Ioway-Otoe-Missouria ~ English S

100 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

s; es. (plural particles (s/ es) ; they suf. …ñe; ...wi (they two) ; wa.…ñe sage (sacred plant ) n. háxóje (lit.: “skin gray”) . Yes! They always keep sage with (plural subj. ); …wi (dual subj. ); wa… ( obj. ). [NOTE: The plurality of person or their ceremonial things because it is sacred, and keeps their things pure of things is regularly expressed in the Ioway Otoe verb conjugation, rather than as a from negative “energies,” Hú nje Háxoje waróxi dagúrañi gratógre suffix or infix as occurs in English]. : wógrayuñechi waxóñita ke. Dagúre^ šu n áma grathúgra niñe máñi ke. These are fingers, Jéê námpoñe ke. said; say. ** SEE : say . Those are a pair of shoes, Gáê agújewi ke. sail; soar; glide; gyrate; swing; sail round & round (as do buzzard ) v.i. They are my shoes, Agúje mitáwewi ke. giwí nxe : (I…, héwi nxe; you…, réwi nxe; we…, hí nwi nxawi; they…, giwí nxeñe) . n He has the horses, Aré šúñe wáñi ke. salary; pay; wages n. wigwáyi (DOR) . Whose shoes are these? Wayére jéê agújewi je. saliva n. itáñe (O.) ; istáñe (I.= tears ). n n There are a lot of peaches, Ka jéškowe róha ñe ke. salt n. ñíhgu; ñígu; ñí^gu; níhgu (FM) ; ñíku (LWR) ; (shkooiú (MAX) ; neescoom n The two horses ran fast, Shúñe ká tha náŋewi ke. (MAG) ). Which of the houses are yours? Tahéna chí ritáeweñe je. salt pork; salt meat n. washí n sot^úbra n; washí nhgu. n How many uncles do you have? Tahénahe Rijéga wa sdí je. salt shaker, container n. ñihgúyu (lit.: “saltfilled”) ; nikúyu (LWR) ; ñi^gúyu. n n n n We have no dogs anymore, Gašú su kéñi níŋe hi wa ñi škú níwi ke. same; similar; be the same n/v.i. ikikíxgawi; shu n áre > šwáre; shu n áre

iâre (DOR) ; (shuâre (HAM) ; braske (MAX) ). These animals are the same . Jéê sack, bag n. wóša. He has a sack of flour, Wabúhge wóša añí ke. wanú nje ikikíxgawi . same place n/adj. uwéya nki; uwéyaki. do the sacred, holy (spiritually consecrated by the mysterious or supernatural ) v.rt. –ka n. same; keep on; continue to v.i. máñi. the same time. ** SEE : also. ** SEE : holy. sacred, s.t. holy; mysterious; be holy, sacred, mysterious n n n return the same way v.i. thigré uxráwe ré; thigré ográwe ré (DOR) . n/adj/v.i. waxóñita ~ waxoñéta (LWR) ; waxóbri ; waróxawe (O.); wahónida . n n n He kept on digging in the same place. Uwéya ki k^é máñi ke. We gave you a holy thing , Waxóñita hórikû wi ke. I keep on following you. Míê uríxre hamáñi ke. It was a holy event when the Bear blessed her grandmother, they say, sanction: do without sanction (or ) asking; do without asking one’s Mató ikúñi nat^ú ndada aré dagúre waxóñita n ke áñe ke. superiors, authorities v.t. ihúhiniŋe. ** SEE : consent; permission. ** SEE : waxóñeta n; xóbri n; waxóbri n. sand; beach n. búša; bútha (arch.) ; (púša (DOR) ). windblown cloud of Sacred Bear Guardian (a personal Bear Clan name ) Manthréxowe. Sacred n sand, dust n. mákišoje (DOR) . Sand Pawnee, Arikara (also known as) Bundle n. waxóñeta (I.) ; warúxawe (O.) ; waróxawe (O.) . [NOTE : The Arikaree, Ree Indians n. Búša Páñi. Sacred Bundle is the most holy of holies. The keeper of any Sacred Bundle is entrusted sane; good (that is to say) normal conduct; intelligent adj/v.i. brédhe : (I’m to a member of a clan or society. However, the power and benefit of the bundle is n beneficial to the entire tribal community. The bundles are a collection of varied objects sane, hi brédhe; you’re…, ribrédhe; we’re…, wawábredhewi; they’re…, wabrédhe) . and representations serving as ritual aides. They are opened on specific occasions in sang. ** SEE : sing. accordance to an exact ritual, and usually in a selected presence of others. Each item sap; sugar n. náñi (lit.: “tree fluid”) . symbolically provides a recall of a particular spiritual relationship between the people, sapling; small tree n. nášuwe (lit.: “tree small”) . their environment