were still in the air cell. she was alive, she was a fierce protector I put a barrier up to keep the hen in the of my flock. My mom’s poodle learned nest while keeping others out. Later, I went the hard way. Simon, my current canine to check her at 10:45 a.m., thinking it was companion, a hound-dog mix I adopted at too early for any hatching chicks, but when 2 years old, after a short adjustment period, I saw the mom had busted out to do her figured out that the chickens were part of 15 minutes off the nest as broody hens do, his flock as well. she returned to the wrong nest. The eggs This past summer was very hot and one were cold (it was about 32̊F here), and one day I noticed that Simon lay by the coop Rhode Island Red egg had zipped. I put the all day. I didn’t think much of it. But that zipped one in my pocket thinking it may evening I went to lock them up, and I was A few days later, I went to two other farms need extra care, and I was sure the others missing the last bird from my original flock, for more eggs to put in my incubator, so would be fine if I just put Mom back on a beautiful, 8-year-old Barred Rock named she could have more chicks she could the nest. When I got inside, the chick was Party Chicken (she had a taste for beer). Si- hatch. The broody mom did a great job very cold. I plugged in my heating pad and mon was still out there. I looked and found with the first four I gave her. Three little wrapped the chick in a warm towel and Party Chicken under the coop. She had died white Leghorns and a dark Easter-egger. massaged it. I called her “Nancy,” which the day that Simon stood guard. And on at I brought those babies in the house was the egg name I had given her. She was least three occasions, I have seen Simon so she could keep setting, and gave her limp and unresponsive. I placed her on a scare off roosting hawks eyeing his birds. six eggs that had progressed to the air quilt and put her on the heating pad while Jason Huber cell while in my incubator (day 20 or so), talking to her. She slowly started to move North Carolina thinking the mom could hatch them and and soon her eye was open and she was give the chicks the extra will to live. At 7 peeping. She is doing fine now and will Saving A Chick a.m., I went to check on her and she was be with the other chicks soon. I had a bantam hen that went broody, on the nest, and one Rhode Island Red I hope you enjoyed the story. so I gave her four eggs from a nearby farm. mixed baby hatched. It was dry and ready Navis Radwick

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February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 19 COMING EVENTS: The Coming Events listing is gathered and provided by www.poultryshow central.com. Add your show listing on their website or send to: Coming Events, Backyard Poultry, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 or email [email protected]. To be included in the Backyard Poultry magazine listing, event details must be sent 60 days in advance. If you do not have access to website show listings, please contact us for show specifics at 800-551-5691.

Note: Many events are still reviewing events February 15-21, 2016, Dade City, Florida: March 26, 2016, Winston-Salem, North after cancellations or rules changes in 2016 due Pasco County Fair Youth Poultry Show; www. Carolina: Forsyth Fowl Fanciers Spring to the avian influenza outbreak, so this list may poultryshowcentral.com/Pasco_County_Fair. Show; www.poultryshowcentral.com/For- be incomplete. If you do not see your event html. syth_Fowl_Fanciers.html. listed, please contact your local organizers to get the latest information. March 3-13, 2016, Plant City, Florida: Florida OHIO Strawberry Festival and Youth Poultry Show; ALABAMA www.poultryshowcentral.com/florida_straw- March 19-20, 2016, Lima, Ohio: West Central berry_festival.html. Ohio Poultry Club; www.poultryshowcentral. February 6, 2016, Anniston, Alabama: Heart of com/West_Central_Ohio_Poultry_Breeders. Dixie Poultry Club Spring Double Show; www. March 5, 2016, Inverness, Florida: Orange html. poultryshowcentral.com/Heart_of_Dixie_Ban- Blossom Special; www.poultryshowcentral. tam_Show.html. com/Central_Florida_Poultry_Breeders.html. OREGON ARIZONA March 19, 2016, Pensacola, Florida: Pan- February 13, 2016, Canby, Oregon: Oregon handle Poultry Club Show Spring Show; www. Winter Poultry Swap; www.poultryshowcen- February 20, 2016, St. Johns, Arizona: Apache poultryshowcentral.com/Panhandle_Poul- tral.com/Oregon_Winter_Poultry_Swap.html. County Poultry Show; www.poultryshowcen- try_Club.html. tral.com/Apache_County_Poultry_Show.html. SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA CALIFORNIA February 6, 2016, Barnwell, South Carolina: February 20-21, 2016, Newnan, Georgia: Sandlappers Poultry Breeders Association; February 13, 2016, Manteca, California: Nor Chattahoochee Valley Poultry Association; www.poultryshowcentral.com/Sandlappers. Cal Serama Spectacular; www.poultryshow- www.poultryshowcentral.com/Chattahooch- html. central.com/Nor_Cal_Serama_Spectacular. ee_Valley_Poultry_Association.html. html. February 27, 2016, Edgefield, South Caroli- March 12, 2016, Dalton, Georgia: Carpet City na: Sweetwater Grange Ten Governors Classic February 13-14, 2016, Cloverdale, California: Bantam Club Spring Fling; www.poultryshow- Poultry Show; www.poultryshowcentral.com/ Cloverdale Citrus Fair; www.poultryshowcen- central.com/Carpet_City_Bantam_Club.html. Sweetwater_Grange_Poultry_Show.html. tral.com/Cloverdale_Citrus_Fair.html. March 26, 2016, Dalton, Georgia: Northwest March 19, 2016, Lake City, South Carolina: February 13-14, 2016, Ferndale, California: Georgia Poultry Club Winter Classic; www. Pee Dee Poultry Show; www.poultryshowcen- Humboldt Poultry Fanciers Winter Show; www. poultryshowcentral.com/Northwest_Geor- tral.com/Pee_Dee_Poultry_Show.html poultryshowcentral.com/Humboldt_Poul- gia_Poultry_Club_Calhoun.html try_Fanciers.html. SOUTH DAKOTA ILLINOIS February 27, 2016, Fresno, California: Greater February 20, 2016, Platte, South Dakota: California Society of Poultry Fanciers; www. March 12, 2016, Anna, Illinois: Heartland One of a Kind Sale; www.poultryshowcentral. poultryshowcentral.com/Greater_Califor- Classic Poultry Association; www.poultry- com/One_of_a_Kind_Sale.html. nia_Society.html. showcentral.com/Heartland_Classic_Poul- TEXAS try_Association_Show.html March 13, 2016, Modesto, California: Stan- March 5, 2016, LaGrange, Texas: South islaus Co. Youth Poultry Show; www.poultry- MINNESOTA Central Texas Classic; www.poultryshowcen- showcentral.com/Stanislaus_Co_Youth.html. February 20, 2016, Hutchinson, Minnesota: tral.com/South_Central_Texas_Classic.html. March 26-27, 2016, Anderson, California: Minnesota Game Breeders Poultry & Small March 26, 2016, Beaumont, Texas: South Inaugural Nor-Cal Poultry Association Open Animal Swap; www.poultryshowcentral.com/ Texas State Fair; www.poultryshowcentral. & Youth Show; www.poultryshowcentral.com/ MN_Game_Breeders_Poultry_Swap.html. com/South_Texas_State_Fair.html. Nor_Cal_Poultry_Association_Show.html. MISSOURI WASHINGTON FLORIDA March 19, 2016, Carthage, Missouri: Show- February 27, 2016, Ridgefield, Washington: February 3-7, 2016, Tampa, Florida: Florida Me State Poultry Association Show; www. Prairie Hatchers Youth Poultry Show & Chick State Fair Spring Purebred Poultry & Water- poultryshowcentral.com/Show-Me_State_ Auction; www.poultryshowcentral.com/Prai- fowl Show; www.poultryshowcentral.com/ Poultry_Association.html. rie_Hatchers_Youth_Poultry_Show.html. Florida_State_Fair.html. NORTH CAROLINA March 19, 2016, Monroe, Washington: March 12, 2016, Smithfield, North Caro- Washington Feather Fanciers Cascade Spring lina: Cape Fear Poultry Association; www. Show; www.poultryshowcentral.com/Wash- poultryshowcentral.com/Cape_Fear_Feath- ington_Feather_Fanciers_Cascade.html. FASTFENCE er_Fanciers.html. Infoandbuynowat

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CHICKEN DNA, PART 1 This is the first in a three-part series on poultry genetics by Doug Ottinger. The second article coming in the April-May issue will include little-known facts about the genetic makeup of the chicken and comparisons of how much our feathered friends are like us.

Doug Ottinger lives in Northwest Minnesota with his wife, Connie. They raise chickens, ducks and geese on their small hobby farm. Doug’s educational background is in agriculture, with an emphasis in poultry and avian genetics.

Chicken DNA Why Poultry Played Such an Important Role in Early Genetic Discoveries

By Doug Ottinger Minnesota

enetics. If you are already bored by the first word of this article, don’t worry. animal, including humans, had any more Most likely, you are in good company. There are a lot of fellow readers out research done on them than chickens. For there who are afraid that this will be a scientific article, laced with a bunch the next 60 years or so, vast amounts of ofG technical terms that only a nerd, who lives in a science lab, can understand. money and time were expended by many If you are like me, you fell in love with chickens, regardless of the fact that they of the leading colleges and universities, have 39 pairs of chromosomes, more than 16,700 genes and most of their chromosomes as well as federal and state governments, are micro-chromosomes. You really did not care, and furthermore, you could probably to gain a better understanding of poultry care less to this day. Take heart! I will not be talking a lot about that kind of stuff in this genetics and breeding, and ultimately series. My goal is to share some educational material and make the topics interesting at improve overall production. Poultry was the same time. a component of almost every family farm Starting around the turn of the 20th century, interest in the field of genetics and heredity during this time. Many families relied on began to grow in the scientific and educational communities at an almost exponential the production and sale of eggs, as well as rate. Many animals and organisms were studied, but by some estimates, no organism or butchered birds, to help makes ends meet.

22 Backyard Poultry on a flock. Each spring, many farmers in the individual communities held rooster swaps with one another, to bring new blood and vigor into their poultry lines.

In the 1920s, chickens were Meet Mr. Mendel an important part of nearly every To fully appreciate some of the early farm around the world, making research done with fowl, one has to under- them prime subjects for research. stand a little history of genetic research. Almost every high school student during his or her year in biology class learns about a Monk in the 1800s, named Gregor Men- del, who was fascinated by the variations of pea vines in his garden. Between 1856 and 1863, Mendel kept copious notes on Starting the parent plants, as well as the offspring, when the next generation of pea seed was around the planted, dividing the results into distinct turn of the mathematical ratios. Mendel noticed that certain traits were much more prevalent 20th century, than others. Because of this, he used the terms “dominant” and “recessive” (which interest in we still use today) to describe them. Most students are taught how to make a the field of little square, divide it into four sections (or more), and to put the symbols for various genetics genetic traits (or dominant and recessive genes) on the top and side of the square’s and heredity sections. They then make simple mathe- began to matical predictions about the outcome of cross-breeding plants or animals. grow in the Many biology teachers move as rapidly as possible through the material, teaching scientific and the students that Gregor Mendel was the father of modern genetics. (Hence the educational term, “Mendelian Genetics.”) However, if you could go back in time and talk with communities Gregor Mendel and ask him about his re- search work in pea-vine genetics, he would at an almost probably ask you “Mendelian ... What?” exponential For you see, the term “genetics” was not coined until some 22 years after his rate. death. Mendel’s studies were studies in heredity, as he termed them. If you tried to draw one of those squares (known as a Because this was such a very real economic “Punnell Square”), and enter the symbols component of life, government agricultural for dominant and recessive pea-plant departments, in not only the United States genes, poor Brother Mendel would be even and Canada, but in much of the developed more perplexed. For you see, it was a man world, committed notable resources to this named Reginald Punnell who came up with endeavor. that little divided square many years later. Prior to the concept of genetics evolv- And Mendel was not the one who came up ing, breeders still had a good understanding with the theory of genes! However, Men- of the role that heredity and lineage played del’s work was very advanced for the time, in breeding improvement. German farmers and it cannot be undervalued. His work in the Pennsylvania upcountry, as early as did help later researchers confirm some the 1700s, were aware of the deleterious of their studies, as they achieved similar effects that too much inbreeding could have results with other organisms.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 23 It wasn’t until the 20th century when A New Study: Cross-Breeding chickens really began to be studied for Another researcher, William Bateson their genetics, and (1861-1926), was one of the first indi- new lines began to viduals to formally study the effects of develop specific for cross-breeding and heredity in chickens. production. Bateson was intrigued by the variations and differences in the combs in individual birds. Consequently, he began thinking of ways to conduct a study that would answer some of the whys and wherefores of the seeming vast differences of comb structure in different breeds of the genus Gallus. Starting in 1898, Bateson began cross breeding Indian Games (pea combs), Wyan- dottes (rose combs), Dorkings (rose comb), and Single Comb White Leghorns. He kept precise data on his findings, of both F1 and F2 crosses. There was a distinct 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation, almost identical to the findings of Gregor Mendel many years ear- lier. What becomes even more interesting, however, is the fact that Bateson reportedly did not even hear of Mendel or his research researchers also founded The Journal of conceivable question was put to scientific until two years later in 1900. One must re- Genetics in 1910. One very interesting study during these years. (One of the most member that information traveled at a crawl twist, however, to the story about William comprehensive books that cites thousands in this era, so this is not totally surprising. Bateson, is the fact that he refused to believe of these studies, throughout its bibliograph- Bateson studied traits in chickens as well in the theory of chromosomes, which other ic listings, is Genetics of the Fowl, by F.B. as several other organisms. His findings of researchers began to accept in the first quar- Hutt, PhD., D.Sc. It was first published by distinct ratios coincided with the findings of ter of the 20th century. It is said that he only McGraw-Hill in 1949.) Gregor Mendel, giving the first proof that partially accepted the theory by the time One very big problem faced by farmers Mendel’s findings on heredity applied to the he died in 1926. and poultry men was disease and deformi- animal as well as plant kingdom. ties that often showed up in flocks. With In 1902, Bateson presented his findings Back to Poultry DNA no understanding of what was causing the to the Evolution Committee of the Royal The 1920s were a decade when genetic problems, there was no knowledge on how Society in London. Up until this time, Men- studies on fowl became more prevalent in to stop these disasters as they happened. del’s findings had been largely discredited scientific circles. Poultry breeding, genetics Much research was conducted in these areas by the leading men of science. and biological studies, almost too numerous and notable advances were slowly made in Between 1900 and 1910, Bateson di- to count, were conducted by researchers at the eradication of disease in poultry flocks. rected a series of informal studies in hered- universities, government agricultural agen- As The Great Depression of the 1930s ity and genetics at Cambridge University. cies and growing agricultural industries. worsened and changed almost every aspect Most of his students (including his wife Poultry had such a prominent place in the of life across America, government cut very Beatrice and her sister) were women asso- basic farm and home economy that no effort little funding for research in the fields of ciated with Newham College. Numerous was spared in conducting studies to improve poultry improvement. As one looks at the studies in both plant and animal organisms the farm and home flocks across the United number of research papers written, and sees were carried out, when Mendelian theories States and Canada. the increase in findings made, it is evident were not recognized as a legitimate field of Genetic studies were in full swing and that research in poultry was alive and well study. It was Bateson who reportedly coined numerous studies involving poultry were during this time. Research for home flocks the word “genetics” (from the Greek word being conducted by many leading univer- continued throughout the war years of the Gennos, meaning “to give birth”). sities. There were several reasons behind 1940s. Many of these studies are also cited He first used the word officially, at the this. First, as mentioned, was the economic by Hutt. One interesting fact is that many Third International Conference of Plant impact that poultry had on the basic farm of these studies, from the 1920s through- Hybridization, held in London in 1906. and home economies. Researchers wanted out the 1940s, involved genetic issues and However, it appears that another research- to find out what factors made hens lay more, referenced them, even if the research itself er, Hugo Devries, may have well been the and bigger, eggs. They wanted to find out was not directly about genetics. one who came up with the actual theory of genetic effects on growth and body con- One area of extensive research, much genes. Working with another researcher, formation of birds for the broiler industry. of it conducted in the 1930s, were studies Reginald Punnell, Bateson co-discovered They wanted to find out how heredity and done on the endocrine systems in chickens. the theory of genetic linkage. The two nutrition worked. In fact, just about any Numerous studies and research papers, cited

24 Backyard Poultry by Dr. Hutt, involved studies on the thyroid Incubators, Brooders, Cages & Supplies glands, parathyroid glands, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, adrenals and other compo- nents affecting the endocrine system. Nu- merous experiments were done on birds that had thyroid glands or parathyroid glands surgically removed. Surgical techniques had advanced to a point where even the extremely small glands in the fowl could be surgically excised for research. A better understanding of organic and biochemistry was now in place, and hormones were being better understood. Effects of hormones on growth were test- ed. Disease resistance was studied. Even hormonal effects on blood pressure in the capillaries could be studied by measuring the changes in blood pressure in a chick- en’s comb. Cornell University performed extensive studies on eradicating Lympho- matosis, as it was called, or fowl leukemia, in chickens. Not only was much of the research on disease and endocrine systems important to agriculture, but much of it was Quality, Utility, and Performance at a Reasonable Price directly transferable to studies in human anatomy, health and disease control. GQF MANUFACTURING CO. PO BOX 1552 Genetic studies in chickens were also SAVANNAH, GA 31402 USA preferable to many researchers, as the fair- visit GQFmfg.com ly short incubation time of 21 days could get research underway rather quickly. Any studies involving embryonic development could be easily handled by opening indi- vidual eggs, instead of having to remove embryos surgically. Now that I have painted a somewhat broad picture of the genetic research done on chickens over the first half of the 20th century, we are ready to jump into the nuts and bolts of genetic information about chickens. But that will be in the next article. I will also share some interesting and quirky things you may not know about Flossie, Henrietta and Herkemer (or whatever the names of your pet chickens are!). Until then, enjoy the time with your birds. They are truly amazing little creatures that are just as interesting on the inside as they are on the out.

Sources: Hutt, F.B., PhD., D.Sc., Genetics of the Fowl, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949. Jull, Morley a., Poultry Husbandry, Mc- Graw-Hill Book Company, 1951. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gregormendel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/williambateson https://wikipedia.org/wiki/hugodevries U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of Agriculture, Animal Diseases: 1956, Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office,1956.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 25 Helpful Hints

Ensuring your pups are raised around chickens and taught how to behave around livestock can add peace of mind to the chicken-raising operation.