and their spirituality. Each bundle has a specifc purpose and includes sash; belt; girdle n/v.i. ipírage; shésha (FM) . Did you put your belt on your items specific to their purpose, such as animal and/ or bird skins, feathers, herbs, pants? Unáthtu n ritáwe ipírage irégrugihje. When we ride in the car, we effigies and perhaps a Sacred Pipe. Most Sacred Bundles have been passed down from all have to buckle (belt) ourselves, Námañi hóminawida bróge one keeper to another over a long time causing their origins to often remain in mystery n or within Sacred Legends. The size of each one may vary, although a typical length is hí kipirage wi ke. n n n about 14 inches, although they may be larger. sassafras (tree, wood) n. ná má ka úbrayi . There are tribal hunting Bundles, while others are Clan, society, healing, tattooing Satan; devil n. waká nda píškuñe. and personal Bundles. Even some women had/ have personal bundles for doctoring, satisfied; full adj. wénahje; wína nhje (?) . When they finished with the personal or spiritual purposes. Today, there are few Sacred Bundles remaining in prayer service, he was satisfied , Wagíroxiñe rušdánñeda áre wénahje Native Communities, as most had been collected by museums or buried with the last háŋena, áñe ke. be satisfied (said of one who was cold, but has eaten good, is keepers. Although there are individuals having personal Sacred Bundles, all remaining n n Ioway OtoeMissouria Sacred Bundles (tribal, Clan and societies) are cared for in full & warm ) v.i. wašdáje. be satisfied; sufficient; be pleasing v.i. í bra n several museums. The Elders told that their parents sold them so that they would be (GM) ; í bra (DOR) . be satisfy, filled; cause ~ make s.o. be filled, satisfied protected from desecration as the children were sent off to boarding schools and had not v.t. ínbra nhi. make one satisfied; make joy for on e v.t. náhje ipígiû n. learned how to properly care for them. A.Skinners, “Ethnology of the Iowa” ]. Christmas time always make s the children satisfied and joyful , Sacred Pipe n. rahnúwe. Sacred Two Pipes (Pipe Dance ) n. Waká ndeyiŋe Há nwe Tú nñeda chinchí niñe bróge náhje wípigi^ú n ki. n n n n Withaíyá we; Withaíyowe (SKN) . [NOTE : For description of Pipe Dance, ** SEE : Saturday n. Há wokithre; Há we Ukíthre (FM) ; Há we Wadáda (lit.: “look n Withiya we .]. sacred water (midnight Water for ative american church ) n. ñí around day”). That is why the old people called Saturday “half day ” n waxóñini (WW) . speak of as sacred; express wonder v.t. raxoñita . because they had to work half a day, a lot of them, Wa n^síge róha n sacrifice (food offering to spirits “poured out" during prayer ceremonials, funerals) wa^ú nñena há nwe ukíthre wa^ú nñechi Š^áge “Saturday” Há nwokithre áre n/v.i. webráke (MBS) . They poured it out to them. Webráke wagíwaxuñe. igá nñe ke. n n sacrifice in fire (food for deceased person ); pour out; spill s.t. v.i. wáxu ; saucer n. wahgé bráhgeñi (lit.: “plate flat little”) (FM) . n waxú . **SEE : watúna; tobacco. Sauk and Fox (Indian, tribe, language ) n/adj/v.i. Tháke. The Sauk & Fox sad; unhappy; not happy adj/v.i. gíro škúñi : (I’m..., hi ngíro škúñi; you..., rígíro came to the Ioway’s land and they battled with them and pushed them to n škúñi; we..., wawágíro škúñiwi; they..., gíro škúnañe). ** SEE : hé:ha . the west and south of the Ioway’s land, Tháke Báxoje máya n etéwida n saddle n. nákâgre (lit.: “back place on”) ; (mo kohrah (MAG) ). ahíñašgu n; wakídhañwna Biyúwaregu n Kurérigu n Báxoje máya nda wááwa safe; safety: look after one's own safety and welfare; take heed to máya ndañe máñiñašgu n. oneself; be on guard; beware v.i. akíkida : (I look after myself, áákikida; you…, arákikida; we…, háⁿkikidawi; they…, akíkidañe) . I will always remember when the Holy Grandfathers told me: “Take care of yourself !” Hi ntúga n Xóñita n hinrágegeñe: Ánkikida re. Áma héthún ke.

“a” in papa; “a n” as “aw” in yawn; “ch ~ č” in chair; “dh” in the; “e” in they (Final “e” as wet); “g” in give; “i” as ski; “i n” in hee; “j” in Jake; “k” in key; “ñ” in canyon ©

101 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

save; spare; cause to be left v.t. udáhi : (I…, udáha; you…, udára; we…, ** continue to say, saying v.t. é máñi. What! You continue on saying udáⁿhiwi; they…, udáhiñe) . save someone’s life; let, cause to live v.t. “Wait!” Wa. “Akína re.” isá ramáñi ke. did say it (emphasis ) v.t. éâhú n; n n n ix^á hi; ix^á mi (?) (LWR) . save one's own v.t. iwégragi. save one's igé ke (DOR) . did say it (emphasis ) v.t. éâhú ; igé ke (DOR) . said that to property by winning stakes v.t. irúhi; (iróhi (DOR) ). save oneself; get another v.t. gáre^éâ. What is meant; that is what he’s saying v.t. well v.i. uñíyi n. Try hard and take care of yourself! Uñíwayi n škúñi ho …áre wagé ke. (sing.) or Uñíwayi n škúñiwi ho (pl.) . ** they say (emphasis ) v.t. áñe ke. [NOTE: “They say” and “^ášgu” (it seems) n saw; cut wood by sawing n/v.t. néwagru je (FM) ; náibagrunje (DOR) ; are both used as formula endings for narrating past events, and in the telling of w ékaⁿ]. n náiwagrunje (DOR) ; (wíbaxichê (DOR) ). [Dh. wémagighe] . ** SEE : ba…. They say that turtle is a different kind of meat, Kéta wañí ikírara añí áñe ** saw; cut v.t. iwágru nje; bagrú nje. saw; cut with axe v.t. ajé. When ke. we had a wood stove, we used to chop a lot of wood, Ná madhépeje iyá n scab; dry scab; push off hard (sore ) n/v.t. waxróje. [Om/P. nie anazage;(nie= n hi ngrañiwida ná róha n hánje wina. saw, punch off a piece v.t. wášwe; sore) ; L. xá ; hochoshpu (wart; fish scales); xpuxpú (be scaly; have scabs or wášwehi (make one) . saw, punch off many pieces v.t. wášwašwa (DOR) . dándruff]. ** SEE : shed . saw, push, punch on s.t., leaving a mark (but not saw through or punch hole scales, fish scales n. hówašgu. scaled off (root ) (?) v.i. šdhášdha (DOR) . in ) v.t. wathgówe. saw, sharpen (wood ) (?) v.t. wathówe. saw across scaffold n. ná wegrúhkijeñe (lit.: “wood themownonestieontothey”) . People the grain (board) v.t. wagéxe. saw log through the middle v.t. had died. Trees were leaning out all along the lake. The people who had n n ukínathe; (onáshage (DOR) ) (?) . saw off one’s own (board) v.t. egwágru je. died, they tied their own ones on them (scaffolds) , it seems, Wa ^šhíge n saw s.t.; cut s.t. by sawing v.t. wagrú nje. saw off s.t.; push, punch off t^áñe. Ná jégixe épona hiáwawañe. Aré wa šhíge t^áñe aré n n v.t. awágru nje. saw round (wood like a ball ) (?) v.t. wašdášda; wašnášna wegrúhkijeñ àšhgu . [Julia Small: “Hi kúñi (My Grandmother)”]. [L. cha nágnakapi (funneral stand; burial scaffold; cha nágnaka (put s.o. on a burial (DOR) . saw short; saw off big log short; punch and break off v.t. scaffold)]. wagrú nje. saw s.t. with v.t. iwágru nje. sawing sound (made in using saw; scalp (human ) n. nádúpe; wanáthu xúha; náthu xúha (lit.: “head covering”). scraping wood, tearing cloth ) n. waxóxe. Our warriors will (would) take many scalps , Wa n^kwašoše hintewi nadúpe ** saw. ** SEE : see. dána añíñe ruthéñe ke (AL) . scalp lock braid n. ax^ó; ax^óiñe (I.) ; say; said v.t. é: n n n ax^óiŋe (O.) ; (axho (SKN) ; na dó (DOR) ). scalped man n. ruwéthereje (arch.) . I…, ihé [I + há + e] we two say, hi he; hi wihe [NOTE : It was believed that any person who had been scalped and survived, he ~ she n n we all…, hí háwi; hí wiháwi could not return to the people. It was reasoned that anyone who survived such an you…, isé [I + sá + e] you all…, ríwisáwi enemy attack would become so malevolent that he could not live in society. Such a they two…, áwi survivor would live apart in remote inaccessible places, existing as best they could, and he, she…, é; éwe they…, áñe; éwañe holding direct communication with animals. It was thought that they exerted ill powers. Children would be warned about the scalped people as mischievous spirits, threats to children and adults alike. They lived by stealing whatever they could find. They were I said so. (lit:“it’s so I say it”) Aré ihgáhji séhe ke. said to seize