Buckeye Enthusiast Keeps Heritage Hens Safe With Livestock Guardian Dogs

By Brenda M. Negri

ou can hear the dedication and sound reasoning in Washington farmer and heritage Buckeye breeder Barbara Judd’s voice when she says why she uses Livestock Guardian Dogs to keep her rare breed of poultry safe from depredation: Y“Buckeyes were once in the Critical Category established by the Livestock Conservancy. Thanks to their Buckeye Recovery Project, the breed moved from the Critical to Threatened category on the Conservation Priority List. I am committed to always protecting all my charges, and the fact that this chicken breed is still considered ‘threatened‘ gives the importance of their protection even heavier weight. I decided the best protection I could give them would be Livestock Guardian Dogs.” Using Livestock Guardian Dogs (LGDs) to keep sheep, cattle, goats, alpacas and other mam- malians safe from harm is an age-old practice, although relatively (approximately 30 years) new in North America. Some of the more common LGD breeds in use are the ever popular Great Pyrenees, Akbash, Maremma, Kuvasz and Anatolian Shepherd. Rare breeds such as the Spanish Mastiff, Pyrenean Mastiff and Karakachan are increasing in popularity and use. Putting LGDs to work to guard poultry,

26 Backyard Poultry RECOMMENDED READING

The Livestock Conservancy: http://livestockconservancy.org American Buckeye Poultry ducks, turkeys, geese and guinea fowl is Club: http://www. Washington,” she said. “I love this breed. more of a recent movement in line with the americanbuckeyepoultryclub.com They are a great dual-purpose chicken for increased number of hobby farms, small homesteads and fit in well with a back-to- Protect Your Poultry With Livestock family ranches and homesteaders. It’s a the-farm sentiment.” Guardian Dogs, by Brenda M. commitment of time, patience and more Negri, Nov/Dec 2015 issue of Barbara further adds: “The cocks can patience, but LGDs can be successfully Countryside Magazine grow to eight or nine pounds and are good trained to guard poultry, and many have meat birds. While as layers they are not come to depend on their dogs to keep their Sibling Success! Advantages of quite as productive as a White Leghorn, flocks safe from depredation. Littermate Guardian Dogs, by for example, I understand them to live and Barbara Judd agreed to share her story Brenda M. Negri, Sept/Oct 2015 produce for a longer period of time than issue of sheep! Magazine as to how she came to raising Buckeyes on the breeds that were developed for their her Washington farm, eventually choosing On Talking Terms with Dogs: egg-laying ability alone.” two sibling LGD pups and two adult sib- Calming Signals, by Turid Rugaas, Barbara’s new farm has a host of lings from my ranch and kennel operation Copyright 2006 by Dogwise predators and wildlife, as did her previous in Northern Nevada. Publishing one. She admits to not having given much “I had decided I wanted to breed thought to predators at first, but one day Buckeyes. I had fallen in love with their commented to a friend, “If I lose a bird to personality, and their story is intriguing as Judd subsequently got on a wait list a predator, it will be that one,” pointing out well,” says Judd. “Buckeyes are a notably for chicks from Laura Haggarty and Path- one of the gold sex-links she had. Less than personable breed, very active and noted finders Farm in Kentucky, and received a week later, she discovered a pile of gold for being especially vigilant in the pursuit her hatchlings in spring of 2014. Recently feathers, not 20 feet from her house, in the of mice. They also are very friendly with Judd moved to a 55-acre farm she calls afternoon. Her dire prediction had come people and lack the tendency to feath- “Froghaven” near Salkum, about an hour true. She immediately began researching er-pick each other. The males emit a full north of Portland. Here she plans to increase how to keep her chickens safe. “My chick- range of sounds beyond those typical of her Buckeye flock. ens were not raised to be coyote food,” many other chicken breeds, including a “My goal is to become the go-to person she quips. dinosaur-like roar!” for Buckeye chicks and pullets in Western Judd read about Livestock Guardian

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 27 A PUP-BUYING GUIDE Dogs: “But I was extremely put off by the daily visits into the coop and chicken yard. prevalent and popular descriptions of hands- Buy pups who are only purebred or Barbara wisely bought two siblings who crosses of purebred, recognized LGD off training and minimal human interaction. roughhoused with one another and wore breeds. LGD breeds crossed on non-LGD Any dog I own is a part of my family, and I breeds are unpredictable and high risk. each other out playing instead of taking out felt the hands-off, do-not-touch descriptions Buy from established breeders who will their young energy on livestock and fowl. I read just didn’t make sense for us.” give references, customer support and have The pups had also been exposed to neighbor Later that summer she lost another hen a proven track record of producing good children, cattle and sheep and were showed to a coyote. Now, she was determined, as guardian dogs. great promise as guardians. well as furious, and bound to find a solution. You get what you pay for. Quality LGD “Which brings up another point,” Judd spent the evening researching LGDs pups typically start at $500 and go up from Judd adds. “The importance of selecting a on the internet, and found me. there. Quality going adults can cost $1,000 knowledgeable and reputable LGD breeder. As it happened, I had a litter of LGD on up. I had always had rescues as pets ... these pups on the ground at the time, sired by Never bring a pup home younger than dogs were to be working dogs, not pets. 8 weeks of age and make sure all puppy my trusted old Great Pyrenees, Peso, and They were to be socialized and part of the vaccinations are complete, as well as several a rare Italian import Pyrenean Mastiff de-wormings. family but I needed them to be LGDs — female, Atena. If possible buy pups that have been guaranteed — not maybes.” Barbara sent me a puppy application. started on and exposed to poultry and fowl. “The stars aligned,” she chuckles, and the Make sure they have been regularly handled The Training Judds became proud new owners of Lucy and socialized with people and are not Once settled in at the new home, Patty and Patty, nicknamed, “The Pockets,” as skittish or frightened when approached. and Lucy’s training continued with older, they were the two smallest pups in the huge Make sure your fencing is puppy calm hens who were less flighty, and thus (16 puppies) litter. As if predestined, they escape-proof and secure. less inclined to tempt the pups into chas- also hung out together and were insepara- Remember that rearing LGDs to guard ing. Judd made the training time a “treat ble. Barbara took the pair home at about 10 poultry is a labor-intensive endeavor with time” by positive reinforcement. Each pup no magical short cuts. Patience, time and weeks, and LGD Chicken Guarding 101 received a treat before each short, 10- to persistence are key to success. began! LGD pups take up to two years or more 15-minute class. Soon, they were remind- Patty and Lucy’s litter had already to fully mature. Don’t expect adult work ing her it was time for school. been exposed to my own mixed flock of 40 from an immature dog. “I knew this process would take weeks, Cochin, Brahman and Polish layers, with if not months,” Judd adds. She kept the — Brenda M. Negri

28 Backyard Poultry A more telling incident happened a One night, Judd woke week or so after Barbara brought The Pockets home: to one of the pups “We’d spent a lot of time around the chickens, in their run or out foraging. One barking at a bookcase. early evening we walked by the run and “I had moved a no chickens were in sight. Patty was im- mediately stressed! She sat down, whining large photo onto that at the run. The chickens had simply put themselves in the coop for the night, so bookcase, and Lucy when the hens poked their heads back out noticed — something’s to see what the commotion was about, Patty relaxed and was immediately satisfied.” not where it belongs!” Judd continues, “You could see the wheels turning in Patty’s head. ‘Oh that’s where chickens and pups in a small, very manage- they are. OK, everything is fine now!’ I was able area and sat with them. No distractions amazed and impressed. These were certain- were allowed: no pet dogs, no children. ly the right dogs to protect my chickens.” “We spent time just hanging out with From the time I began raising and us- the chickens, and always ended on a pos- ing LGDs, I have always understood the itive note before they got tired.” As time importance of running these dogs in the progressed, “The Pockets” became calm right numbers — just as they are in Spain and confident around the fowl, remaining and other countries where the pastoral life alert and interested, but no inappropriate is still alive and very much a fabric of their behavior. Judd increased the time the pups society. I’ve continually lectured my clients were with the flock gradually. about the advantages of running enough “I came at training the pups in a slow LGDs to properly cover the acreage, ter- and systematic, careful manner. I learned rain, predator load and stock they have. … from previous dog trainers and read Dogs, like humans, must sleep and rest the books by noted dog behaviorist, Turid too, and one LGD cannot last long if it is Rugaas. The pups became part of the daily expected to carry the load of three or four chicken routine. As puppies, they needed dogs. In addition, should one dog become protection too as they were far too young ill or injured, by removing him from duty, to fend for themselves, so they were never an operator’s flock or herd becomes imme- left alone overnight, for example.” diately more vulnerable to attack. Where Judd was also learning about unique predators can easily take down one LGD, LGD behavior, which is markedly differ- a pack of three or four dogs will present a ent than non-LGD breeds. “I can say they much more serious deterrent to threats. On are nothing like other dogs I have had. my ranch, my several dogs work in “shifts,” They won’t fetch, they don’t play tug o’ so there is always coverage, 24/7. Some war. They do seem to notice every detail dogs may do a “perimeter patrol” farther around them.” out at the edge of my five acres while the Judd’ observations are accurate. LGD others stay closer to the flock, barns and breeds guard on instinct, not so much my house. Although my closest neighbors training, although the owner will enable, continually lose goats, sheep, horses, calves, foster and encourage that guarding instinct pet cats and chickens to packs of coyotes, with positive reinforcement and gentle feral dogs, mountain lions and birds of prey, reprimands when a pup makes a mistake. I have never suffered a single loss here. Tying a dead chicken around a pup’s neck As introductions currently progress at is an oft-quoted “solution” for problems but Froghaven Farm, “The A Team” is getting only encourages confusion and distrust in to know “The Pockets” and all is going well. the pup and shouldn’t be done. There are The Judds will keep their heritage flock of no short cuts to doing “Chicken 101” with Buckeyes safe and sound from depredation LGD pups, and the owner has to commit with four very devoted Livestock Guardian to the time and patience it takes. Dogs. “Since we brought Lucy and Patty One night, Judd woke to one of the pups we have never lost a single bird,” Judd barking at a bookcase. “I had moved a large says, and with the addition of two more photo onto that bookcase, and Lucy noticed dogs, they won’t be losing anything in the — something’s not where it belongs!” future, either.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 29 Helpful Hints

OUR BIOLOGY SERIES Ever wonder how your chicken really works? Starting with this piece, we are going to illustrate each of the major chicken systems, with the help of Thomas Fuller, a retired biology teacher and lifelong poultry owner, in upcoming editions of Backyard Poultry magazine. Thomas Fuller is a retired biology teacher and lifelong poultry owner. Look for the next part in his series on the biology of a chicken in the next Backyard Poultry. The Skeletal System Part 4 in a series on the Biology of the Chicken

By tHoMas l. fuller new york

ur bird models, Hank and Henri- pneumatic bones tend to splinter when long neck tends to act as a shock absorber etta, reunite in this article on the compressed by Rover’s strong jaws and to the stress of landing after flight. With a skeletal system of the chicken. can be damaging to his system. ridged body, which is necessary for flight, BothO the male and female chicken are a longer neck affords flexibility reaching highly adapted for flight. This evolu- food located on the ground. Have you tionary development precipitates in some ever watched a chicken walking with that very unique features in their bones. In head-bobbing strut? The longer neck also this article we will discuss some special serves to adjust the center of gravity when features of the avian skeleton including changing from the horizontal position how Hank and Henrietta differ slightly of flight to a more vertical position of to accommodate egg production. I hope walking or roosting. to give you a greater appreciation of I would say that the sternum (breast-(breast- the design and strength of the chicken bone or keel) is by far the most noticeable skeleton that we too often consider only Another flight ad- feature of the avian or chicken skeleton. soup stock after the Sunday roast chicken aptation inherent in the The large surface area of the sternum dinner is over. chicken skeleton is the affords the attachment of the The skeletal system in all vertebrates, fusion of some vertebral main flight muscles. including us, provides support and pro- (backbone) sections. The tection for the rest of our systems, organs tail is a good example of osos-- and tissues. In general, the chicken skel- sification or growing together eton is much like other mammals. The of bone of the final caudal important differences come into play to vertebrae. Called the pygostyle accommodate a bird’s need to be light (pahy-guh-stahyl), this structure enough to fly. Even the chicken’s skeletal will be the site for the attachment of structure must be able to withstand the musculature for the tail feathers. shock of taking off and landing. Strength is important here due to Pneumatic bones, more commonly stress of basic bird navigation, especially known to us as the skull, humerus (up- slowing down to land. My father would per wing), clavicle (collar bone), keel call this, “the part that went over the fence (breast bone), pelvic girdle (hip bones) last,” and the muscle/meat of the tail was and lumbar/sacral vertebrae (backbones) my mother’s favorite part of the chicken. are somewhat hollow. The prefix “pneu” Compared to other animals the chick- implies to contain air as these bones aide en has a significantly smaller skull. A in the high respiratory demand of a flying large head would of course make flying bird. A criss-crossing of struts or trusses very difficult. The neck that supports the makes for a strong but light framework skull is inherently longer com- on which to attach the muscles of flight. pared to other animals. There It is important to note that it is ill-advised are several advantages associ- to feed your dog chicken bones. The ated with this physiology. The

30 Backyard Poultry Illustrations by Bethany Caskey

It can be helpful to know that the keel (“funny bone”/upper arm/ or posterior portion of the sternum is wing), radius and ulna cartilaginous in young poultry and ossi- (lower arm/wing). The fies to harder bone in older birds. I will shoulder for both is the cover the chicken’s muscular system joint between the scapula in the next part of “The Biology of the and humerus. The elbow Chicken” series. is the joint between the There are seven pairs of ribs that orig- humerus and the radius/ulna. inated from the thoracic vertebrae forming Correspondingly, the wrist for the rib cage. All but the first and second human and chicken is the joint pairs attach to the sternum in a unique between the radius/ulna and fashion. Again adaptation for flight man- the metacarpus, what we call dates a strong rib cage called the uncinate our hand. process. This process involves hooked One last unique flaps that overlay and connect adjacent feature of Henrietta’s ribs by a ligament to avoid collapse of skeletal system are her the thoracic cavity (ribcage) during flight. medullary bones. We No discussion of the bones of the have mentioned these chicken skeletal system is different chicken would be complete without in- individual bones previously from mammals with its adaptation cluding the sought after wishbone. Many as universal to both sexes. for flight. I mentioned that though a furcula (wishbone) I would anxiously However, in the female of the designed for flight the chicken hunt for in the carcass of the Sunday roast chicken this group of bones skeleton has similarities to chicken. I would impatiently wait for it serves for more than just our own human skeleton. A to dry on the window ledge anticipating support. Medullary bones special group of bones was my wish coming true should I get the include the tibia, femur, identified as important to bigger half of the break. Structurally, pubic bone, ribs, ulna, toe our friend Henrietta’s abil- the furcula (wishbone) is the part of the bones and the scapula. The ity to produce many eggs. I chest forming the pectoral girdle with eggshell is primarily calcium and hens hope you can now look at that the coracoid (collarbone) and the fore take almost half of that demand from their holiday turkey or Sunday roast chicken mentioned sternum. own structure. Medullary bones provide with a better awareness of what holds it Chicken bones do have some similar a source of calcium to assist in a strong together and why. And remember, when names and like functions to our human eggshell. Hens in high production cannot it comes to breaking the furcula (wish- bones. Both the human leg and the get enough dietary calcium and are easily bone), don’t say that wish out loud or it chicken leg have a femur (thigh bone), depleted of this critical element causing won’t come true. and a fibula and tibia (lower leg bones). weakness in bone structure. As mentioned The bones of the chickens wing and the in my reproduction article, calcium in a Thomas Fuller is a retired biology human arm are very similar in structure well-prepared feed and free choice oyster teacher and lifelong poultry owner. Look but are very different in function. Both shell is very important to your layers. for the next part in his series on the biology human and chicken have a humerus In this article we discussed how the of a chicken in the next Backyard Poultry.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 31 Backyard Poultry Family Album February/March 2016 Photo WinnerContest February/March 2016

The February/March 2016 cover winner was submitted by Katie Kent from Holly Springs, North Carolina. Katie says, “This is a picture of my Serama hen, Lucky, perched on the railing of my grandparents’ house in Boone, North Carolina. She has traveled a lot and seems to find car rides fascinat- ing. When Lucky was a chick, she was rescued from near-death by a friend of mine. My friend gave her to Finding a pullet egg is always a fun surprise.—Karri me so I could care for her and Lucky has been one of my Burke, Wisconsin best friends ever since!”

Barney, the barn cat, loves his chickens!—Bridgette Daugherty, West Virginia

32 Backyard Poultry This is our rooster, my son bred him last summer. He is half Americana/half Mottled Bantam Cochin. He loves sitting on the fence, surveying his farm and calling out to the hens, turkeys, and pigs. He’s quite proud ... and loud!— Heather (Mom) & Lukas (10) Cook, Maine

These are my two Pekin Ducks named MingMing and Sally. They are only 2-1/2 weeks apart.— Christina Smith, South Carolina

Send Your Photo(s) Today! Photo Contest Guidelines Each issue’s winner will be displayed in the position of honor—on the front cover of the magazine! Photos must relate in some way to poultry or their products. No limit on number of entries. Attach your name, address, phone number or e-mail and photo caption or description to each photo (not on the front, please). Backyard Poultry retains the right to publish and/or reproduce any and all photos submitted in future issues or publicity, with or without mention of source. To have your photos returned, please include a self-addressed stamped envelope. Each issue’s winning entry will be placed in a gallery of finalists, to be announced annually in the February/March issue. First prize—$50; 2nd prize—$30; 3rd prize—$20. Send your entry to: Backyard Poultry Photo Contest, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451; or e-mail photos in jpg format to [email protected].

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 33 I have only been in the chicken business for a year and have several breeds that I’m in love with. I love your magazine as well! This is my 3-month-old Polish named Juno.—Jessica Whitt, Whitt Haven Farm, North Carolina

My two hens named Lucy and Ethel. They love to sit Could Your Photo on the arm of the chair by the koi pond and oversee the Be On The yard.—Paige Best, North Carolina Next Cover? Tips to Make Your Photo a Winner eauty: Photos should be just plain pretty enough to be placed on the cover. Think ver- ticalB with some space on top for a masthead. Many otherwise perfect photos are taken in a way that makes it impossible to display them in the position of honor on the front cover of the magazine. If we won’t be able to do it justice, the judges will avoid awarding it first place. • Clarity: The judges will be scrutinizing this aspect thoroughly and will only award first place to clear photos that can be enlarged to cover size without loss of clarity. • Conciseness: Photos are better if there isn’t too much clutter or aren’t too many things going on. • Good Photos tell a story. My grandboy and his chickens.—Lisa Stovall, Texas

34 Backyard Poultry My Silver Laced Wyandotte rooster.—Jennifer Slivka, Michigan

Maisie and her chicks.—Joan Sullivan, New Hampshire

We had a wild Wood Duck join our family of White Orpington and Royal Palm Turkeys. The Wood Duck has even started going into our chicken house at night and roosting with all our feathered family.—Cheri Johnson, This is one of my favorite chickens from our flock, just Arkansas wandering by. She is such a sweety.—Tillie Marsh, Maine

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February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 39 Health

Pam Freeman Ron Kean Forums Coordinator Extension Poultry Specialist BackyardPoultrymag.com University of Wisconsin-Madison Poultry Talk You Ask Expert Poultry Questions, We Give Expert Poultry Answers

per day. With a heavy infestation, the Humane End for a Sick Hen? chicken can suffer from anemia and a I saw an article at some point in the compromised immune system, which magazine about how you could euthanize leaves the door wide open for other your sick hen if needed. I keep thinking I illnesses. have a sick hen that will die but she hasn’t Chicken lice look like moving grains — she is very skinny and blind in one of rice. You can find their eggs clustered eye. But she is happy and eats and enjoys at the base of the feathers, especially her life. She just doesn’t utilize the food. near the vent. They eat the feathers of I will be leaving for the winter in the chicken, scabs, dead skin and blood a few weeks and do not wish to leave when present, and can make the bird her without my being around to care for look terrible. her. My neighbor takes care of my chick- This photo originally published in Jeremy writes: “A dilution of ens and geese for me. 2007 shows evidence of a massive mite permethrin concentrate is what I prefer, If she doesn’t die, what can I do to infestation. mainly because I can make a batch end her life humanely? in a three-gallon sprayer and go to Sheryl Smith Mites and Lice town. For smaller flocks, a spray bottle My chickens have lice. How do you may suffice. Now I use the 10 percent Hi Sheryl, get rid of them? I’ve tried wood ash, permethrin solution sold in numerous We will address the question about spraying them with Poultry Protector, places, most conveniently at Tractor methods of euthanasia. Unfortunate- cleaning the coop and bathing them. Supply. The rate I use is 18cc per liter, ly, we’re not sure we have a perfect What do I do? or .18 percent permethrin, plus I add a answer. At Ron Kean’s department at Avery little dish detergent to allow the solution Wisconsin University, they use carbon to penetrate oils and surfaces.” dioxide gas for their chickens. It works Hi Avery, Obviously, if you’re going store- fairly well, but we are not sure how easy Lice can certainly be unpleasant and bought, make sure you follow the or affordable it is to get a tank of the gas. if left untreated can negatively affect manufacturer’s instructions on dosage and Blunt force trauma (by a blow to the your chicken’s health. So it’s good you’re frequency. An alternative to using these head) has been shown to be effective, but working to get rid of these pests. products would be DE (diatomaceous it’s not very pleasant for the worker. It Jeremy Chartier, one of our poultry earth), which can be used like the dust also requires enough force to cause con- experts, cautioned that it’s important product, but it works as a desiccant and siderable damage to the brain in one blow. first to know what has infested your an abrasive to kill mites as opposed to Cervical dislocation is also effective coop. Fowl Mites are the little black or using an insecticide. It’s also a good time if done properly. Without training, it may red dots you see moving around on the to clean your coop from corner to corner, not be so effective. skin of the bird, and the hard clusters and think about painting the inside of Finally, while it isn’t the cleanest, of bubbles along the feather shaft are your coop. A non-toxic paint will keep cutting the neck (or completely cutting off their eggs. These nasty little critters bite the mites from boring into your wood the head) like in processing is generally and suck blood from the bird, as much surfaces and planting new eggs. quick, and can be done effectively with- as 6 percent of the bird’s blood supply Good luck with your flock! out much training. It isn’t the cleanest, but

If you have health-related poultry questions, send them to us at Backyard Poultry, Attn: Answer Man, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 or email to [email protected]. All submissions will be included in our online forums and will also be considered for print publication. Please include your name and hometown with your questions, which should be as detailed as possible. Pictures help us answer questions, so please include those too!

40 Backyard Poultry if it’s done in a cone and/or some form of Other than that, it sounds like you’re containment, the mess can be contained. giving your chickens a good place to Of course, going to a veterinarian is call home! an option, as well. While none of these are pleasant, and it can be a difficult decision, sometimes it Common Question is the most merciful thing to do. Why don’t roosters molt? Good luck with it. Tom Dinwoodie

Hi Tom, Difference of Opinion It’s funny, a lot of people ask that Through the last couple of years, we same question. I think because we hear have started to raise Rhode Island Red so much about hens molting, it seems chickens in northwest Ohio. My husband only hens molt. But, that’s not true. started with two hens, and built a coop Roosters molt too. Molting has nothing with two nest boxes. We now have four to do with the sex of a chicken. Molting hens that we raised from chicks since July is the process where old, worn out 2015. These hens are starting to lay eggs, feathers are replaced by new feathers. but not in the box. This is necessary because feathers keep a We found the eggs in the pen by their chicken warm in cold weather. If feathers food. I keep telling my husband they need are old and worn, then a chicken will a clean box with lots of nesting material for have trouble staying warm during the each hen. He says two hens can share the winter months. same box by sitting on top or next to each other, since they do that at night when they go in the coop. I told him that’s why they Feed for Thought laid the egg outside in the pen because they I have 6-month-old hens and I’m need a comfortable nesting area. Can you writing for advice on what to feed them please give us advice about hen laying? during our Montana winter. Thanks for Sophia Reineck taking the time. Sherman Oakes Hi Sophia, Montana Your question made us laugh because there are rules for a chicken-to-nest box Hi Sherman, ratio, but chickens don’t necessarily make Normal layer feed is well-balanced those rules. And that’s the fun part about for year-round nutrition for your flock, having a backyard flock! but there are some treats you can offer The ratio we use is three to four birds to keep them warm and healthy. For our per nest box. We’ve found, however, flocks, we like to mix a little scratch grain that no matter how many nest boxes you in their feed. It’s high in carbohydrates, provide, all the chickens will have the which generate heat as they’re digested same favorite and they’ll all want to use and keeps the chickens warm. We also it at the same time. So, you’ll see them like to hang a cabbage from the coop hopping around on the floor in front of the ceiling, high enough so the chickens have nest box until the current occupant leaves. to work to get it, but not too high so it’s You’ll even see them double or triple up impossible. This alleviates boredom and in the box because they just can’t wait provides some good nutrition. Also, don’t for a turn. It’s something they don’t talk forget about making sure they have fresh about in books, but most chicken keepers water in freezing temperatures. will see it happen in their coop. It sounds like you’ve got a good ratio of chickens to nest boxes. The most A Changing Rooster important thing is to keep the nest boxes I have 11 Buff Orpington chickens, clean, and from there, the chickens will 10 hens and a rooster that I’ve had since sort things out on their own. We would, December 6, 2014. They all came from however, discourage them from using the the same place and have always been nest boxes at night, because the nightly around each other. They free-range during pooping can accumulate and create quite the day and are locked up in the coop a mess. at night. Twice in the last month, I’ve

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 41 seen the rooster attack one of the hens, their body, extend their head and spread beaks. This can be done by using a nail although I haven’t seen how it starts. The their wings when they are ready to be clipper, and may decrease the damage hen is laying on the ground with her neck mated. The rooster will then grab the back they do when pecking. stretched out and her head on the ground of their head with his beak and mount the Finally, we wonder if the hen may and the rooster pecks her repeatedly in the hen. He will often flap his wings after a have a health problem that causes her to back of the neck. He pecks her repeatedly, successful mating. stretch out on the ground? If that is the then stops, pecks her repeatedly again Assuming this is not the case, we case, the chickens will likely attack her and stops, and this last time, when he suspect the hen may be the lowest hen at that time. This is a normal chicken stopped pecking her, he jumped up in in the flock pecking order. Chickens behavior, and if that is the case, removing the air, flapped his wings, and when he are pretty mean to each other, and the her may be the best solution. landed, he started pecking her again. I lowest bird often gets bullied. This can Hopefully, one of these solutions don’t think this has been going on for a be difficult to change. will help. long time, because where he pecks her You could try getting a saddle for Good luck! has just started to get bald. I don’t know her, which would likely protect her back if this is relevant, but she has no feathers so new feathers have a chance to grow on her back, which I think is from the in. You could try giving the chickens Sick Turkeys rooster rather than from molting, because more space (if that’s an option) or I think my newly acquired turkeys she’s been that way for quite a while and more hiding places. You might also try may have coccidiosis. They have bloody none of the other hens have looked like providing some hay bales, or something butts and discharge. Is there a way to treat that. Can you tell me why he’s doing similar, which will break up the area and them or should I harvest them? this, and other than getting rid of one of also give the chickens something else to Mary Vavrik them, is there anything I can do to stop peck at. If you’re feeding scratch grains this? Thank you. or extra grain, we’d suggest stopping that, Hi Mary, Donna Putzier at least to see if it makes a difference. We think if they seem fairly healthy Missouri Sometimes, extra grain can cause an otherwise, it might be best to harvest Hi Donna, imbalance between energy and protein, them. Coccidiosis is not a human health We’ll eliminate the obvious possibil- and the chickens are more likely to peck concern. ity first. We assume the hen is not just each other. You could also treat them with am- squatting to be mated? Hens will lower You could also try clipping their prolium in the water. We don’t believe

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42 Backyard Poultry it has a withdrawal period in poultry, though in cattle, there is a 24-hour with- The “ChickenSafe” drawal period before slaughter. If it is some other disease of the in- Walk-in Chicken Run testine (bacterial, for example) then the treatment won’t help. Model Shown We think those are your two best options at this point (process now, or try 13 ft x 13 ft to treat with amprolium). Good luck with them.

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February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 43 Healthy Feed By Lisa Steele

Lisa Steele is the author of Fresh Eggs Daily: Raising Happy, Healthy Chickens…Naturally (St. Lynn’s Press, 2013). She lives on a small hobby farm in Maine with her husband and their flock of chickens and ducks, two dogs and a barn cat. She is a fifth-generation chicken keeper and writes about her experiences on her award-winning blog at www.fresheggsdaily.com. In her free time, she loves to garden, bake, knit and sip homebrewed herbal teas. Lavender, for a Stress-Free Coop

avender is one of my favor- you have chicks hatching, you definitely and transplant in the spring. There are ite herbs to use in my chicken don’t want mites or lice in the boxes, several varieties of lavender, all extremely keeping because it has so many and shouldn’t use chemical pesticides to aromatic with grayish-blue spiky leaves Lbenefits for chickens when you add it eradicate them. Adding some lavender to and small purple flowers. Reaching one- to their nesting boxes. Its relaxing and the nesting box can keep the box free of to two-feet, lavender will bloom from late stress-relieving properties can help calm bugs and keep your baby chicks healthy. summer through fall. laying and setting hens. Chickens need Another benefit of lavender is that it to feel that the nest is a safe place to lay improves blood circulation. When a hen How To Harvest their eggs, so the more relaxed you can is setting on eggs, she doesn’t get up as Trim back as needed through the make them, the better chance they will much as she should to exercise and stretch summer, adding the fresh leaves to your use the boxes to lay their eggs — and if her legs, so hanging a bunch of lavender in nesting boxes. In late fall, trim the entire you have a broody hen sitting on fertile front of her nesting box for her to munch stalk after the flower blossoms have peak- eggs, adding some fresh or dried lavender on can help increase the circulation in her ed. Hang in bundles to air dry. Crumble to the nesting box can encourage her to sit legs and feet, keeping her healthier. and use in your nesting boxes throughout for the duration of the incubation period. the winter and spring. Lavender also repels insects such as How To Grow Lavender is a wonderful addition to mites, lice and ticks. This is especially Lavender is a perennial in zones 5 to your nesting boxes. Fresh or dried, the important with broody hens because the 8 and an annual in the South. Plant small leaves and buds can both be used to make warm, dark area under the hen is a per- plants in the spring in well-drained soil in your nesting boxes aromatic and bug-free fect breeding spot for these parasites. If full sun or start seeds indoors in late winter while calming your setting or laying hens.

44 Backyard Poultry 1 0 % O F F Greens & herbs are great - but you cant beat U S E C O D E : the naturally high protein content of dried BY P 2 0 1 6 One use per person mealworms in your chickens diet! valid until 07/31/2016

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3 bags up for grabs closing date 04/30/2016 Coop Inspiration Do you have a fun story behind your chicken coop, or just some really cool design ideas? We’d love to share them with our readers. Email us at backyardpoultrymag.com with a few pictures and a story about your coop!

46 Backyard Poultry A Remodeled Coop

By Dottie Fumea

My husband, Ray, and I have been raising a few chickens since 2012. I wanted to start with a new flock this year and raise them from newborn chicks. What fun they have been! We have three black Australorps, two Buff Orpingtons and three Plymouth Rocks. My son-in-law, Keith Highfield, loves to build, so he and my husband remodeled our chicken coop. It is so practical and efficient. I can now walk in to clean, feed, water and sit with my chickens. They built an overhang that encompasses the entire coop. Everything stays nice and dry. My husband loves the back part so well, he asked if he could park his lawn mower under the roof. How could I turn him down?

clockwise from top left: My husband, Ray Fumea, and son-in-law, Keith Highfield, work on the chicken coop for my birthday present; I love the new coop; My birthday present from Ray and Keith; Our practical and efficient chicken coop-condo; And my husband Ray’s favorite spot for his mower.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 47 From Nutrena

From Coop to Freezer: Raising Backyard Meat Birds

By Twain Lockhart Nutrena Poultry Expert

aising meat birds can be a very rewarding experience. A certain satisfaction comes from raising your own food and knowing that you fed and cared for the meat you’re putting on your family’s table. This process allows you to know where your meat comes from, how the animal was treated Rand what it was fed.

Before You Start There are several things to consider before you bring chicks home with the intention of raising them for meat. First, are you up for doing the processing yourself? Keep in mind this may not be an option, as some cities and towns do not allow processing within their limits. If this is the case, or if you don’t want to tackle the process of harvesting the birds yourself, locate a processor nearby and book them early. Also, make sure that you are committed to har- vesting the birds when the time comes. Dual-purpose birds can exist long term, but meat chickens have been developed specifically for meat and keeping them longer than their finished age is not recom- mended. Lastly, start small. For the first batch, go with 10 to 12 birds to get a feel for what is required from start to finish.

Basic Chick Care If you are raising The basic care of meat bird chicks is similar CORNISH to other types of chicks. You’ll need to provide a They can be raised for eggs or CROSS, follow heat source along with free-choice fresh water and meat. These birds are the slowest these simple feeding appropriate feed. An important part of raising meat to finish and are typically harvest- recommendations to birds is allowing for enough space for them to grow. ed around 22 weeks of age. They avoid complications With a very fast growth rate, these birds will become have less developmental problems from overeating that this too big for a brooder that seems the right size in just than hybrid meat breeds, and they type of bird is prone to: a week or two. Make sure to plan for expansion of will usually yield less meat. Allow unlimited access to your brooder to allow the space to get bigger along Red Rangers are a type of feed the first three days with the chicks. A dry and clean brooder is always meat chicken that provides a of life. After three days, essential, no matter what type of chick you are rais- “happy medium” between du- feeding schedule should ing. This will keep the birds comfortable, discourage al-purpose breeds and Cornish be 12 hours with feed, the development of flies and help prevent disease. Cross. These hybrid birds are 12 hours without. not recommended as layers, and Dual-purpose breeds should be harvested around 12 to Dual-purpose breeds are traditional breeds like 14 weeks. They are not as delicate as Cornish Cross Orpingtons, Barred Rocks and Rhode Island Reds. and have less developmental problems. In addition,

48 Backyard Poultry plus they are better at foraging than a Cornish. Their meat yield is in between a Cornish Veterinarian and dual purpose. Recommended Cornish Cross is a hybrid that is the most common meat chicken and makes up the majority of meat purchased in stores or consumed in restaurants. They are very economical with their feed to meat conversion, and this means that they grow very fast — so fast that they are usually ready to harvest around eight weeks! A few things to be aware of with this breed: because of their rate of growth they can have problems with organ failure and leg issues. These birds do not do well when comingled with other breeds — it’s Poultry Care best to keep Cornish separate from other types of birds. Additionally, they are only is nothing to peck at suitable for meat production, so do not try to keep them long term.