women, young people or children, perhaps for the purpose of servants. As I was saying it (sitting) . Ihánahe ke. [ihé + [mi] nahe] such, many were fearful of going about at night, especially near the banks of streams. I was saying it as I stood. Ihádahe ke. [ihé + hadáhe] Gene Weltfish, “The Lost Universe,” Basic Books, 1965 ]. Scalping Bundle n. What did you say? Dagwísa je [dagú + isé + je] Wathé Warúxawe; Wajé Warúxawe; Watce WaroXawe (SKN) ; Wací You keep on saying, “Wait”. “Akína re” isá ramáñi ke. Waruxawe (DOR) . [NOTE : Wanathú nje was directed to make a kind of bundle known as Wathé Warúxawe, interpreted as “white head” because it contained such a powerful I don’t think he said it. Tádare éhe ke iháre ke. n n medicine that it would turn grey the hair of any person who touched it. Wanathú je told: Do you think he said it? É isdáyi je “There can be seven of these, and seven of my kind….” And this was said to be the She spoke to them and…, Wógitâna…. beginning of the Ioway bundles. The holders of war bundles, whether of the …, he said (quoting) . … é taraô. (DOR) Wanathú nje or the Wathé types, formed together with a few other bundles a Wókigo …, he said, it seems. (evidential) … éâšgu n. (Society), properly called “WarúXawékigo” (War Bundle Society). These were joined …, they said (quoting) . … áñe ke. in certain feasts and, ceremonies every year. could not return to the people. It was n reasoned that anyone who survived such an enemy attack would become so malevolent …, they said, it seems. (evidential) … áñašgu . that he could not live in society. Such a survivor would live apart in remote inaccessible It is as they said (or ) thought. Jehgánase áñe. places, existing as best they could, and holding direct communication with animals. It That’s what he said to them, Aré éîhú n. was thought that they exerted ill powers. Alanson Skinner, “Ethnology of the Ioway Indians,” Bulletin: PMM: 5. p.213 ]. ** SEE : bundles, sacred bundles; societies; n ** say (accidentally ~ falsely) v.i. éê. say (in bad sense, slander (or) reproof) Waché ~ Wathé; Wanáthu je. v.t. ga^íge; gáigé. say all that is (or ) needs to be said; say it all; tell all scapula. ** SEE : shoulder. n n the news; leave no news to be told by anyone v.i. ich^é rašéna. say as scar n/v.t. basdá ka (JY) ; ugíñi (lit.: “where ~ within heals”). [W. hiruwá s: I am…, n n n follows v.i. ga^é. say as follows to another v.t. ga^éâ. They said as hii túwa s; Om/P.sna; Os. thama ; L. osnáze; snaze (be scarred]. scare; cause to flee; make one be afraid (or) scared v.t. wahádhe; nahíre; follows to him, Gaîgáñe ke. say as follows to them (in reproof) v.t. naxíhi (cause to be afraid) ; naghíhi (DOR) ; naxíhi; nahíhi. My aunt told me gawíge. say in reply to someone v.t. jeáre eâ. say s.t. good or bad “When I and my little grandma were little girls, we swam without clothes in about others v.t. wíge. Tell me straight, ( Muskrat told him ), n Red Rock Creek; Then my uncle he dressed in an old fur coat and he Wókathoxšji híí ge áñe ke . say that (in scolding manner) v.t. šége (DOR) . sneaked up in the brush. When he stood up, we saw a big bear and it Something was the matter, so I said that, Daguréšun^na šéhage ke. say scared us, so we ran back home without taking our dresses. Maybe we that; think that v.t. séê. That’s what he said, Aré éihu n (or) Aré é ke. frightened ourselves ,” Hi ntúmi ú nragena: “Tahéna híne hi nkú niŋe héda n say, said that (in reply) v.t. še áreê; sé aré éâ. I said that (or ) That’s chi nmiiŋe hi nnaheda Íno Súje Ñí ída hi nkígridhúka wáje, Hi nñíwana. what I said, Šeáre ihé ke. We said that (or ) That’s what we said, Šeáre n n n n n n n Hi jéga hí wónayi sóga k^í na wáwagraje máñi ki. Héda náyi na mató hi háwi ke. say this to another v.t. jé aré éâ. say to v.t. éâ (DOR) . há ndana wáwanahire ki. Háhda hi ngrinaŋe ki. wáje hi ngrúdhe skúñi. He said it to him, Éâ ke. I said that to him, Šeáre ihéâ ke. Eswéna náxihi nki ki.” scare, frighten oneself v.t. naxíre; naxíki; nahíre; naxíkihi : (I scared myself, naxíhaki; you…, naxíraki; we…, naxí nkiwi; they…, naxíkiñe); (nanghiki (DOR) ). I scare d myself , Naxí haki ke.