Feeding Birds Raised for Meat Protect your flock with Vetericyn Plus Poultry Care, the safe and effective For dual-purpose chicks, you may way to clean pecking sores, wounds, foot injuries and irritations—setting choose to feed a meat bird ration from the the stage for optimal healing conditions. start. However, if you have straight run chicks and are not sure which are males, you can start the whole batch as normal on regular chick starter and then switch the ones you will harvest to meat bird No antibiotics, alcohol or steroids. feed once their gender becomes apparent. Non-toxic & safe if ingested For faster growing birds like Cornish Advanced Hypochlorous Cross and Red Rangers, you’ll want to Safe for all life stages Technology feed a specific meat bird ration from day one. This will ensure that the birds No withdrawal time are getting certain amino acid levels and protein amounts to encourage muscle Innovacyn, Inc., 3546 N Riverside Ave, Rialto, CA 92377 InnovacynTM development and growth. Because meat Innovation Based on Science. (866) 318-3116 | www.vetericyn.com birds have been developed to put on muscle mass quickly, the ration must be balanced to make sure that nutrients are present for skeletal and internal organ de- velopment as well as meat development. If the correct ration is not fed, the birds Hatch your own eggs… are more apt to fall victim to common Brinsea is the world leading incubator manufacturer maladies such as internal organ failure and has a full line of: Incubators • Brooders Egg candlers • Starter kits and much more! and leg issues. PLUS – NEW ChickSafe Automatic Coop Door Openers Backyard meat birds are a great way to provide a healthy source of food for NEW your family. For more information www.brinsea.com or call 1-888-667-7009 To find a Nutrena dealer near you, visit www.NutrenaPoultryFeed.com. Free Also sign up for Flock Minder at www. Color Catalog FlockMinder.com to receive timely tips www.brinsea.com delivered directly to your inbox.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 49 THE RIGHT NUTRIENTS FOR YOUR BIRDS = THE RIGHT NUTRIENTS FOR YOU. OYSTER STRONG™ SYSTEM FOR YOUR BIRDS

Purina® Layena® Premium Poultry Feeds now include Oyster Strong™ “When hens do not consume enough calcium through their feed, they rely System, which provides calcium to hens when they need it most to on their specialized (medullary) bones to provide a source of calcium for support strong shells and healthy birds. egg shells,” Ballam says. “Oyster Strong™ System helps layers receive the “Hens are hard workers – providing our families with fresh, nutritious eggs calcium they need with each bite of feed so a consistent source of calcium each day. Most of this work is done at night, with the egg shell being is available around the clock.” formed while hens are sleeping,” says Gordon Ballam, a flock nutritionist The new Oyster Strong™ System is now included in the full Purina® with Purina Animal Nutrition. “To help hens feel – and perform – their Layena® line, including: Purina® Layena® Pellets and Crumbles and best, we have further enhanced our Layena® Premium Poultry Feed Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3. products with Oyster Strong™ System. This new recipe further provides “The addition of Oyster Strong™ System is a big moment for backyard flock an essential component of egg shells: Calcium.” raisers,” says Jodi Eineichner, marketing manager with Purina Animal Calcium is an essential nutrient in layer feeds because it takes high levels Nutrition. “Purina customers are proud to feed the best to their flocks. With of calcium for the hen to produce an egg shell each night. With Oyster this update, the best in flock nutrition has become even better.” Strong™ System, the larger particle size oyster shell releases calcium Watch a video on how the new Oyster Strong™ System slower. This process, combined with high levels of Vitamin D, provide works at OysterStrong.com calcium at night when the hen needs the nutrient most.

OMEGA-3 FOR YOU

Omega-3 fatty acids are important

Your body needs a balance of omega-3 Unfortunately, the and omega-6 fatty typical American acids, and these must OMEGA-3 diet provides far be consumed through more omega-6. the food you eat.

DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU OMEGA-6

What does this have to do with chicken feed?

Eating eggs produced by healthy poultry, fed exclusively on Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3 Premium Poultry Feed, is a wholesome and delicious way to add some of those much sought after omega-3 fatty acids. In fact, hens fed Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3 Premium Poultry Feed are shown to produce eggs that contain higher levels of omega-3 than typical store-bought eggs.* THE RIGHT NUTRIENTS FOR YOUR BIRDS = THE RIGHT NUTRIENTS FOR YOU. OYSTER STRONG™ SYSTEM FOR YOUR BIRDS STRONG SHELLS, Purina® Layena® Premium Poultry Feeds now include Oyster Strong™ “When hens do not consume enough calcium through their feed, they rely System, which provides calcium to hens when they need it most to on their specialized (medullary) bones to provide a source of calcium for support strong shells and healthy birds. egg shells,” Ballam says. “Oyster Strong™ System helps layers receive the FRESH EGGS “Hens are hard workers – providing our families with fresh, nutritious eggs calcium they need with each bite of feed so a consistent source of calcium each day. Most of this work is done at night, with the egg shell being is available around the clock.” formed while hens are sleeping,” says Gordon Ballam, a flock nutritionist The new Oyster Strong™ System is now included in the full Purina® with Purina Animal Nutrition. “To help hens feel – and perform – their Layena® line, including: Purina® Layena® Pellets and Crumbles and best, we have further enhanced our Layena® Premium Poultry Feed Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3. products with Oyster Strong™ System. This new recipe further provides “The addition of Oyster Strong™ System is a big moment for backyard flock an essential component of egg shells: Calcium.” raisers,” says Jodi Eineichner, marketing manager with Purina Animal Calcium is an essential nutrient in layer feeds because it takes high levels Nutrition. “Purina customers are proud to feed the best to their flocks. With of calcium for the hen to produce an egg shell each night. With Oyster this update, the best in flock nutrition has become even better.” Strong™ System, the larger particle size oyster shell releases calcium Watch a video on how the new Oyster Strong™ System slower. This process, combined with high levels of Vitamin D, provide works at OysterStrong.com calcium at night when the hen needs the nutrient most.

OMEGA-3 FOR YOU

Omega-3 fatty acids are important

Your body needs a balance of omega-3 Unfortunately, the and omega-6 fatty typical American acids, and these must OMEGA-3 diet provides far be consumed through more omega-6. the food you eat.

DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU OMEGA-6

What does this have to do with chicken feed?

Eating eggs produced by healthy poultry, fed exclusively on Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3 Premium Poultry Feed, is a wholesome and delicious way to add some of those much sought after omega-3 fatty acids. In fact, hens fed Purina® Layena® Plus Omega-3 Premium Poultry Feed are shown to produce eggs that contain higher levels of NEW! omega-3 than typical store-bought eggs.* Feed Purina — Optimum nutrition for healthy birds and OysterStrong.comnutritious eggs. Learn more at HealthyFlock.com.

© 2016 Purina Animal Nutrition LLC. All rights© reserved. 2015 Purina Animal Nutrition LLC. All rights reserved. Feature

Free Radicals vs. Antioxidants When Free Radicals Induce Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants Come To The Rescue

By Gail Damerow

ree radicals happen. They happen to us humans, and they happen to our chickens. They are unstable molecules that damage body cells, impair immunity and contribute to the development of disease. They also hasten aging. Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals outnumber the body’s supply of antioxidants — natural compounds that repairF the damage caused by free radicals, and that also destroy the radicals. For our chickens to enjoy long and healthy lives, we need to control oxidative stress by ensuring our birds get sufficient antioxidants to keep free radicals in check.

How Free Radicals Happen Due either to natural cellular activity body, seeking to steal an electron from We all, chickens and humans alike, or to environmental toxins, the occasional some other hapless molecule. This high-en- take oxygen into our bodies by breath- oxygen molecule loses an electron. Since ergy, destructive molecule is known as a ing. Oxygen regulates metabolism, the electrons normally come in pairs, one free radical because it possesses a free process encompassing all physical and positive and one negative, the damaged (unpaired) electron, making it radically chemical reactions that maintain the body, molecule becomes an electrically charged, different from a normal oxygen molecule. including blood flow, heartbeat and energy unstable fragment. In trying to restabilize When a free radical becomes stabi- production. itself, the molecule bounces around in the lized by stealing an electron from another

52 Backyard Poultry Oxidative stress itself can cause chemicals that neutralize free radicals, disease. But more often it weakens a reducing or preventing the damage they chicken’s immune system, making the cause, and also helping repair cells dam- bird more vulnera- aged by them. ble to diseases that Plants produce have other causes. Oxidative stress itself antioxidants to pro- Nearly every com- can cause disease. But tect themselves from mon disease is asso- pathogens, pollution ciated with oxidative more often it weakens and harmful ultra- stress. In a bird that’s violet sunlight. The already ill, oxida- a chicken’s immune best-known antiox- tive stress can make idants are vitamins things worse. If the system, making the A, C, and E and the bird is injured, heal- mineral selenium. ing can take longer. bird more vulnerable However, regularly Ironically, while feeding your chick- an accumulation of to diseases that have ens such antioxi- too many free radi- other causes. dants in the form cals is harmful, the of concentrated di- presence of some etary supplements free radicals can be beneficial. Free radi- can lead to toxicity. On the other hand, cals naturally result from the oxidation of treating your chickens to plants that are carbohydrates, fats and proteins to provide naturally rich in antioxidants can help energy for the chicken’s body to function. them live long and healthy lives. And a chicken’s immune system may cre- Vitamin A is called the anti-infection ate them on purpose to neutralize harmful vitamin because, as an antioxidant, it bacteria and tumor-causing viruses. aids disease resistance. Vitamin A defi- Furthermore, the body of an active ciency can occur in chickens that have chicken, such as one that spends most of no access to green forage and are fed the day foraging, produces more free radi- stale commercial rations or improperly cals than the body of a less active chicken, balanced home-mixed rations. It may because active muscles need more oxygen. also be caused by a health condition, such And the more oxygen the muscles use, the as coccidiosis or worms, that interferes more free radicals they produce. with nutrient absorption. Green forage is To maintain balance, the body there- an excellent source of vitamin A, as are fore needs a way to control excess numbers richly colored fruits and vegetables like of free radicals. In chickens and humans sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, carrots, kale, Chickens love watermelon, which alike, free radicals are controlled by mol- spinach and broccoli. is healthy and ecules known as antioxidants. Vitamin C helps prevent diseases helps provide them both as an antioxidant and by reducing antioxidants. Antioxidants to the Rescue the harmful effects of stress. Chickens The body of a young chicken (or make their own vitamin C and normally a young person) keeps free radicals in do not need a supplement, except when molecule, it destabilizes that molecule. check by creating its own antioxidants to the absorption of nutrients is inhibited by In turn, the newly destabilized molecule supplement those acquired through diet. stress, such as might occur because of hot seeks to steal an electron from some other As a body ages, however, antioxidant weather, overcrowding or disease. Among molecule, thereby setting off a chain of free production decreases. Production can the best sources of vitamin C are uncooked radical reactions. also be impaired by pollutants, poor diet, pumpkins and other winter squash, sweet All this electron stealing causes dam- and some medications — a good reason, potatoes and leafy dark greens. age to the body’s cells. A large number of right there, to provide your chickens with Vitamin E is necessary for the normal chain reactions can cause cells to lose their a clean environment and healthful diet, functioning of the immune and reproduc- ability to perform whatever their specific and to avoid the unnecessary use of drugs. tive systems. Vitamin E is concentrated in function is in the body, and can even lead As the body’s antioxidant production polyunsaturated fats, such as those found to cell death. Since free radicals result from decreases, the need for dietary antiox- in seeds and whole grains, as well as in the body’s oxidative processes, damage idants increases. Dietary antioxidants fresh cod liver oil, corn oil, soybean oil caused by their chain reactions is called come from plants. Antioxidants are and wheat germ oil. Dietary deficiency oxidative stress. vitamins, minerals and other organic most often results from feeding oil-rich

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 53 FREE RADICALS AND RANCID FATS Chickens need some amount of fat for health and growth. A chicken’s body uses fat to store energy and fat-soluble vitamins, to insulate body tissues, and to cushion internal organs. Too much fat, however, can result in reduced health, laying, and fertility. Fat consists of a group of com- pounds called fatty acids, which are divided into two main types: saturated and unsaturated. The latter is further subdivided into two types: monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, in turn, are divided into two main groups: omega-3 and omega-6. A chicken’s body can metab- olize nearly all the fatty acids it needs from normal daily rations. A chicken hides in a tomato The single exception is the ome- plant. Overripe tomatoes are nutritious antioxidants ga-6 fatty acid known as linoleic for chickens. acid, which is required for both growth and egg production. Linoleic acid comes from nuts, rations that have gone rancid, which can and improves shell thickness and hardness, seeds, vegetable oils and animal occur rapidly when the temperature and making eggs less prone to breakage. Evi- products. Animal sources include humidity are high (see “Free Radicals dence suggests that lycopene may improve pork lard, beef tallow, and milk. and Rancid Fats” to the left). Vitamin E sperm production in breeder cocks. And An excellent nonanimal source is and the trace mineral selenium are closely chicks that come from lycopene-rich eggs sunflower seeds. Linoleic acid is linked. An adequate amount of vitamin experience less oxidative stress at the time concentrated in polyunsaturated E in the diet ensures the metabolism of of hatch. In any chicken, lycopene protects oils, such as safflower oil, sun- sufficient selenium. cells from damage caused by free radicals. flower oil and corn oil. Selenium is an important antioxidant It is especially beneficial in helping pre- The problem with using poly- that, working together with vitamin E, vent the tumors that plague older chickens. unsaturated oils is that they can get helps maintain the immune system, as During hot summer weather, a lot of rancid pretty quickly, especially well as being essential for the proper chicken keepers reduce heat stress by when exposed to air, heat and development of muscles, nerves and the feeding their chickens chilled or frozen light. Rancid oils are unstable and circulatory system. Fishmeal and dried watermelon. Not only does the coldness create free radicals. Refined oils brewer’s yeast are good sources of seleni- of the fruit help dissipate a chicken’s body have been exposed to air, heat, um, as are any crops grown in the naturally heat, but the fruit’s lycopene reduces the and light during processing and selenium-rich soils of the plains in the effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant therefore get rancid more quickly United States and Canada. depletion resulting from heat stress. than the whole seeds they came Tomatoes and tomato products are from. If you choose to add oil to Super Antioxidant Lycopene especially high in lycopene. During the your chickens’ rations, store it in Lycopene is a particularly efficient summer, an excellent source of lycopene a cool, dark place and mix the oil antioxidant. It is one of several naturally for chickens is excess or overripe toma- into only as much ration as you occurring pigments known as carot- toes from your garden, as well as scraps will immediately feed your flock. enoids, and is responsible for the color of resulting from salad making or canning. — Gail Damerow tomatoes, watermelons, and a few other In winter, home canned tomatoes are red fruits and vegetables. Lycopene-rich an even better source, since processing produce, fed to layers, deepens yolk color by heat changes lycopene into a form

54 Backyard Poultry AmericAn Poultry AssociAtion

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Benefits include: Quarterly Newsletter-Annual Yearbook Officially Sanctioned Shows and Judges

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the chicken’s body cells can more readily use. As an added bonus to feeding organic eggs. tomatoes and watermelon to your hens, when you eat the resulting eggs, happy fairy princess. their lycopene-rich yolks contribute this powerful antioxidant to your own diet. In improving the health of your chickens, you’re improving your own health as well. THE HEALTHIEST CHICKENS The best way to control free rad- LAY THE TASTIEST EGGS. icals and reduce the risks associated with oxidative stress in your chickens YOU AND YOUR KIDS WILL NOTICE is by treating them to a variety of THE DIFFERENCE. antioxidants in the form of a bal- anced diet rich in colorful fruits and vegetables. Especially beneficial are Get your organic on fruits and vegetables from a source at newcountryorganics.com that does not use chemical fertilizers and pesticides or, better yet, grown in your own organic garden.

Gail Damerow is author of The Chicken Health Handbook — newly revised, completely updated, and available from our bookstore on page 36. SOY-FREE, CERTIFIED ORGANIC, LAYER FEED • MORE GREAT STUFF 888-699-7088 • M-F 8-6, SAT 9-1, ET

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 55 Feature

he demand for fresh, nourish- should be well worth the effort. Next, ing food free of chemicals is the focus turns to choosing the right Chicken accelerating. Small backyard breeds. A good laying hen should yield Tchicken flocks are a clean, healthy close to an egg a day. source of eggs and meat. Many cities across the country are updating ordi- Myths, nances to welcome country chickens MYTH ONE to an urban environment. Raising them DUAL-PURPOSE CHICKENS ARE is fun and fairly simple. However, GOOD FOR BOTH EGG AND Busted successful egg production and quality MEAT PRODUCTION. meat depends on choosing the right Think Twice Before You breeds and raising them the right way. I have tried most of these breeds, Today families in diverse envi- and in my experience dual-purpose Just Believe Any Old ronments can experience the fun of chickens either don’t lay enough eggs Chicken Adage bringing home day-old chicks. Chicks or the meat is off flavor or there’s not can be purchased over the Internet much of it. and delivered by mail, but it’s much Red Sex Link, Golden Comet By Robert Pekel more fun to pick out chicks at a local and Leghorns have performed well. Arkansas feed store. I purchase these chickens at the local In Arkansas, where I live, feed 4-H club pullet auction. A pullet is a stores offer spring chicks starting in 6-month-old bird ready to lay eggs. March. They usually keep a good mix The auction is an annual event every through April into May. The feed store August. There is probably a 4-H club is fun because I get to survey all the in your area. Breeds like, Black Aus- poultry including ducks, geese and tur- tralorp, Barred Rock and Rhode Island keys. But before a trip to the feed store, Red also perform well. They are all be sure to have ready a draft free pen, good foragers. This broadens their water, chick starter, heat lamp and a diet and offers them the exercise they bale of pine shavings or straw. While a need to lay nutritious eggs. A Mother feed store may be a bit of an excursion Earth News survey reported eggs from for urban or city farmers, the adventure pastured chickens “contain one-third

56 Backyard Poultry MYTH THREE A ROOSTER IS NECESSARY TO PRODUCE EGGS.

This is probably more of a misun- derstanding than a myth. A rooster is not needed to yield eggs. Roosters tend to be rather hard on the hens, so unless one wishes to try a hand at breeding, roosters are unnecessary. Your hens will thank you.

MYTH FOUR THE BIGGEST MYTH IS THAT CHICKENS ARE GOOD FOR THE GARDEN.

Xxxxx I’ve read too many articles that attest xxxxxxx to this fairy tale. Chickens in the garden are a disaster. They disrupt carefully mulched beds, and destroy seedlings with their scratching. Oh yes, they like to less cholesterol, one-fourth less fat, dine on young seedlings such as cabbage, two-thirds more vitamin A, twice the broccoli, and other greens. This is very, omega-3, three times more vitamin E, very annoying. and seven times more beta carotene,” A real bonus and no myth at all is that than industrial farmed eggs. chickens can create black gold when yard Meat chickens should produce waste such as leaves, and grass clippings flavorful meat and a lot of it. are added to their pen. The chickens will hawks are all looking for a quick, easy blend in their droppings, work it all to- meal, and can wipe out a small flock in gether, and scratch it down into nutrient MYTH TWO short order. For this reason, I use a coop rich fertilizer. That’s not all, foraging CORNISH ROCK AND CORNISH to protect the chickens when I am not at chickens will put a big dent in the tick CROSS ARE NOT GOOD home or at night. It is also a good idea and flea population. CHICKENS BECAUSE to change the time of day when letting The popularity of raising backyard THEY ARE THE INDUSTRIAL the chickens out to range. Hawks have chicken is soaring, and with good rea- FARM STANDARD. an uncanny ability to pick up on a pat- son. Chickens offer backyard farmers an tern. A natural diet will require a little abundance of good products and services. They are the standard for a reason. coaxing to get Cornish Rock to leave Imagine the excitement of harvesting Cornish Rock produces the best quality their coop. Cornish Rocks tend to belly farm fresh eggs, or serving healthy, home and the maximum quantity of meat. up to the feeder rather than forage, but raised chicken for dinner. Envision add- How it is raised determines the differ- with persistence, and in time they will ing nutrient rich compost to your garden ence between a healthy chicken, or the run the yard and even try to fly. that was created on site. Think how good industrial creation of Franken-chick- A Cornish Rock chicken will grow it will be to have an effective, non-hazard- en. This breed provides wholesome, very quickly. Some times they put on ous pest control at your disposal for free. nourishing meat when raised with an meat faster than their hearts and liver Backyard chickens are a potent addition abundance of sunshine, fresh air and can keep up. This may cause them to in the quest for self-reliance. A little un- exercise. Free range is good. I let my drop dead. Bring them up slow with no derstanding of chickens will produce best chickens range in the afternoon until artificial lighting. Limit their feeding results and create the best experience. sunset, but only when I can keep an eye to twice a day, and encourage them to on them. Several hours a day should be forage. It will take about eight to 12 Robert Pekel is a long-time poultry sufficient time to add bugs and grasses weeks to reach a hearty eating size of owner who lives in Arkansas. You can to their diet. Coyotes, raccoons and around six to 10 pounds. reach him at [email protected].

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 57 Feature The Origins of Chicken Domestication To Find Red Jungle Fowl, it Took a Little Research and a Trip to Asia

By Kenny Coogan Florida

Red jungle fowl hybrids.

ut of the 9,000 or 10,000 bird species on this planet, have you ever wondered why chickens were chosen to be our source of food, eggs, entertainment and companionship? There are at least a thousand birds that are of similar size. Through selective breeding I bet a few dozen of those couldO have been bred to lay a surplus of eggs for our consumption. Other birds show elaborate territorial displays that our ancestors could have watched with amusement. But it was the now ubiquitous chicken that they choose to domesticate.

58 Backyard Poultry I have heard of people traveling abroad for the entertainment the cocks provided to solely experience the food — pizza in through their fighting and not as a primary Italy, beer in Germany, and so forth. Some source of food. The effort to domesticate plan their whole trips based on where, when chickens happened most likely 7,000 to Heavy Duty and what they are going to eat. I, on the 10,000 years ago with multiple attempts. Automatic Chicken other hand, choose my recent trip based The earliest fossil bones that possibly on the likelihood of seeing a bird. Yes, a belong to a chicken were located in north- Coop Door bird — a bird that epitomizes our history of east China and date to 5,400 B.C. What is keeping poultry. My trip to Khao Yai and remarkable in this finding is that G. gallus Chiang Mai, Thailand, was planned around never naturally lived in cool dry plains. the chances of seeing the original chicken At 6 a.m. on a Sunday morning my — the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. friends and I joined a local park ranger as Archeologists believe that the reason we entered Thailand’s first national park why G. gallus was first domesticated was — Khao Yai. The park’s altitude is 400 to 1,000 meters above sea level and has three main seasons: rainy, cold and hot. We were touring the park during the rainy season RED JUNGLE FOWL with the streams at peak flow and the aver- BEHAVIORS age daily temperature at 80°F. With leach socks pulled knee-high for our three hour - Keeps Predators Out Dust bathe regularly private hike through the forest, we heard - All Weather Materials helicopter-like hornbills flying overhead, - No Assembly Required Fly predominately for - Electric W/Battery Backup roosting at night gibbon primates greeting each other and a - Digital LCD Display dozen or so of the 320 native bird species SALE: $245.00 Males exhibit behavior called chirping. We spotted wild Asian elephant “tidbitting.” Males pick up and scat and footprints, and for a brief minute Call 1-800-624-4493 drop food repeatedly with beak, saw a red jungle fowl scratching in the moist calling females over for treat. soil before she acknowledged us and flew chaotically, like her domesticated relatives Generally crepuscular – active do so well. These tropical birds are as much during dawn and dusk a part of a forest as a leopard or a monkey. Dominant males crow Since red jungle fowl spend most of their time foraging on the forest floor for More aggressive then insects and vegetation and fly only to nest at domestic chickens towards potential predators True red jungle fowl.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 59 I took a 12-hour train ride from Bangkok to see the mountainous and historic Chiang Mai. There, in northern Thailand, I was lucky to spot several red jungle fowl males …

rigHt: A red jungle fowl male. aBove: A pullet.

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60 Backyard Poultry night, this species became more favorable to Africans, whose comparable native guinea fowl flew off into the forest whenever they pleased. To be fair to the other contribu- tors to our domestic chicken, it should be mentioned that geneticists have identified three closely related species that might have bred with the red jungle fowl to create our modern day chicken. In 2004 geneticists completed the chick- en genome and found that through selective breeding, our ancestors chose birds that had a mutated TSHR gene. In wild animals the gene is responsible for coordinating repro- duction and day length, which make certain animals breed according to specific seasons. So over many generations our ancestors used this mutation in their favor, which disabled the TSHR gene and allowed our chickens to lay eggs, year round. Another reason why G. gallus was a good fit for domestication is that the showy males are an athletic runner, jumping at in- truding males or predators with their spurs to protect their harem. The rooster’s crows and softer coos also alert his avian family, which our ancestors quickly learned to in- terpret. Female red jungle fowl, with their brown bodies, help protect their offspring on the forest floor. Their precocial offspring are ready to run and learn from their mom hours after they hatch. I took a 12-hour train ride from Bang- kok to see the mountainous and historic Chiang Mai. There, in northern Thailand, I was lucky to spot several red jungle fowl males, females and chicks. I saw females caring for their young and pullets and cockerels finding their spot in the pecking order. It was truly astonishing to think that from this wild jungle bird we now have chickens that are cold-hardy, heat-tolerant, child-friendly, broody, all white, all black, and living in our cosmopolitan backyards.

Kenny Coogan, CPBT-KA, is a pet and garden columnist and has authored Protect Your Livestock and Poultry an ecological themed children’s book titled, “A Tenrec Named Trey (And other The new and improved ® odd lettered animals that like to play).” Sani-Scrush Boot Wash, He has a B.S. in animal behavior and is in use on farms nationwide, a certified bird trainer through the In- is a proven low-cost and ternational Avian Trainers Certification effective way to prevent Board. He cares for a 25-year-old Moluc- the spread of contagious can cockatoo, eight bantam chickens and animal disease. six Cayuga-mallard hybrid ducks on his homestead. Please search “Critter Com- 800-658-9018 panions by Kenny Coogan” on Facebook to learn more. www.scrusher.com

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 61 feature Game, Set, Match Jonathan Stone Went from Officiating Wimbledon to Raising Hundreds of Orpingtons in Florida

By linDa wHite-francis floriDa

he Orpington chicken is a her- itage breed, bred in 1885 by William Cook of Orpington, TKent, England. Interestingly, the village of Orpington, located in the southeast part of England, has been made truly famous by this large, gorgeously fluffy, and hardy bird. The Orpington, originally devised by Cook to include such specific traits as prolific egg laying as well their succulent meat quality, soon went by the wayside in favor of an award-winning show-bird of exceptional charm and beauty. Cook even wrote of his hybrid birds in his book The Practical Poultry Keeper and subsequently others he published. To own one of these heirloom sophisticates, is something special indeed, and they remain one of the most popular choices here and abroad! At first, Cook concentrated more on exhibiting the Black Orpington rather than other colors he was developing such as: Blue, Buff and White, concluding the black specimens would show cleaner, due to the abundant soot and grime of London’s environmental conditions. As curiosity continued to grow in popularity concerning his exquisite Orpingtons, so did Cook’s notoriety and prosperity. Ultimately, by 1895, Cook brought his famous Orpingtons to New York City — to be shown at the infamous Madison Orpingtons, in White, Buff and Black, raised by Jonathan Stone.

Square Gardens. Not so surprisingly after a first showing, the Orpington came to be Partridge Orpington the most sought-after chicken in the states, and as it is said, “the rest is history.” It is by chance Jonathan Stone, 35, was born 45 minutes southeast of London in Ashford, England, only a hop, skip and a jump away from the inspirational town of Orpington. Yet not so coincidental this young chicken enthusiast is also a man with a plan, and not so far removed from the genius Englishman, and trailblazer, William Cook. When Cook crossed the Minorca, Langshan, and the Plymouth Rock — eventually coming up with the gentle chicken he called Orpington, it was the beginning of a new era for chicken keep- ers. No wonder it made the chicken world sit-up and took notice. The ingenious blending of these three lesser poultry notables is what started it all, and the Or- pington continues to be revered; even the Queen Mother kept them when she was alive. Call it kismet, meant to be, or coin- cidental, when Stone got into the business of raising this exceptional breed, his love for the English heirloom Orpington was written on his heart from the start, and

remains paramount to this day — just as day in women’s tennis: the women’s finals it was long go for William Cook. at Wimbledon, and has officiated at many Jonathan Stone has been a chicken of the ATP and WTA Tour finals as well. aficionado since the age of 14. At first “I traveled to some amazing countries he appreciated them only as pets, but by and met many amazing people along the 21, he had taken his passion to a higher, way,” Stone expressed. more serious level — becoming the farm After a long career in the sports arena, manager for a local poultry breeder a 2011 brought a change of heart. Stone couple towns away from where he lived realized it was time to settle down. And in Ashford. fun as it all had been, he was ready get off “I was responsible for all the day- the roller coaster ride. to-day activities and breeding programs “So I decided to move to Hardin that mainly concentrated on English Or- County, Savannah, Tennessee, where I pingtons,” Stone reminisced. “Part-time, opened my first poultry business, and I was a soccer referee and tennis umpire, that’s where Hardin Poultry was born.” which ultimately took me away from my Stone said. “Following many changes and poultry interests for a number of years.” challenges over the years in Tennessee, I Ironically, Stone never played soccer or decided to move to Florida (in) 2014. This tennis to any decent level he shared, but decision came shortly after purchasing much preferred concentrating on the rules the Heirloom Orpingtons name from its of officiating. “I was a loner as a child; it founder Marc Sacre. “My main focus was seemed like the natural thing to do, and it the Orpingtons, and especially imported was something I truly loved.” Orpingtons from England.” Stone has traveled all over the world Yes, raising some of the most beau- officiating tennis and refereeing soccer. “I tiful, healthy and sought after chickens have met some of the top sports talents in in the world has become this busy young Jonathan Stone with a pair of English the business, plus officiated at some of the man’s main thrust in life, but remarkably Silver Partridge Pekins, which are being biggest tournaments in the world,” Stone Stone continues to hold onto a little part released for sale in early 2016. said. In 2010, he officiated at the biggest of his former life as a ref.

64 Backyard Poultry “I still officiate soccer games here in the USA, and travel to a number of different states to complete games, and officiate at many of the top youth tour- naments out there,” he said, Since moving to Florida a little more than a year ago, Stone has encountered some testy moments regarding his business’ property; he found the land was an overgrown, debris-ridden mess that needed immediate attention. Taking on the battle of a gladiator, the gritty Brit has fought the good fight to the end and can now see the fruits of his labor. It is hard to believe after seeing the property today that it was once a plant nursery. Happily, the adventurous lad is finally seeing the light through the trees. Gone are 18 piled dumpsters, 25,000 plant pots, two camper vans, and many, many miles of PVC pipe. Like some kind of miracle, Stone’s property has been transformed into a lush won- derland for his very special chickens to live and breed. “I don’t plan on giving up no matter what hurdles are thrown my way,” he assured. Stone’s primary love will always be the imported English Orpingtons; however, he has started to diversify his stock. The Silkie bantam is the bird he ® shows most. “I am determined to im- DR CHIPPERS, now at prove on this bird as the time goes by. Those little fluffy butts are always able our Lowest Prices EVER! to grab attention. In 2016, I am planning on bringing in another new Silkie color NEW DESIGN— SELF-FEEDING models available. that isn’t prevalent here in the USA. I Larger Capacity No more force-feeding! Lower Prices! am currently working on expanding our CHIP BIG BRANCHES up to bloodline of colors already available.” 5.75" thick! On any given day Stone has at least COMMERCIAL STYLE high- 2016 MODELS 400 birds ranging over 127 areas. discharging models direct wood Starting “In the spring those numbers can chips right where you want them. at just MODELS that SHRED yard and increase or decrease significantly on $ 79999 garden waste as well as CHIP a daily basis, depending on shipping branches. and hatching schedules,” Stone carries a range of chickens, roosters and chicks and fertile eggs at his farm in Hernando County, Florida, which he markets mainly through his website, www.heirloomorpingtons.com. His stock includes for example: Orpingtons of all colors, (black, blue, lavender, chocolate, buff, mauve, and 21.0 Self-Feeding Model TRACTOR OWNERS: PTO MODELS TOO! 90133X © 2016 chocolate cuckoo); Americaunas, (blue, black, splash and, lavender); Legbars, FREE SHIPPING Call for FREE DVD and Catalog! (crested cream); Silkies, (blue, black, TOLL 6 MONTH TRIAL FREE splash, paint and white); and Pekins, 877-202-1737 SOME LIMITATIONS APPLY DRchipper.com (silver partridge/penciled). Call or go online for details.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 65 “I also have an emu; her name is Es- when buying new imports, people should merelda,” he said. “She has really started “I traveled to some always ask to see copies of the import and developing her own unique personality amazing countries export paperwork to insure the birds have since hatching in February. Watching arrived legally into the United States. her grow has been one of my favorite and met many Stone has only one employee named pleasures at the farm.” Kat. “Kat is my resident helper, and a Judi Casey of Pueblo, Colorado, amazing people great asset to the poultry farm. Without bought black Silkie chicks from Stone in Kat here when I’m away, I wouldn’t be June, 2015. She couldn’t be more pleased along the way.” able to referee games, or form any kind of with her now grown-up chickens today. social life. Kat loves to clean, so keeping “I appreciate Jonathan’s quick response — Jonathan Stone the buildings and sheds spotless is right to my questions when I call for advice. up her alley.” Both times I have bought chickens from Stone has won many awards for his Short term, Stone’s goal is to get him I have been happy with his service chickens. In 2013 his Buff Orpington through 2016 without any major issues, and his beautiful chickens.” won Show Champion at the Memphis and to ensure that little by little he moves Lisa Colston lives on a 10-acre County Fair. forward as smoothly as possible. ranch in Texas known as “Scattered One day a year, Stone opens his farm Long term, Stone wants to continue Rock,” she not only owns chickens, she to the public. “I want people to see how improving the farm, and the areas where has cows, pigs, horses, dogs and cats. I do things. It isn’t a system for every- the birds are housed. “The bottom sec- “When I ordered my Orpington chicks one and it certainly has its flaws but it’s tion of the farm is nice and flat, and has from Jonathan, it was an all-around great working for me; however, I have to say great possibilities of development for the experience.” I probably learned as much from this chickens, and with the foundation of the Cathy Smith lives in Missouri, the year’s guests as they did from me,” Stone water system now all set up and fully in “show me” state, on a 320-acre farm acknowledged with grin. place, it would be a much simpler task in with cattle, horses and 100 chickens. She Every year he makes a trip back to that area than ever before,” Stone says. wants to show the Wyandottes she bought England to do another legal import into from Stone. “Jonathan is a wonderful the United States. “Imports can be very Linda White-Francis is a writer based person, helpful and knowledgeable. He expensive, and involve a lot of paper- in Florida and a frequent contributor to is all about the safety of the birds!” work,” Stone mentioned, and advises, Backyard Poultry.

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BackyardPoultry_OctNov2015_V1.indd 1 8/5/15 12:15 PM 68 Backyard Poultry Feature COMMON GOOSE BREEDS Geese: Personality & Basics

By Kirsten Lie-Nielsen Maine

f you are a backyard farmer considering poultry but think that geese are disruptive and overly aggressive, think again. While it is true that geese can be protective EMBDEN of their home, they make up for this by being remarkably good friends to those The most popular breed of backyard whoI are willing to invest time in raising them. You’ll find these animals offer a number geese in the United States, Embdens of helpful benefits to your farming life. are heavy weight, docile geese with white feathering and orange bills. It is surprising production later in They are mainly kept for meat and how smart and en- life. A goose’s per- eggs, and have calm personalities. tertaining these farm sonality is further fowl are. Their intel- shaped by how it ligence goes beyond is raised. “Imprint- knowing which way ing” is what hap- is south in the winter pens when a goose (which most domes- identifies with the ticated breeds do not person it sees as care about), geese providing it with have a complex so- food. This bond is cial understanding typically created in and the ability to the first one to two learn by observing. weeks of a gosling’s TOULOUSE Studies have indi- life, and they will There are several varieties of the cated that a goose remain bonded to Toulouse breed, the most common of can recognize a person even after many that person for life, even if they pair with which is the production variety. Tou- years apart and can differentiate humans another goose as an adult. A gosling will louse are laid back, large birds with they trust from other people. follow its imprinted human around with gray feathers and orange bills. If you are worried about potential more adoration than a puppy. Once fully conflict, you can select certain breeds grown, their behavior may become more of geese, which are more docile, such as aloof, but they will still prefer the compa- Pilgrims, Embdens and Sebastapols. For ny of those they have imprinted on. Much some farmers, the volume and attitude as- of the reputation of aggression in geese sociated with aggressive geese is actually stems from geese protecting their humans. preferred, because geese make fantastic The term “goose” technically refers to guard animals. They are not easily de- a female, while “gander” is the proper term terred by bribes, as dogs often are, and for a male. These days we use “goose” to their eyesight is incredibly keen. Their describe both genders. Males are usually trademark honk cannot be mistaken for more aggressive than females and can anything else. When you know your goose display particular attitude when kept with well, you’ll be able to discern a casual call other males. A ratio of three to four geese AFRICAN from an alarming one. to a gander should help to calm tensions African geese are brown with When considering geese I always in a flock with more than one male. You dark bills and a large protuberance recommend raising them by hand. Find can have as many or as few geese as you above their beaks. They have a breeder with a good reputation and want, but if you have only one goose he upright carriage and are loud, and strong stock. The heritage of a goose or she will be more attached to you than sometimes aggressive. will affect its personality, weight and egg a goose with a mate.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 69 COMMON GOOSE BREEDS

CHINESE This smaller breed of goose comes in both a white and brown variety and are most frequently kept as weeder geese. They are quite noisy and make good guard birds.