“ŋ”as ‘ng’ in sing; “o” as note; “p” as pie; “r” as in Spanish ‘pero’; “s” as say; “š” heard as “s” or “sh”; “th” as thick; “u” as sure; “u n” as in too; “x” as gutteral "loch"; “^” ~ “ ˀ” (=glotal stop) as in uh’oh ©

102 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

scarify the flesh v. iró gixráxraje. scarify; bleed s.o. (doctoring) ; cut beef scorpion n. thíñe wíyawe; thí nje wíyawe (lit.: “tail with stabs ~ stings”) ; thi nch^é into strings for drying v.t. githréthrege. I remember when my aunt wíyawe (?) (LWR) . doctored persons. She had a little knife and caused them to bleed ; And scout; explorer; look at; survey n. wóthî n. [Os. tá nwa n abeta n wadá nbe (town n then she extracted a blood clot that had caused their illness, Hi túmi around see s.t.) . ** SEE : spy; stalk; peep. waswéhi ^ú nna nahá hethu ke; Mahíiñe chéhe ^ú nna githréthregehi ke. scrape; scratch; grate v.rt. =kêdhe. scraping, screeching, squeaking Wabáge waskige risdóje ke. Éwaû nna wahírehina. sound (on iron, etc., by weight, pressure as moving chair over without getting up ) scarlet; crimson red; very red; vermillion adj/v.i. grasújîŋe; grasúchiñe. n/v.i. wix^áxe (DOR) . scrape right and left (suddenly ) v.i. wíthgewe n scatter; disarrange by lying (or) blowing on v.t. wi^é : (I…, hapíê; you…, (réhi). scrape (with knife ); cut (corn ) off cob v.t. abádhta (DOR) . ** SEE : swíê; we…, hiⁿwíâwi; they…, wi^éñe) . scatter; strew in, on, over v.t. shell. My aunt made this corn cake by first taking a fresh ear of corn and n n n urúbe [u (in) + ru (by hand) + bé let loose)] ; u^éra (DOR) : (I…, uhádube; you…, cut off the kernels , Hínaiñe wadúje wabuthge iyá ki ^ú na; itú waháma usrúbe; we…, hórubawi; they…, urúbeñe) . You will not scatter all your toys in dóke rúdhena abádhta n ki. scrape, shave wood v.t. gith^ó. the room, Wišgáje bróge ritawe chišdáiñe wóstube škuñi hñe ke. ** scrape, wipe off (mud ) by hand v.t. wak^ú n ~ wak^ó (?): (I…, hapákû n; ** scatter, disperse with breath; blow open (as cotton does ) v.t. wišdáje; you…, swákû n; we…, hi nwákû nwi; they…, wak^ú nñe) . You can wipe the mud wištáje. It was the time of year when fluffly cottonwood seeds scatter in off the steps, Máhanthrithri wáánayí n swákû nšdu n. scrape, wipe s.t. off the wind, they say, Tahéna báxê xáñe thúp^òšge wišdáje da gahéda, áñe oneself by hand v.t. gwak^ú n: (I scrape off my own…, hegwákû n; you…, ke. scatter right and left (by pushing ) v.t. wa^é. scatter water by regwákû n; we…, hi ngwákû nwi; they…, gwak^ú nñe) . Then you can wipe off the blowing out of the mouth (as waswéhi does; sprinkle clothes ) v.t. wiwíxa. I mud on your pants, Hedá n máha nthrithri unáthu n regwákû nšdu n ki. n was small, but I saw my mother iron clothes and sprinkle water on them to ** scrape off (mud ) by pushing (from clothing ) v.t. wakí je. ** SEE : scrape, make them smooth, Míê hi nšúwe mínahe ke. Hína wónayi n wašdúje átana wipe; wakí nje; nakí nje. scrape off s.t.; prune (trees ) v.t. gik^édhe. ñí awíwixa dáhge ke. scattered around; be strewn about adj/v.i. scrape obj. lying on s.t. else v.t. awáhgewe (DOR) . scrape (by pushing ) pópoge : (we’re scattered around, wawápopogawi; y’all are scattered around, one’s own property v.t. egwáhgewe; egwathkewe (DOR) . scrape smooth ripópogawi; they’re scattered around, wapópoge) . The snow flakes lay scattered (knife ); blow snow off ice causing slippery condition v.t/v.i. gišróje; about on the ground, Báhu máyan pápoge yá n daháŋe ke. scattered by gišdóje. We’ll have to walk carefully because the wind blew the snow off wind (ashes, dust, water )(blowing over and behind a shelter ) v.i. warúbrubru; the ice, Wómanke hi nmáñi táhñe^chi táje bá bróge gišdóje ke. scrape urúbru; orúpru (DOR) . Sunday at noon when they took down the tipi. The straight (wood, metal ) v.t. waréda. scrape till in holes (clothing, hide ) v.t. n n wind scatter ed the ashes before they could dispose of them, Há we Xóñita wadúgwara. a scraper; elk antler scraper n. wíkô humáhe (SKN) . bíma^šida chíbothraje rušéñe hñe ke. Háxoje béñe udáñigi táje gré héda scraping wood sound; sound tearing n/v.i. waxóxe. háxoje urúbru