Attentive and curious birds, geese will Geese are remarkably messy animals and follow you around, accompanying you on any water source will need to be kept clean PILGRIM your daily chores and chiming in eagerly at all times, and free of ice in winter. Pilgrims are the only autosexing at every opportunity. For geese kept in a Because of their curious natures, variety of goose, with the males run or pen, it is important to keep them geese can get themselves into trouble with appearing white in color and the amused and make sure they receive plen- neighbors and traffic. It’s recommended to females gray. One of the more pro- ty of hay, grass clippings, and crumble. fence your property if you don’t keep your lific egg laying varieties, Pilgrims are Many geese are kept free range and they geese in a run, because they will wander calm and recommended as brooders are remarkably easy keepers. Because of off in search of amusement. While they because of their kindly nature. their size, they are not threatened by the will usually scatter if shooed off, they still same common predators as chickens or can create quite a mess of droppings in a ducks, and they instinctually retreat to short time, and if they are visiting your water if threatened. The main predators neighbors this might not be appreciated. of an adult goose are coyotes, eagles, and Unlike chickens, which can be very loose dogs. Many instructional pamphlets unwelcoming to new flock additions, on goose care recommend leaving them geese are highly social and coexist well free range as adults, but I would suggest with other fowl such as ducks and chick- securing them indoors at night for safety. ens, as well as other geese. While they A large enclosure, with plenty of loose hay, maintain a pecking order, geese are much will also be ideal for nesting if your goose more peaceable among their kind and do becomes broody. not attempt serious injury on those step- While geese don’t need a pond or ping out of line. Because their language SEBASTOPOL lake, they do require water deep enough skills are superior to chickens, they can Largely a decorative breed, to immerse their beaks in order to eat, to often communicate with other waterfowl Sebastopols have distinct, curled prevent their sinuses from clogging. Water species, which speeds up the bonding white feathers. Unique in appearance, provided with food should not be deep process when they are introduced. they are quiet and peaceable birds. enough for them to bathe in, but additional Overall geese make a show of ag- water for bathing should also be provided. gression but tend to be more curious

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A ratio of three to four geese to a gander should help to calm tensions in a flock with more than one male. than anything else. Their comprehension skills make them fun to have around and thanks to both their ill repute and loud volume, they can be an ideal guard animal for a backyard flock. Geese are charming personalities and once you’ve had one in your flock, you won’t be able to resist them.

Kirsten Lie-Nielsen is a freelance writer and farmer from Liberty, Maine. When not cultivating a growing gar- den and tending her geese and other animals, she maintains Hostile Valley Living (hostilevalleyliving.com), hoping to help others learn about self-reliance and simple living.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 71 Feature

Photos courtesy of Paul Bradshaw

Another British Invasion Cream Legbars Arrive in America

By Paul Bradshaw Florida

n the past few years a number of new and exciting chicken breeds have been imported into America, but none more than the Cream Legbar has captured the imagination of America’s poultry hobbyists. This beautiful British breed has fantastic coloration, a feather crest on its head,I lays lots of blue eggs, and produces chicks that can be easily sexed as soon as they hatch. Couple these unique traits with a fascinating breed history, and you have one of the most remark- able chicken breeds to ever arrive in this country. If you love chickens, it’s time to get acquainted with the Cream Legbar.

72 Backyard Poultry Although Cream Legbars only very recently arrived in America, their re- markable journey really begins almost a century ago in a laboratory at Britain’s prestigious Cambridge University. There, Reginald Punnett, the first genetics pro- fessor in Britain, sought to solve one of the most pressing agricultural puzzles of the day: How do you create a chicken that can be easily sexed when it hatches? There are now well over a dozen autosexing chicken breeds in the world, but none are as popular as the Cream Legbar.

While this may seem like a minor goal, in fact it was crucial to rebuilding Britain in the wake of World War I. The resource-strapped country could ill-afford to spend money raising baby roosters that held little market value when they reached adulthood. The British govern- ment charged the ingenious Professor Punnett with developing breeds of chick- ens that would allow even untrained poul- try workers to quickly and easily identify the gender of chicks when they hatched so the unwanted males could be culled. By the late 1920s, Punnett was hot in pursuit of creating what he called autosexing chicken breeds. Autosexing chickens are ones that display obviously differently color patterns between the male and female day-old chicks. In 1929, Punnett revealed to the world the first intentionally bred autosexing chicken, the “Cambar.” The Cambar re- sulted from the mating of a Campine with a Barred Rock. When Cambars hatched, female chicks had “chipmunk stripes” in the down on their backs, and male chicks had a light-colored dot on the back of their heads. The differences between the genders were strikingly obvious, and these easily observed visual cues allowed even novices to immediately sex the chicks. Punnett’s genetic breakthrough was nothing less than revolutionary in the poultry world.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 73 To fully appreciate the importance of Cream Legbars Punnett’s work, it’s helpful to understand have two unique the difference between autosexing chick- traits: they en breeds and the sex-linked chickens lay blue eggs, with which we are more familiar in the and the male United States. If you go to your local (below) and feed store and buy chicks in the spring, female (right) chances are you are buying sex-linked are remarkably — as opposed to autosexing — chicks. different in Sex-linked chicks are the first gener- appearance. ation hybrids of two separate chicken breeds, produced by the millions in large commercial hatcheries. If you allow the sex-linked chicks to reach adulthood and breed with one another, they will not produce visually sexable chicks in the second generation. On the other hand, auto- sexing chicken breeds like the Cream Legbar produce visually sexable chicks generation after generation. Although he created the Cambar as a demon- stration project for au- to-sexing, Punnett was to reach the pinnacle of his work a few years later when, working with Leghorns, Barred Rocks, and the wildly exotic blue-egg laying South Recently the Cream Legbar Club was American Araucanas, formed in this country, and a group of he produced the first enthusiastic Legbar fans has begun the Legbar. To show his process of drafting a breed standard, rais- mastery of genetics, it was not enough can lay as many as 230 eggs during their ing the visibility of the breed, and sharing that Punnett’s Legbar was autosexing. first year. Their pastel eggs are in great experiences about this new immigrant. Punnett also designed the Legbar so that demand in the finest food markets in the One important part of their mission is to it produced outlandish sky-blue eggs, United Kingdom. Also, with their exotic explain the autosexing function of Cream and the hens often sported strange feather good looks Cream Legbars continue to be Legbars. Until now American hobbyists crests on their heads that further accentu- a favorite in British poultry shows. are generally unaccustomed to having at ated their exotic lineage. Cream Legbars are medium-sized their disposal the enormously practical It took Punnett and his associates large fowl known for their active foraging value of Professor Punnett’s amazing almost two decades to produce a Cream and even dispositions. The roosters are scientific legacy. Legbar that was genetically stable and rarely human aggressive and can weigh So whether you’ve kept chickens for exhibited the odd array of traits first up to seven-and-a-half pounds. The decades or are just considering raising envisioned in the early 1930s. Cream hens weigh up to six pounds and quickly chickens for the first time, Cream Legbars Legbars were introduced at the London become accustomed to the presence of offer equally exciting and novel features Dairy Show in 1947 and received a writ- people. The hens reliably lay throughout for the poultry hobbyist. This breed, ten standard by the Poultry Club of Great the year, and adult hens routinely produce so new to America, is quickly gaining Britain in 1958. roundish eggs that place them in the ground, and you can be a part of its very There are now well over a dozen au- “large” category as defined by USDA bright future in its newly adopted country. tosexing chicken breeds in the world, but egg grading standards. none are as popular as the Cream Legbar. Cream Legbars were first imported Paul Bradshaw owns Greenfire In Britain today, Cream Legbars have into the United States in early 2011, and Farms in rural Florida where he raises been bred for commercial production un- they immediately were embraced by rare breeds of imported chickens, includ- der the name Cotswold Legbars, and hens America’s backyard poultry hobbyists. ing the Cream Legbar.

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© 2015 Milk Products LLC. Sav-A-Chick® is a registered trademark of Milk Products LLC. Breeds From Around The World The Lille Collection of Preserved Breeds, Part 2 Three British Breeds: The Game Fowl, Scots Grey and Dorking

By Stuart Sutton England

he Collection of preserved poultry of the Natural Histo- ry Museum of Lille is one of the best kept, largest and most interesting in Europe. It dates back to 1823. This Tseries details many of the birds in its collection. above: A Dorking silver grey male. left: The hen pictured could be said to have darker than white legs, although this could be due to the chemicals used in the preserving process. Dorkings Roman writer, Columella, described the Dorking as having a square frame and large and broad breast, large head and five had been spoiled by a Mr. Douglas, whom he said, “had crossed claws. Both the 1864 and 1901 males pictured could be said Dorking with a Malay cock causing coarseness and a lack of to look smaller in size, slightly taller and less cloddy than table qualities.” today’s birds. Another authority, Mr. Cresswell, states in 1881, “The Whether it was an indigenous fowl in Britain is debatable, silver Greys in breeding for feather have lost the hardihood and the great Victorian poultry authority Lewis Wright, certain- and plumpness they originally derived from the game. It ly thought the Dorking originated from fowl descended from was the fanciers who cried out against dark shanks and long prized birds bred in Rome. Interestingly, William Tegetmeier, legs and thus brought back short legs and white feet as points another famous poultry expert, thought that the Dorking breed to be insisted upon.”

76 Backyard Poultry Old English game fowl.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 77 Old English game fowl. The birds pictured dating from 1903 could be said to show attributes of Malay influence.

78 Old English game gold male head.

Game Fowl Game fowl were mentioned in Britain in the Roman times when they were bred for cock-fighting, this continuing up to 1849 when the activity was banned. Show exhibitors gradually started changing the breed after this to produce a taller bird with tighter plumage, though many Game breeders did not approve of these changes and in the 1880s established the original type under the name Old English Game. Two clubs were formed, one in the north of England (Carlisle), the other in the south (Oxford), initially with the same type of birds. Poultry enthusiast Mr. Douglas wrote in 1872, that people now preferred “the taller, reachy type and not the old heavy cart horse style.” The change process in the breed was thought to be so interesting that the artist Ludlow was asked to prepare an illustration of it that showed the bird in its transition state, with the third drawing showing a 1900 exhibition bird that had Malay influence. This produced a bird of greater length of limb with shorter, harder and more scanty feathered. NON GMO

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 79 Little is known about the origin of the Scots Grey, although it was once commonly called the “Scottish Dorking.”

above: A Scots Grey hen. left: A Scots Grey male.

leading poultry historians are inclined to support the widely held idea that the breed is a refinement from the Scottish native fowl, which was to be found on farms. It was called “Scottish Dorking,” although completely different in the port and shape with this breed, and has be- come more slender in its form, with some resemblance with the Old English Game Fowl. Scots Grey The Scots Grey is a very old breed, Stuart Sutton is a specialist in do- going back to the 16th century, and over mestic poultry breeds mainly in their time, it has been known by many names natural surroundings with an emphasis in different areas, including: Chick on the rare breeds of the United King- Marley, Shepherds Plaid, Chickmalins, dom, France, Belgium and Holland. Mauds, Greylings and Greylocks. Little All inquiries can be directed to is known of its exact origins, although [email protected].

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cups. Capacity can be low increased by 2 more cups with an optional 2nd feeder tube. Baby Birds Growing Birds

Keeping chickens is fun. Cleaning up their droppings isn’t. The BriteTap chick feeder will keep your chick’s feed sanitary, requires less cleaning, wastes less feed, and con- verts to a small outdoors feeder suitable for scratch, grit, oyster shells & mealworms when your chicks become adults. It’s the cleaner feeder that grows with your flock.™ Typical Consumer Reviews Chicken Feeder Great New Product “Love my new chicken feeder! The design is “This is the best feeder we’ve found for our spot on for keeping the chickens food clean and “babies.” With the shield, they are not able to easily accessible. I like how the shield turns up get in or on the feeder and soil it with droppings or down to accommodate the chickens’ growing which was a problem in the past. The shield stages. The top-fill design is great as well, so raises easily as they grow.” ~ Karen D., Gaines- you don't have to keep turning the feeder upside ville, FL down to fill with food like the Mason jar feeder Simple Yet Ingenious Design design. A+ design highly recommended!!” “Brooder Usage: No more excess feed waste. The ~ Erin K., Groveland, MA adjustable shield is clever indeed. No more scattered feed from scratching. The hanging capacity is a big hit too. Coop Usage: Curtails dust from getting on grit/calcium.” ~ Michael M., Chillicothe, OH

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82 Backyard Poultry Birds Eggs Supplies Gifts

CHICKENS: Broilers, Layers, Bantams, Rare WATERFOWL: Ducks, Geese, Swans OTHER FOWL: Quail, Guineas, Turkeys, Pheasants, Peafowl, Partridge, Grouse, Francolins, Exotics www.PurelyPoultry.com (920) 472-4068 [email protected] Recipes

A Touch of Luxury Using Duck Eggs Can Bring Big Flavor to Your Old Recipes

By Janice Cole Minnesota

hickens take note: the world of eggs is from breakfast through dinner and into dessert, while expanding around this country. While only a top food sites are sharing information and recipes few years ago free-range chicken eggs were on the cooking and nutrition of duck eggs. If you’re Cdifficult to find, they’re now a staple in most grocery wondering why duck eggs are the current darlings, stores competing for space with ultra-local, cage- you may not have had an opportunity to taste them. free, omega-3 and sometimes pasture-raised eggs. One bite will tell you that duck eggs are an My local grocery store has a myriad of choices; in upgrade: a luxurious version of chicken eggs. Duck fact, a couple months ago I did a double take when I eggs are larger, richer and creamier than chicken saw a stack of quail eggs offered for sale right next to eggs. They’re a special treat like that nibble of the chicken eggs! We’ve definitely come a long way. extra-dark chocolate you sneak. A little something What really tops the hot list right now, however, that makes life pleasurable. And the world is taking are duck eggs. Duck eggs are trending across the notice, because who doesn’t appreciate a little ex- country. Chefs are featuring them on their menus travagance now and then? Register for your free 2016 Chick Care Guide with more than $30.00 in coupons at: http://info.mannapro.com/BYP2016 84 Backyard Poultry Register for your free 2016 Chick Care Guide with more than $30.00 in coupons at: http://info.mannapro.com/BYP2016 The first thing you’ll notice about Photo by Janice Cole duck eggs is their size. Duck eggs are large — about 30 percent larger than large chicken eggs. And they’re heavy. Their shells are extra thick, which gives them more protection and therefore a longer shelf life. This thick shell means you’ll have to use a little more effort to crack it open but it’s worth it, because inside you’ll find a huge, creamy, vibrant or- ange-yellow yolk and translucent white. Duck eggs can be prepared exactly like chicken eggs and many who taste their first duck eggs are converts. They describe the taste as silky, creamy, richer and just plain eggier. Duck eggs have a yolk almost twice the size of a chicken yolk creating a richer flavor with a little more oomph than a chicken egg. Most ducks are free-range and have a healthful varied diet that translates into a more flavorful egg. Many people start eating duck eggs for nutritional reasons. Most people who are allergic to chicken eggs find they can Duck eggs also contain more nutrients with eat duck eggs, as the duck eggs don’t contain the protein they’re allergic to. higher omega-3s, but on the flip side, they also Duck eggs also contain more nutrients contain more fat and cholesterol per egg. with higher omega-3s, but on the flip side, they also contain more fat and cholesterol per egg. However, one duck Hard-Cooked Duck Eggs eggs by weight (most accurate) or by egg is a satisfactory serving while often Place duck eggs in a pot and cover volume. One chicken egg measures three two or more chicken eggs are used per with cold water. Bring to a complete boil; tablespoons by volume (two tablespoons serving. The gluten-free crowd has also cover and remove from the heat. Let stand egg white and one tablespoon egg yolk). adopted duck eggs for baking, claiming 12 minutes. Drain; cover with cold water Duck egg whites can take a little lon- the extra protein creates moister and more until cool and peel. Serve sprinkled with ger to beat into stiff peaks than chicken delicate cakes and breads. a good sea salt. egg whites but they produce voluptuous foam that causes cakes to rise high. For Cooking with Duck Eggs Baking with Duck Eggs the easiest beating, separate the eggs Duck eggs can be fried, scrambled, Duck eggs have a reputation for being while cold and beat them at room tem- hard-cooked and poached just like prized for baking. They are said to create perature. chicken eggs. However, duck eggs are a moister higher cakes, creamier custards little less forgiving if overcooked. When and smoother ice creams. However, Availability frying and scrambling be careful not to when substituting duck eggs for chicken Duck eggs are commonly available cook at too high a heat or the eggs will eggs in cakes and breads, the size of the at farmers markets and food co-ops and become tough and rubbery. When hard eggs needs to be taken into consider- some upscale grocery stores. Or check cooking duck eggs, use eggs that are at ation. Most recipes are written for large into your local Asian markets where duck least 3 weeks old or more, as fresh duck chicken eggs. A standard large chicken eggs have always had a following. Or, if eggs are extremely difficult to peel, and egg is about two ounces; I have found you’re up for an adventure, try something make sure you adjust the timing to allow most large duck eggs to be about three new next spring and raise a few of your for the larger egg. Duck eggs are partic- ounces and therefore 30 percent larger own backyard ducks. They’re amusing ularly good in making homemade pasta than chicken eggs. creatures, great backyard foragers and mayonnaise or tossed in salads. The This needs to be taken and they’ll provide you with Chinese have long prized duck eggs and into consideration when incredible eggs. many Asian recipes call specifically for baking or your baked goods duck eggs. In fact, I’ve heard that the formula will be off. To sub- flavor of Egg Drop Soup is phenomenal stitute duck eggs for chicken when made with duck eggs. eggs in a recipe, measure the

86

Lemon-Raspberry Cake This gorgeous sponge cake has a bright yellow hue due to the rich pigment in duck egg yolks. Flavored with lemon syrup, layered with raspberry preserves and topped with a cream cheese frosting, this cake makes any occasion special. Adapted from a recipe by Darina Al- len in Forgotten Skills of Cooking.

Cake 3 duck eggs, separated 3/4 cup all-purpose flour 1 teaspoon baking powder 1/2 cup sugar

Lemon Glaze/Raspberry 1/4 cup lemon juice 3 tablespoons sugar 1/4 cup raspberry preserves

Whisk egg yolks into egg white mixture by hand. Sift flour in 3 parts over egg white mixture; gently fold in flour mixture after each addition, folding until combined. Divide batter between pans. Bake 20 to 25 minutes or until light golden brown, top springs back when gently touched and toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool in pans on wire rack 10 minutes; run small knife around outside edge of pan; invert cake onto wire rack. Remove and dis- card parchment paper. Meanwhile combine lemon juice and 3 tablespoons sugar in small cup; stir until sugar is dissolved. Brush lemon mixture evenly over cake rounds immediately after Photos by Janice Cole removing parchment, while cakes are still hot. Cool completely. Frosting Directions: Beat cream cheese, sugar and lemon peel 4 ounces cream cheese, softened Heat oven to 350°F. Line two (8-inch) round in large bowl at medium speed until combined. 2 tablespoons sugar baking pans with parchment paper; grease Slowly beat in heavy cream; beat until stiff 2 teaspoons grated lemon peel and flour parchment paper and baking pans. peaks form. Beat in vanilla extract. 3/4 cup heavy cream Whisk egg yolks in small bowl until Place 1 cake layer on serving platter; 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract blended. Whisk flour and baking powder in a spread with raspberry preserves. Spread with separate small bowl until combined. Beat egg 1/3 cup frosting. Top with remaining cake whites in large bowl at medium-low speed 1 layer; gently spread remaining frosting over minute or until foamy. Slowly beat in 1/2 cup the top. sugar. Increase speed to medium-high; beat 2 to 3 minutes or until glossy stiff peaks form. 12 servings

88 Backyard Poultry

Dressing 1 duck egg 3 to 4 anchovies 2 tablespoons lemon juice 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard 1 medium to large garlic clove 1/3 cup canola oil 3 tablespoons olive oil

Croutons and Salad 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil 2 cups cubed artisan bread 1 head Romaine lettuce, leaves separated 1/2 cup grated Parmesan cheese 1/2 cup shredded Parmesan cheese

Photos by Janice Cole

Fried Duck Eggs over Return skillet to stovetop; adding additional oil if necessary. Bacon-Potato Cakes Heat oil over medium heat until Olive oil is the perfect cooking medium hot. Carefully add eggs; cover, for frying duck eggs as its savory flavor com- reduce heat to medium-low and plements the rich duck yolks. fry 3 to 4 minutes or until desired doneness, being careful not to Ingredients: overcook. Meanwhile arrange 2 cups cooked mashed potatoes potato cakes on serving plates, 4 strips cooked bacon, crumbled surround with squash and spinach. 2/3 cup panko Place eggs over potato cakes; sprinkle with Extra-virgin olive oil salt, pepper and Aleppo pepper. Combine all dressing ingredients, except 4 duck eggs canola and olive oils, in blender; blend until 1 1/2 cups chopped cooked butternut 4 servings smooth. With blender running, slowly pour in squash, warm canola oil and olive oil. 1 1/2 cups baby spinach Janice Cole copyright 2015 Heat 1/4-cup olive oil in medium nonstick Sea salt skillet over medium heat until hot. Add bread Freshly ground pepper cubes; cook 3 to 4 minutes or until brown, Aleppo pepper, if desired Classic Caesar stirring and tossing frequently. Salad with Duck Egg Toss lettuce with enough dressing to coat; Directions: toss with grated cheese. Arrange lettuce on Gently stir mashed potatoes and bacon togeth- Dressing serving plates; top with warm croutons and er in a medium bowl; form into 8 potato cakes. The yolk of a duck egg creates incredible garnish with shredded Parmesan cheese. Place panko on shallow plate; coat potato emulsions in dressings, mayonnaise and sauc- cakes on both sides with panko. es, such as this classic Caesar dressing. Don’t 4 servings Heat 2 to 3 tablespoons olive oil in me- be afraid of the anchovies; they’re essential as dium nonstick skillet over medium heat until they add a meaty umami flavor that is unique Janice Cole copyright 2015 hot. Add potato cakes and cook 3 to 5 minutes to Caesar dressing. Once you taste this original or until golden brown on each side, turning classic version you won’t be able to go back to once. Drain on paper towels. the ubiquitous bottled Caesar dressing again.

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Grown chicks with the adult hens. “Hoppy” eats in the backyard.

In addition to our chicks, hens Rhody, our Rhode Island Red, and rabbit, this groundhog is eats her grains. a regular visitor to the backyard.

very day, I walk out to my backyard and throw pieces of leftover bread into my chicken coop for my hens. Then, “Snap!” my black and white hen jumps to the top of the coop and snatches a piece right out of my hand! The other four chickens scurry to grab a piece Ebefore it’s all gone. Then, I walk over to the egg-laying compartment and lift up the lid, and what do I find? A single green egg and no ham, that is, if I find it in time. If not, I find a hollow space in the wood shavings with egg yolk in its place. Here’s a mystery I cannot solve — why would chickens eat their own egg, and the shell? Isn’t that like cannibalism? Well, I guess they got hungry.

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Baby chicks soon after they first hatched.

During the 20 years I’ve been in county fair was the fruits and vegeta- named him “Brownie.” my house in Maryland, my husband bles building. This building displayed We kept our baby chick inside a and family have always enjoyed some all varieties of fresh fruits, vegetables, small glass tank covering it with a version of a backyard farm. For many flowers, and ribbons of winning entries. heater to keep it warm. As Brownie years, we grew a vegetable garden, My first summer at the fair, I vividly grew bigger, we moved him outside, which we began to prepare by tilling remember walking around with my where we set up a fenced area for the soil at the first sign of spring. Once in-laws, when my father-in-law told him. Unfortunately, Brownie didn’t the evening frost was lifted at the end me that my husband, who had been stay with us very long — we quickly of winter, we would go to the nursery entering vegetables for many years learned that chickens need to be closed and buy our pint-sized crops to plant prior, had won many ribbons competing off at night from foxes and other pred- in the ground. Our garden was filled against full-time farmers! atory animals. We then bought a small with hot peppers, cucumbers, toma- In addition to our vegetable garden, metal cage, and later had a wooden toes, and yellow and green squash, one of our favorite pastimes has been chicken coop built before getting more eggplant and occasionally corn. Just raising chickens. We have always loved chickens. watering the garden and watching it animals, and one day, my husband Over the years, our backyard has grow was something to look forward decided he wanted to have chickens. been home to other animals as well. to as we anticipated the arrival of the At that time, he had a coworker who One summer, we borrowed a goat from 4-H county fair. owned a farm and offered to give us another coworker friend who owns a Since 1995, the year we bought our a few eggs to hatch. We put the fertil- farm. Our children were young at the home, and many years after, we entered ized eggs in a small round incubator. time, and my husband thought it would fruits and vegetables in the 4-H fair. About 21 days later, one egg cracked be a fun experience for them. We had During those years, our first stop at the and hatched our first chicken, and we two white baby female goats that kept

94 Backyard Poultry busy climbing on outdoor chairs and in hard-to-reach places, such as behind the patio table. I learned goats will eat a shed, and between bushes and our just about anything, including a rubber We had two white fence. On several occasions, I had to glove! Another summer, we hatched baby female goats put the chickens away during a thunder- two mallard ducks we kept in the chick- storm. As much as I wanted to protect en coop. It was not easy chasing them that kept busy them, I wasn’t thrilled about chasing down and catching them, and on several chickens with lightning outside! occasions, they ran or flew out of the climbing on One time, I was not home at sun- yard the moment the gate was opened. down, and I had forgotten to come By the fall of that year, one duck’s wing outdoor chairs and home to put the chickens away. As was injured, and the other flew away. soon as I realized, I went home and saw After taking care of goats and ducks, we the patio table. them safely in their coop for the night. went back to focus on raising chickens That evening, I learned that chickens in our backyard. I learned goats will naturally go inside as darkness We decided to try hatching chickens sets. This arrangement with the chick- again. Thinking it would be educational will eat just about ens roaming our backyard during the for our three children to watch and an- day, and putting them away for the ticipate our eggs hatching, we bought anything, including a night worked out fine for some time. a large rectangular incubator, and our That is, until I noticed a hawk lurking friend gave us a dozen fertilized eggs. rubber glove! on our fence, looking for its prey. Sad- About 10 eggs hatched, but a number ly, one of our chickens became victim of them were “the runts of the litter” full reign of the backyard, and they to the hawk, after which we kept the and maybe six or seven chickens lasted loved their freedom. While the chickens others locked up. I felt bad seeing the until adulthood. This time, we had a enjoyed roaming freely, it was a chal- chickens “cooped up” all day, and I let chicken coop, and we knew to put them lenge to round them up and put them them out, thinking the hawk was no away at night. During the day, they had away for the evening. They would hide longer a threat.

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 95 Just For Fun

My Jurassic World It’s Fun Raising Little Dinosaurs, Isn’t It?

By Lori Fontanes Quack Me Up

guess you know you’re really a That’s right. As many of you already dinos. I’m a little sketchy on exactly bird lover when you watch Jurassic know, our feathered pals are not only how Mother Nature turned ginormous World and end up rooting for the direct descendants from lizard-like fauna, Steven Spielberg-ready nightmares into velociraptors.I in fact, they’re dinosaurs, too. mild-mannered, fluffy-butted backyard Okay, so maybe the filmmakers Gulp! friends, but the proof is in your coop. (spoiler alert!) intended the audience to Apparently, scientists have traced For example, check out those feet. (Sec- sympathize with the previously feared- the lineage of present-day chickens all ond spoiler alert!) Just like in the opening and-hated (did I mention feared?) toothy the way back to pre-asteroid T-Rex. In scenes of the above-cited flick, it’s obvious predators, but I’m pretty sure my personal books like Brian Switek’s My Beloved from your hen’s reptilian claws that some- identification comes strictly from owning Brontosaurus, we learn that our poultry where along the birdian line, Godzilla lies. a dinosaur flock myself. are not just avian, they’re also avian Minus the atomic testing subplot, that is.

96 Backyard Poultry Actually, I have to hand it to Hol- Chicken lywood with this latest installment in genetically modified mayhem. They really got that whole “how a moving Available flock talks to each other” shtick down in 2 styles! Aprons pat. In fact, while other moviegoers were hiding behind their popcorn tubs, I couldn’t help but admire the authentic way the raptors chirped to each other during their hunting session or how they dealt so realistically with pecking order. Only If you can call what they did $24.99 pecking, that is. But enough about ancient history, each let’s move on to futuristic food fights. plus S&H You guessed it: I’m talking salmon. Someone told me they just approved a human-engineered fish that not only grows much faster than usual, it Egg Collecting Apron can also slice itself up into perfectly shaped sushi. Full Size Apron At least, I think that’s what they said. And, in other biotech news, “white ORDER YOURS TODAY! hat” hackers are opening hipster DIY salons where you can tinker with DNA, grow a beard and design cats Apron Order Form that direct their own videos. And I think they serve really great All aprons are $24.99 each and available in Egg Collecting cafe latte. Style or Traditional Style. Please specify style(s). Still, despite all this rosy-colored techno-optimism, it appears we’re not focusing on anything useful to Full Size Apron Quantity ____ x $24.99 = $ the backyard poultry crowd. I mean, Egg Collecting Apron Quantity ____ x $24.99 = $ even a semi-resourceful STEM stu- dent could hit start-up Big Time if Order total $______s/he came up with a category killer like a self-cleaning duck pen. Or, how S&H $4 first item, $1 each add’l item $______about an app where all you have to do Subtotal $______is press a button on your smartphone and someone else comes to feed your WI residents add 5.5% sales tax $______animals in a snowstorm? And, hey, Total enclosed $______how about a pet-sized velociraptor? That’ll show the raccoons who’s boss. Hmm, maybe not that last one. Name: ______All right, so while you guys work Address: ______out the ethical, societal and plane- City:______State:______Zip:______tary implications of these space age m m inventions, I’ll be in the laboratory Check Enclosed Charge my credit card: tinkering with my latest creation: a self-feeding duck. Half-mallard, half Visa/MC/AmEx/Disc No.:______Exp.:______bag of layer pellet, totally adorable. Signature:______Phone:______Coming, Igor! Mail to: Lori Fontanes is a humor writer Backyard Poultry, 145 Industrial Drive, Medford, WI 54451 based in New York and contributes or Call Toll-Free: 1-800-551-5691 or Fax: 715-785-7414 to every issue of Backyard Poultry magazine. or Visit: www.BackyardPoultryMag.com

February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 97 Youth:

Hello Poultry Pals, As theHello brooder box Poultry begins to come Pals! alive with the joyful sounds of pips and cheeps, I feel a little melanchol-, uh, melanom-, uhm, I feel sad. It’s wonderful to see the new life coming into the world, with all of its hopping and wings flapping, then suddenly falling asleep where it stands. But it’s bittersweet as I remember those that are no longer able to share this day with me, and I miss my old friends. I once heard a saying, “Chickens leave clawprints on your soul.” It was either that or “scratch in your shoe.” Either way, it’s hard to lose our poultry friends when they come to mean so much to us. Here’s a piece of toast to all of those who we’ve lost—your funny antics and unique personalities will be remembered. And here’s a hug to those who’ve lost a special poultry friend— time spent loving is always time well spent.

Keep your waddles warm, Gertrude McCluck, CIC Minute Mystery

lamp, whilst our offspring are nowhere to be found. That it should come to this ...,” she shook her head. “It’s a travesty.” Jokes…Get the Yolk? Daphne took a step and spread a wing, Q: Why did the chicken cross the “True it is that we have seen better days. basketball court? If you peck us, do we not squawk? If our A: He heard the referee calling eggs do not hatch, do we not mourn? An fowls! Romeo, Romeo, where art my egg by any other name would still be the precious duckling, Romeo?” vessel by which new hatchlings come Q: Why does a chicken coop have quacked“O Daphne, our resident drama duck. forth.” two doors? She had a wing across her beak and was Me thinks the hens doth protest A: Because if it had four doors it leaning against the incubator. I was hop- too much, but I’d become a player in would be a chicken sedan! ing she was acting out one of the plays she this farce and I had to play my part. liked to perform, but knew she wasn’t that “Neither a mother nor a broody be; for your Q: Where do tough chickens come good of an actor. She was really panicked. eggs are still here in the serene warmth from? Before I could get to her, Juliet deciding to be, or not to be: that is the A: Hard-boiled eggs! entered from the east and joined in the question.” chorus of “Woe is Me.” Daphne stared at me with her big duck Fun Facts I had hoped to hit the roosting bar ear- eyes, “This is madness, yet there is meth- • During the spring (vernal) ly tonight but sighed, giving up on that od in it?” equinox (about March 21), it is said notion. If all the world‘s a stage, and all the I took a dramatic step forward. “Go that an egg will stand on its small end. poultry merely players, then it was time to yonder seven nights, and await the dawn.” Although some people have make my entrance. “What seems to be the I thrust my wing out, “Until then, Daph- reported success, it is not known problem? Why the waiting, ladies?” ne and Juliet,” I bowed, “I bid thee good whether such results were due to Juliet and Daphne threw themselves night!” the equinox or to the peculiarities of into my wings and it was all I could do “Good night!” they echoed. that particular egg. to catch them. Juliet, a well-endowed tur- “Parting is such sweet sorrow, that I key with a full caruncle looked down at shall say good night till it be morrow • A mother hen turns over her egg me. “We demand to know where our ba- ... times seven.” The pair waddled out about 50 times per day so the yolk bies are!” together as I made a hasty exit to the coop won’t stick to the sides of the shell. “Smooth those ruffled feathers, ladies, to claim my spot on the roosting bar. • A cloudy white color in a freshly and tell me what’s going on.” Why did Gertrude tell the duck and cracked egg is a sign of freshness, Juliet leaned toward me. “We have turkey to come back to the incubator in not age. It has this appearance seen better days, my friend. Buffy’s chick- seven days? because of a high carbon dioxide ens came out of the incubator this morning. content put in when the egg is laid. They now bask in the warmth of the heat ANSWER ON NEXT PAGE

98 Backyard Poultry MAZE: Help the chicks get out of the incubator!

MINUTE MYSTERY ANSWER: Chicken eggs take 21 days to hatch, but Baack Talk duck and turkey eggs take 28 days. As good luck would have it, Daphne and Juliet’s eggs hatched seven days later; peace and calm returned to the chicken What is this this is What What is yard ... as much as it ever does. duck saying duck this ? chick saying?

Gertrude McCluck, Chicken in Charge is assisted by chicken wrangler Cyndi Gernhart. Find out more about Gertrude and E-MAIL your caption idea by February 10 along with your name and state to [email protected] OR MAIL to Baack Talk, 159 Hall Dr. S, her book series for children Montgomery, TX 77316. Selection for publication in a future issue will be and other fun activities at: at the discretion of Backyard Poultry. Name and state will be printed with GertrudeMcCluck.com response unless otherwise requested.