ke. scattered over adj/v.t. u^éra (DOR) . scratch; engrave v.rt. =gaxe. scratch; write; mark s.t. v.t. wagáxe : (I…, n Ráñi rúdhena máya idá u^éra bé, hináshiñe. hapágaxe; you…, swágaxe; we…, hi nwágaxawi; they…, wagáxeñe) . I’m going to Éda thú bróge axéwe. Éda máya n axéwe, write a letter to my friend, Wawágaxe iyá n hi ntáro hapagaxe hñe ke. do áñe ke. by scratching on; engrave v.t. awágaxe^ú n: (I…, áápagaxe ha^ú n; you…, The old woman, taking the tobacco, scatter ed it over aswágaxe ra^ú n; we…, há nwágaxe hi n^ú nwi; they…, awágaxe ^ú nñe). We are the land. Then, all the seed appeared. having a headstone engrave d for our Great Grandpa, Wakíhandañi hi ntúga Then it appeared on the Earth, wóxe í nno awágaxe ^ú nñe hñe ke. scratch and make swell v.t. riwú : they say. (I…, hajíwu; you…, sdíwu; we…, hi nríwuwi; they…, riwúñe) . Look were the cat n [Wéka : "Mishjíñe na áthraje” (Rabbit and Grasshoppers)]. scratched me! Udwáiñe hi nríwu ke. Adá re. scratch ground; paw and school n. wóguⁿdhe. school house n. wóguⁿdhe chí. school exam; scratch; pinch v.t. rixróge. The horses paw ed scratching the frozen n exam n. wóšgá i^úje (lit.: “teachings try ~ prove) . school leason; leason n. ground, Shúñe máha dákara ída rixróge ñe ke. scratch (skin ) v.t. rux^í. n n n n wóšgá nahá, wóšgá iyá ki. You have to learn these lessons , Wóšgá You are going to scratch me, Ríre hi nnásdúxî hñe ki. scratch oneself nahá jéê wapíra hñe ke. schooling; education; teachings; knowledge; v.i. akígruxî: (I…, áákigruxî; you…, arákigruxî; we…, há nkigruxîwi; they…, n n ways n. wóšgá . get, obtain an education; teachings v.t wóšgá igú. akigruxîñe). We scratch ed ourselves with the rose bush? Uxrášuje ^ú nna n n graduate with an education v.t wóšgá grúšdá . have an education v.t há nkigruxîwi ke. scratch s.t. by pushing (with stick, etc. ) v.t. wagéxe. n n wóšgá añí; wóšgá egráñi (have one’s own teachings ). ** SEE : exam; lesson; You scratch ed the car door when you push ed your bike along side it, n wisdom. higher education; college; university n. wóšgá wéxa. [L/D. Námañi chi^óge núwe rutana ritáwe ^ú nna swágexe ke. scratch on; write n n wóu spe wa kátuya (teachíngs on high, on high]. secondary education; high on s.t. v.t. awágaxe. I wrote on my book what he said, Dagúre é náhena n n n n school n. wóšgá mangrídagu . [L/D. wóu spe wa káwapaya (teachíngs wawágaxe ahegwágaxe ke. scratching sound (dog at door ); clash of metal somewhat higher]. (two swords ) n/v.i. rux^áxe; rux^áxâxe; (ruxaghe (DOR) ). I can hear the dog scissors n. wíritudhe; warídhuje (JY) ; warihtudhe (DOR) . cut cloth, etc., scratching at the door outside, Shúnkeñe tágrida chi^ógeda rux^áxâxe with scissors v.t. ritúdhe; irítudhe; gitúdhe: (I…, hájítudhe; you…., sdítudhe; hanáxû nsdu n ke. we…., hi nrítudhewi; they…, ritúdheñe). cut one's own with scissors v.t. scream. ** SEE : hollar; shout; yell. grítudhe. I cut out with scissors my own floral patterns, Xamóxra wíthge screech; scrape; squeak; make grating sound (on sheet iron etc. ) by weight mitáwe hegrítudhe ki. v.i. wix^áxe. scold; rebuke v.t. rixóge; aríxoge (GM) ; (ahoke (HAM) ; rakánga; rakanka (DOR) ): screech owl n. póxriiñe (I.) ; póxriiŋe; poxríŋe (lit.: “head sore little”). (I…, hajíxoge; you…, sríxoge; we…, hi nríxogawi; they…, rixógeñe) . screw n. rugéxe; gigéxe . [W. wiirúarch; hirusárach (do slowly, carefully); Om/P. I scolded y’all, Ríjixogawi ke. uthígtheze; Os. wiúdhima n; L. yuótî nze (tighten s.t. by hand ~ tool)] . screw driver You scolded us all, Wawásrixogawi ke. n n. rugéxe wíû . She scolded me, Anríxoge ke. scrotum; testicle n. šú nhšje; thú nhšje; šú nhje (lit.: “seed real (?)”) . The two of us scolded you, Hi nrírixoge ke. scrub board. ** SEE : wash board. They scolded me, Anríxogeñe ke. Those two scolded each other, Kikírixogawi ke. ** scold; admonish; discipline; rebuke (them ) v.t. aríxoge (I.) (LWR) ; waríxoge (O.) ; wadhíxoge (O.) ; (warixoke (DOR) ; washíxoge (DOR) ). scold a sulking person (said when s.o. is scolded and he sits still afterward sulking ) (arch.) v.t. wáyi n piškúñi ratháŋehšji kíne. score; keep score. ** SEE : count. scorn. ** SEE : laugh at.

103 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

scuffle; brawl; fuss with, hassle; wrestle; clash, fight n/v.t. urúsa: (I…, we all…, hánkihdawi uhádusa; you…., usdusa; we…., hórusawi ( or ) húrusawi; they…, urúsañe). I don’t you…yourself, árakíhda you all…, árakíhdawi n want to fuss with you, Urídusa hagú ta škúñi ke. They wanted to scuffle they two…, akídawi with them, Wórusa ñe gúnañe ke. We may have to scuffle with them if he …himself, akíhda they…, akídañe n you are unable make them change their mind, Ešwéna wasdáwi xe škúñišge hówarusa tahñašge. scuffle, wrestle with one another v.t. ** see s.t.; hunt for s.t. by thrusting stick under s.t. light and lifting end ukíruša (máñi). Why do you boys always fuss with each other? v.t. waxé; waxéxe (DOR) . see through (writing, grease on paper ) v.t. udáxe; n n Ríchi dóiŋe áma urákikirusa je. We ( two ) were wrestling , Hu kíkirusami udáxê (?) ; gidáxe. ke. ** He sees! v.t. wahá réhi. [NOTE : This is said when one pushes forward scythe; grass, weed cutter; sickle n. xámi gistáye. suddenly in order to see s.t.]. go to see; look at v.t. wa nwá nda. look and n n sea; ocean n. jéda ; jé (GM) ; ñíxañe (I.) ; ñíxa je (O.) . see; notice v.t. ikíruhda. look, see in future; forcast. ** SEE : always. n seal; glue; wax; apply wax; close up; gum up; shut, stop n/v.t. éxri [a + gi No eyes that you don't see? v.i. uwáî (DOR) . I thrust my fingers at n + xri] ; agíxri. ** SEE : mark; stamp; imprint; print. him, saying, “Have you no eyes?” “Išdá riníŋe je” ihé hapáî ke. ** SEE : “At night, close their eyes with wax ,” he said to them, it seems, uwáî n. n n “Há hegi išdá híwe wawágixri wi re,” wigeášgu . seed n. thú; wamáje; (wamáⁿje = seman(?)(old)). plant seeds; put in v.t. uyú. n [Weka : “Sister and Brother”]. seed beads n. wi nthíŋe. seam. ** SEE : closure; joint; sew; stitch. v.t. : (I…, uháduje; you…, usdáje; we…, ho nrájewi; they…, n seek; look for uráje semen n. wamá je (?) . ** SEE : seed. urájeñe) . For there is nothing lost, that may not be found, if sought (seeked ), search. ** SEE : look for. n [From Film: n n Dagúre xwáñišge áma irúgre hñe wayére^šu uráje šge. seasons n. Há we. n. Há we Ukíraje Dówe (lit.: “day different four”) . “The Lost ation: The Ioway”]. seek one’s own; look for one’s own v.t. seat; be seated; chair n/v.i. amína; (mínana (MAG) ). I always sat down on ugráje. I’m looking for my eye glasses, Išdámadh^úgraŋe uhégraje ke. n my Grandpa’s big chair , Hintúga amína xáñe etáwe áma áámina ke. [a seek to do; try to do v.t. i^úje. hide and seek (children’s game ) n. (on) + há (I) + mína (be sitting)]. nakixwena uráje. second adj. inúwe; inúwenaha; (wínuwe ~ winowe (DOR) ). second; seem; seem as if suf. …hge; …the; …thke. it seems (past event, narr. following; next to; as soon as adj/v.i. iróxre. The one who following the n evid. ) suf. …ašgu . [NOTE: “It seems” and “áñe ke” (they say) are both used as oldest brother is the second oldest brother, Iróxre nahá Hi ngrú Héna áre ke. formula endings for narrating past events, and in the telling of w éka ⁿ]: secondborn son n. Héna. secondhand; soiled (after short use ) adj/v.i. n It seems as if I broke my leg, Húwe hanáwaxehge . théwara. a second hand shirt, wónayi théwara. a second hand ( Iroshka ) n n n He had it, it seems , Añášgu . [añí + ašgu ] leggins, agúta théwara. Second Moon; February n. Bí Inúwe (DOR) He said it, it seems , Éâšgu n. (MY) . ** SEE : February. They said it, it seems , Áñašgu n. [áñe + ašgu n] ** a second time; again adj/adv. inúha; inúha n; inúwe; šigé; (winúha n n n There was a village (sitting), it seems. (DOR) ). Then again, a second time he cried out, Edá šigé inúha hótu ke. n A Chief had two girls, it seems. the second time; both adj/adv. inúki ~ inú ki. A man and his wife together secret; hidden; unknown n. ukínaxwa; (nachron (?) (MAX) ). ** SEE : hidden. n n they have a boy, it seems. seduce; seduce s.o.; force s.o. v.t. wíthu je: (I seduced her, hapíthu je; you n n n n n n n Chínaya náŋàšgu . Wáŋegíhi chi míiŋe núwe añášgu . seduced her, swíthu je; we all seduced him, hi wíthu jewi; they seduced him, n n n n n n n Wáŋe itámį gratógre chi tóiŋe añiwàšgu . wíthu jeñe). He was trying to seduce me, Aré u wíthu je ki î ki. see v.rt. =he; =xe. see; look; look at; look after; watch v.t. adá : (I…, n Then, it is the Chief, it is his second daughter áta; you…, arásda; we…, há dawi; they…, adáñe) . she loves the boy, for certain. I did not see them, Wááta škúñi ke. (i.e., I did not look at them) . She loves him, so she marries him, He did not see them, Wáda škúñi ke. (i.e., he did not look at them) . n it seems. They didn’t see a single animal, Wanúje iyá adá škúña ñe ke. n n Idáre Wáŋégíhi nahá, iyúŋe míha nahá aré See the snake! Waká adá re. You all see