A few favorites from Dec 2015/Jan 2016 Issue: • “Yahtzee!”—Kaleigh Bohannan, Alabama • “As you enter the dungeon, you see two skeleton raccoons. Roll for initiative.”— David Adams, Wisconsin • “Honestly, Louise! Give it up! You're already 46 meal worms in the hole!”—Linda Fincher, Arkansas • “Sorry Henrietta, you rolled a nine, that means the orcs captured your chicks on the royal highway on the way to the castle.”—Bob Blyzka, Washington • “That's the last time I play craps with you two Buffs!”—Michelle Cayo, New York

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Stewart, Hulsey, Hatch Crosses, • One Dozen Tips & Tricks To Simplify Poultry Keeping • Feather-Loss Solutions SONBURST FARM, LLC, Weaver, Salisbury, North Claret, Whitehackle, Brown Red, Yellow and Green • Terrific Turkeys • The Flanders Goose, Carolina. 704-638-6533. Day old chicks shipped. Chicks, laying hens, • Plymouth Rocks “The Heirloom Breed” “An Intelligent” Goose Ameraucana pullets, cockerels–local pickup. NPIP# 55-1068. Wisconsin SPN Flock #1. PURELY POULTRY, PO Box 466, Fremont, WI August/September 2009 BYP June/July 2015 Michigan 54940. 800-216-9917. - How To Prevent Egg Eating • How To Trim Beaks & Claws Fowl Stuff, FowlStuff.com, John W Blehm, Birch Virginia Indian Red Run, Michigan. Large fowl chickens: buff & partridge WILLOW SPRING FARM, Rural Retreat, Virginia. Junglefowl, Guineas, Peacocks. Ducks: Mandarin, - Co-Mingling Poultry • Life Lessons From Raising Poultry Chantecler. Also, buff, lavender, silver & black Am- Certified Flock. 276-782-0499. We Sell Day Old Chicks Ringed Teal, Whistling Ducks, Wood Ducks, Mal- - Top 10 Nest Box Ideas • A Complete Guide To Poultry Diseases eraucana. Bantam chickens: buff, lavender & silver (local pickup only) & Hatching Eggs. lard Ducks. Swans: White Mute, Australian Black, Ameraucana. Trumpeter, Whooper, Black Necked. Quail: Northern (We may substitute if an issue sells out) Columbian Plymouth Rock Bobwhite, Jumbo Bobwhite, Texas A & M, Valley, Araucana Gambel, Blue Scale, Mountain, Mearns. Partridge: Chukar, Hungarian. Ringneck Pheasants: Chinese, Illinois Jumbo, Kansas, Manchurian Cross, Melantistic California 3YES! Send me the 10 Backyard Poultry magazine Back Issues listed above for only Check or Money Order included. COLUMBIAN ROCK BANTAMS, Gary Underwood, Mutant. Ornamental Pheasants: Red Golden, Yellow $20, shipping included on U.S. orders (*Call for foreign and Canada shipping prices). AWESOME ARAUCANA HATCHERY, Edd 2404 S. Simmons Rd., Stockton, IL 61085. 815-947- Golden, Blue Eared, Brown Eared, Lady Amherst, Charge my Credit Card: Sheppard, PO Box 356, Shasta, CA 96087. 2359. Silver, Timminicks Tragopans. Wild Turkeys: Eastern I understand this is a limited time offer and available only while supplies last! Tail-less Tufted Araucana Cream Legbar Stock Producing Quality Color Eggs Since 1973. Name Visa/MasterCard/Discover/AmEx (Circle One) Jersey Giants Wisconsin Aseels Address______Card #______Exp______WICK PLACE FARM, 1907 43rd St., Cale- Indiana donia, WI 53108. 414-708-4057. QUALITY GENTLE JERSEY GIANTS SINCE 1977. Pennsylvania City______State______Zip______Phone number ______ Nicely laced blues/black/splash colors. Producers GREEN VALLEY STABLES, Joe Ambrose, PO Cream Legbars. of large brown eggs/meat/4-H-APA winners/shipping. Box 511, Vanderbilt, PA 15486. 724-323-4948. Black Copper Marans, Easter Eggers Barred Rocks. No catalog available. Maria Hall. Texting 502-548-1075, Mail this form along with $20 to: Backyard Poultry BI, 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 NPIP certified. www.mariasjerseygiants.com. Or Call 800-551-5691 Or Visit www.backyardpoultrymag.com Today! 110 Backyard Poultry February/March 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.com 103 Bourbon Red turkeys. Hatching eggs, poults, breeding Flower Hen, Breda, Augsburger, Isbar, Sultan, Sicilian Large Fowl stock, feathers. NPIP. Buttercup, and more. NO CATALOG!

Tennessee Ohio FLORIDA CHICK N STUFF FARM– in Crump, Tennessee. SECOND CHANCE HERITAGE TURKEY FARM, GREENFIRE FARMS, www.greenfirefarms.com. (Mail: PO Box 87, Adamsville, TN 38310) 901-490- Kathryn King, 9011 Branch Rd., Scio, OH 43988. Ultra-rare imported breeds: Ayam Cemani, Cream 0022, 731-607-7324. Large Fowl Breeds: Jersey Giant, 330-739-5054. Legbar, Swedish Flower Hens, Bielefelder, Marans, Brahma, Barred Rock, American Buff Orpington, Jubi- Adults, eggs, Isbar, Barbezieux, Bresse, Sulmtaler, Spitzhauben, lee & Mottled English Orpington, White & Exchequer feathers, poults, Narrangansett, Oregon Greys, Royal Olandsk Dwarf, Orust, Barnevelder, Merlerault, Leghorn, Cream Legbar & Salmon Faverolle. Also Palms, White Hollands, Chocolate, mixed. Niederrheiner, Marsh Daisy, Altsteirer, East Frisian Heritage Bronze & Narragansett Turkey. NPIP/APA. Gull, Lyonaisse, Malines, Pavlovskaya, Queen Silvia, Experienced egg shipper. See us on Facebook. Oregon Swedish Black Hen, Sussex, Twentse, Lavender MIKE’S MIDGET WHITES, Mike Omeg, 2965 Dry Wyandotte, Yamato Gunkei. Malay Hollow Ln., The Dalles, OR 97058. 541-296-4723. Midget White Turkeys. Hatching eggs, poults ANDY ANDERSON, 17496 E. 1000 Rd., Mt. Carmel, and breeding stock available. IL 62863. 618-262-8389. Call after 6 PM. Hatching MALAY–Large Fowl. Also Silver-Spangled Hamburg eggs–$17 per dozen freight paid. Wyandotte bantams: Bantams. Show Stock. Connecticut. Marie Gebert. Various Partridge, Buff, Blue Laced, Black, Golden Laced, 860-779-2844. Pick-up, local shows or shipping. Columbian. Buff Orpington. Old English: Brown Red, Pigeons Colorado Spangled, Wheaten, Mille Fleur. WALTZ’S ARK, Delta, Colorado. Rare & Heritage Poultry, McEwen, RR3 Box 44, McLeansboro, IL 62859. NPIP & AI. Sussex: Light, Buff, Coronation, Red, Speck- 618-643-5602. Coronation BoxesForBirds.com Laced, Jubilee, Red, Lavender, Chocolate. Marans: Sussex, Light Sussex, Lavender Orpington, Chocolate 501-329-2377. Rare Pigeons. Black Copper, Blue Copper. Other Breeds: Swedish Orpington, Jubilee Orpington, Black Copper Marans, Pennsylvania Pigeons a great hobby. Full color quarterly magazine. NATIONAL PIGEON ASSOCIATION 626-820-8080. www.npausa.com

South Carolina HT AUSTIN, 1766 Homestead Rd., Bowman, SC 29018. 803-308-1203. Show quality fancy pigeons– Have you hugged Jacobins, Fantails, and German Owls. Doves– Diamond and asorted Ringnecks. Quail your chicken today? Massachusetts ANTONIO R. FERREIRA, JR., 49 Chestnut St., Seekonk, MA 02771. 401-465-1662. Northern Bobwhite Quail.

Eggs: $11.75/12, $23.50/24, $49/50. Postpaid. Backyard Volume 10, Number 2 Chickens, waterfowl, April/May 2015 North Carolina turkeys, guineas... GEORGE PARKER, 768 Moores Ln., Lumberton, PoultryDedicated to more and better small-flock poultry NC 28358. 910-374-8176. Quail Eggs: Bobwhite, If you have a small Can Chickens Tennesse Red. Extra large Coturna Quail eggs.Will Make You Sick? ship small quantities of eggs. Send self addressed flock, intend to Build Your stamped envelope for price list. Own Brooder The Brabançonne: purchase one, or ever The Namesake of the Rhode Island Reds Produce and Belgian National Anthem dreamed of having Poultry Coexisting Illinois some birds grace HUTCHINSON FARM, Rollie Hutchinson, 15793 500th St., Orion, IL 61273. 309-749-8277. your backyard, Rhode Island Reds– 100 year heritage flock. 100% Underwood bloodlines. don’t miss this offer! Sebrights

Florida BLACKBURN’S QUALITY BANTAMS, Wayne Black- burn, PO Box 736, Anthony, FL 32617. 352-236-0359. $24.99 for one year (6 issues) or Sebrights: Golden, Silver & Buff; Wyandottes: Silver Laced & Golden Laced. $39 for two years (12 issues) Seramas Oregon Backyard Poultry, OREGON OUTBACK SERAMAS, Ray & Sue Applegate, 1018 Chapman Rd., Gilchrist, OR 97737. 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 541-433-2112. Turkeys 800-551-5691

Minnesota www.BackyardPoultryMag.com MEADOW RIDGE FARM, Brad Myers, 4893 Tree Farm Rd., Pequot Lakes, MN 56472. 218-568-5680.

February/March104 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.comBackyard Poultry 111 Blue Copper Marans, Blue Laced Red Wyandotte, Silver Penciled Rocks, Single Comb & Rose Comb Roman Tufted. Ringneck pheasants, French Pearl Welsummers, Blue Ameraucana, Black Ameraucana, Rhode Island Reds, White Crested Black Polish, guineas. Rumpless Araucana, Olive Egger. Red & Silver Gray Dorkings and Single Comb Black Minorcas. Bantams: Barred & White Rocks, Dark Minnesota Indiana Brahma, Bearded Silver, Non bearded White Crested JOHNSON’S WATERFOWL, 36882 160th Ave. NE, HIDDEN CREEK FARM, Matt John, Columbus, In- Black and White Crested Blue Polish, Dark Cornish Middle River, MN 56737. 218-222-3556. and Spangled Russian Orloff. johnsonswaterfowl.com> Buff & White African geese. Several varieties of Exhibition and Rouen, Silver Appleyard, Pekin, White & Black Crest- Heirloom poultry as well as Bantams and Waterfowl. Wisconsin ed, Saxony, Black & Blue Magpies, Penciled, White, Chicks will be available beginning in January. PURELY POULTRY, PO Box 466, Fremont, WI Blue, Black, Grey (Mallard), and Emory Penciled 54940. 800-216-9917. Runners, White, Grey, Snowy, Black, Blue Bibbed & COUNTY LINE HATCHERY, 2977 Linn Buch- 300 varieties: chickens, Pastel Call ducklings. Free brochure. anan Rd., Coggon, IA 52218. 319-350-9130. bantams, ducks, geese, turkeys, guineas, peafowl, Rare and fancy pea- swans, pheasants, ornamental pheasants, chukars Oregon fowl, guineas, chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, bantams and quail. HOLDERREAD WATERFOWL FARM & PRES- and more. Featuring Showgirls & Silkies. Most economi- SUNNYSIDE HATCHERY, Beaver Dam, Wis- ERVATION CENTER, Millie & Dave Holderread, cal and diverse poultry assortment available. consin. 920-887-2122. Shipping to North Central PO Box 492, Corvallis OR 97339. 541-929-5338. Silver Appleyard; Saxony; Welsh Harlequin; 800-458-4473. Specializ- Browns, dual purpose Sagitta, turkeys & ducklings. Golden Cascade; Dutch Hook Bills; Rare colors of ing in Cornish Rock broilers. Also offering baby chicks, Calls;Silkie Ducks. Embden; Brown, Buff Africans; ducklings, goslings, bantams, exotics, turkeys, guin- Dewlap Toulouse; American Blue; American Lavender; eas, pheasants. Free catalog. MC/Visa/Discover. Waterfowl Shetland; Oregon Mini-Geese. WESTHOFF POULTRY, Zachary Westhoff, 12704 California Kestrel Ave., Le Mars, IA 51031. I sell and raise laying hens/pullets, and Ave., Plover, WI 54467. 715-295-4048. Wood Duck, Man- Ducklings: Pekin, Rouen, exhibition Buckeyes, Dominques, Javas, Wyandottes, darin, Green Wing Teal, Blue Wing Teal, Falcated Teal, Khaki Campbell, Golden 300 Egg Layer, White Layer, Hamburgs, Lakenvelders, Campines, Australorps, Cinnamon Teal, Baikal Teal, Garganey Teal, Pintail, Red- Blue Swedish, Buff, Cayuga, Mallard, Welsh Harlequin, Cochins, Leghorns, Crevecoeur. Head, White Redhead, Silver Redhead, Goldeneyes, White Crested & Runners (Black, Chocolate, Blue, Hooded Merganser, Ring Teal, Mallards, Smews, Tufted, Maryland Fawn & White) Goslings: Embden, White Chinese, Greater Scaup, Ring Neck, Ruddy, Canvasback, Brown Chinese, Toulouse, Dewlap Toulouse, African, Common Merganser, Red Breasted Geese, WHITMORE FARM, Emmitsburg, Maryland. Shipping Buff Toulouse, Buff, Tufted Buff, Sebastopol, Pilgrim, Emperor Geese. day-old chicks March thru October. Show quality lines, excellent egg color, selected for performance. Black and Blue Ameraucana, Delaware, Black Copper and Blue Copper Marans, Welsummer. Photographs, pricing and online ordering at . Email Backyard Poultry

Minnesota SUNNY CREEK FARMS, Don Schirrick, 15378 160th St. SW., Red Lake Falls, MN 56750. 218-253-2291. Classifieds Free catalog. All breeds, waterfowl, chicks, gamebirds, poults, rabbits, hatching equipment. Clothes For Chickens Quail & Gamebird Supply—Incubators, Flight Pen Missouri Netting, Nipple Waterers, Gamebird Coops, Preda- Crocheted or knitted chicken sweaters and hats. tor Control, and more. CACKLE HATCHERY®, PO Box 529, Lebanon, MO All sizes. 1-812-360-2050 or www.etsy.com/shop/ or 888-633-9309. 65536. 417-532-4581. 78 years of hatching and shipping baby chicks. FREE COLOR Poultry Supplies CATALOG, 193 varieties. Do It Yourself CHICKENS FOR BACKYARDS, PO Box 635, Phil- Prevent posts from rotting. Quick–Easy–Effective– lipsburg, MO 65722. 888-412-6715. Order As Low As Low-Cost. Get info 1-888-519-5746. 3 Chicks, Heritage chicken breeds, Ducks, Guinea and Turkey. Mealworms

Oklahoma Chubby Mealworms are the #1 supplier of dried Country Hatchery, Inc., Matthew D. Smith, Box 747, mealworms in the US. We only supply the best qual- Wewoka, Oklahoma 74884. Telephone 405/257-1236. ity dried mealworms sold in the quantity you need www.countryhatchery.net. CHICKENS: Barred Rocks; and with Free Shipping. Over 50% Protein these R.I. Reds; Silver-Laced Wyandottes; Blue, Buff, Laven- are a 100% natural healthy treat for your chickens! der and Jubilee Orpingtons; Black Australorps; Cinna- www.chubbymealworms.com (855)-473-6592. mon Queens; Ameraucanas; White Leghorns; Brown Leghorns; Cornish Rocks; Red Broilers; Black-Copper Poultry Marans; Welsummers; Icelandics; Kelso-Hatch, Blue, Red Pyle and Ginger Red Old English Games; WELP HATCHERY. Specializing in Cornish Black Silkie and White Silkie Bantams. HERITAGE Rock Broilers. Also offering baby chicks, duck- TURKEYS: Standard Bronze; Bourbon Red; Beltsville lings, goslings, bantams, exotics, turkeys, guin- White; Blue Slate; Royal Palm and Chocolate. Pilgrim Free Catalog: Egg Washers, Incubators-Brooders eas, pheasants. Free Catalog. MC/Visa/Dis- Goslings. GUINEA KEETS: Pearl, Lavender and Royal new/used! Nationwide Locations! Repairs, manuals, cover. 800-458-4473. Box 77, Bancroft, IA 50517. Purple. MUSCOVY DUCKS: White; Black and White supplies. Complete processing setup. Chicks, game- Pied; Blue and White Pied; and Chocolate. Order from birds, waterfowl, guineas, rabbits. Sunny Creek Farms, 218-253-2291. website at 405/257-1236 or call for a Color Poultry Mealworms by the Pound—Bluebirds, Chick- Book with prices. ens, Turkeys, & Ducks all love our dried and live mealworms. Survival Gear Pennsylvania or 888-400-9018. HORSTMAN’S POULTRY, Dick Horstman, 5 S Kings EMERGENCY WELL PUMPS—Made in Montana, Creek Rd., Burgettstown, Pa 15021. 724-729-3701. Egg Carton Source—America’s best source for Egg freeze proof, rust proof, hand operated. Simple Eggs – chicks – adults. Large fowl: White & com> or 888-902-2272. www.Apocalypsewellpumps.com

February/March112 2016 www.backyardpoultrymag.comBackyard Poultry 105 Backyard Poultry www.backyardpoultrymag.com2016 Calendar

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Mail this form to: Backyard PoultrY 145 Industrial Dr., Medford, WI 54451 Or Call Toll-Free 800-551-5691 or Fax 715-785-7414 Day old chicks coming? Premier’s Prima Heat Lamp • Compact shape • Easier grill attachment • Safer than other lamps • Versatile and effective • Durable • Anti-chew device on cord Other upgrades to previous models— redesigned chimney system for heat displacement, glass reinforced material for greater strength, robust clip holder and easier ceramic fixture replacement design. Rated for standard or infrared (heat) bulbs up to 250 watts. Heat lamp bulbs are sold separately. For superior heat lamp bulbs, consult our catalog or visit our website at www.premier1supplies.com. Heating Plates A heating plate simulates a hen keeping chicks warm & cozy beneath her feathers. • 3 sizes (extra small, small & large). • Height adjusts from 1.5" to 6" by adjusting the yellow legs. • Less risk of fire because of the lower surface temperature (125˚). • Uses less electricity than a heat lamp. 22–66 watts/hr vs. 175–250. • Optional plate cover prevents older chicks from perching on top.

Chick Brooder Panels • Small and compact • Disposable and reusable options Completed size varies according to the number of panels used. Each panel is 16" x 25" and has connector slots that interlock. Panels are either 3/16" thick cardboard or 1/4" thick reusable double-walled plastic. Six panels make a 37" diameter brooder. Seven panels make a 50" brooder.

(right) An easy-to-assemble reuseable brooder setup that keeps chicks safe and reduces their exposure to cold drafts. For multiple brooders, spread shavings over the whole brooding area. If using a single brooder concentrate shavings in one area.

Ask for our unique booklet — Free! Includes our full line of poultry products, feeders, waterers and fencing. Free Shipping! www.premier1supplies.com on qualified orders over $100. See our website for details. 800-282-6631 • Washington, IA