it! Adáwi re. chi ndóiŋe gráhià^ä. Gráhinan arúxàšgu n. [Wéka n: “Máya n Wadáhe (The Wanderer)]. I see you . I see him. Arít a ke. [a + ri + ta]; Áta ke. seize; grasp; take; accept v.t. rudhé; (ruthé (DOR) ): (I…, hadúdhe; you…, I see you two, Aríta ke. sdúdhe; we…, hi nrúdhewi; they…, rudheñe) . “If we could seize them by the I see you all, ( plural ) Arítawi ke. fort…”, they were saying, “Náwata aškida hi nwárudhe wišge…,” wigáñe I see them, Wááta ke ke. You see the two of us, Wáwasda ke. [wa+ a+ wa+ s + da] select; pick. ** SEE : sanction; choose. You see all of us, Wáwasdawi ke. self; body; flesh n. iró. n Do you see me? Á rasda je. self; selves prf. ki… ( as in: myself, yourself, himself, ourself, theirselves ): You see them, Wáárasda ke. I hurt myself , my hand, Náwe hakí chê ke. [ha + ki + gichê]. We all see you all, Há nridawi ke. Pour yourself some water, Ñí ukí kû n ne. He saw a turtle, Kéta n adá ke. He made himself chief, Wáŋegihi ukí kû n ke. He sees me; he see you too, Ánda ke; Héda n aríhda ke. We pride ourselves , Hí nkí grajihe ke. The two of them see me, Ándawi ke. [a + hi n + da + wi] We see ourselves , Hí nkí hdawi ke. They all see themselves, Akihdañe ke. ** SEE : only; it is me (you, etc. ). They all see each other, Akíkihdañe ke. self propelled; by itself ; motor; electric adj/v.i. éwaki (I.) ; ewáki (O.) ; n Come [home and] see us! Wawáda griga re! kíwáré; ewákiî . ** SEE : car. selfish; stingy adj/v.i. šíroge. I see my own [property, relations] Égrata ke. sell; sell s.t. n/v.t. wirúmi. sell; trade v.t. irúmi; irómi: (I…, ihádúmi; You see your own, Erégrasda ke. you…, irásdúmi; we…, hí nrúmiwi; they…, irúmiñe). Do you still want to sell

some blue pants? Kó^o unáthu n isdúmi ragú nsda je. I see myself, ákihdá we two…, hánkihda

104 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

sense; common sense; think n/v.t. wírugra n. Yes, you do have good ise sdá nse ke; gáê naháê swabóthraje ke. set upright; close; contract common sence , Hú nje. Ríre wírugra n pí ratúna. and close v.t. urúši n; urúši (flowers ). You know that the flowers contract send ; sent ; cause to come v.t. jíhi; réhi: (I sent it…, réha; you , réra; we , and close at night, correct?, Ha nheda xramóxra urúši nñe ke. Aréhga je. n réhi wi; we two , réhi; they…, réhiñe; they two…, réhiwi) . set upright s.t. (fence post in ground ) v.t. waxróge; (wakhroke (DOR) ): (I…, n What did you say that you sent here? Dagú isé ji rárešge je. (MY) hapáxroge; you…, swáxroge; we…, hi wáxrogewi; they…, waxrogeñe). be I sent him there, Aré réha ke. upright; standing position v.i. hijé; hidá. place, put upright; stand n I always send him, Aré réhašdu ke. upright v.t. hijéhi. place upright in; stand upright in v.t. uhíjehi. You sent him there, Aré réra ke. ** set up, erect (a house, building, dwelling, etc.) ; pitch camp v.t. agré. I You send me, Rí nra ke. [re + hi n + ra + [hi]] heard that you will set up a new store in town, Wirúmiŋchi chége iya nki n n You always send me, Rí ranašdu ke. [See Above ] chínada arágre ragáxe hñe ke. ** SEE : build; make. set up, pitch camp n n You always send him, Áma rérašdu ke. v.t/v.i. chí; chí agré. We will set up (pitch) our camp in the same place by He sends me Rémi n ke. the Black Bear Creek, Ñí Mú nje Theweda uwé iya nkida chí hángigre tahñe She sent him here Jíhi ke. ke. set upright on s.t.; place, stick ~ set up a (perpendicular) obj. (on He sent him there, Dówarehí ke. something that serves as a base ) v.t. agré. Will you set up my eagle feather He always sends me, Rémi nšdu n ke. in my deer tail hair roach? Tá thí nje mitwedahe xrá mašún ída arágre (je). n n He used to always send me, Áme póšiwe míne rémi šdu ke. set up (fence post in ground ) v.t. waxróge. They set up white posts around ** send away suddenly v.t/suf. réhi. ** SEE : suddenly . send on errand; the cemetary because they will have new fence, Náwata chége ^ú nñechi n n employ; hire v.i. wa^ú hi; wa^ú gihi. [OmP: uthíta ni (uthíta = job); wathíta n chína xóweškúñi ešá nša nda húgre hgá wawáxrogeñe ke. set up slanting kithe (hire); Os. washí: I…, awáhi, you…, wathíshi; we…, wathíshiî]. I wanted to v.t. wašdúye ijéhi; wastúye. set upright by pushing (board, pole ) v.t. n hire my grandson to work for me, but I will you send you instead, Hi tágwa wabóthraje. ** SEE : set up; up on; upon s.t. else; agré; wathéje. wa^ú nhi ngihi hagú nta ke. Núâ kirúhda ke wa^ú nríhi hñe ke. send out ; I stick a feather upright in my hair, Nádu mášu n áágre ke. [a + ha + gre ] come out v.t. axéwe; (aghéwe (DOR) ): (I..., ááxewe; you..., aráxewe; we..., You put a kettle on the stove, Madhépeje réxê arágre ke. há nxewewi; they..., axéweñe). I came outside when it cleared and the sun We could set up our own tipis, Chíbothraje hi nwógruši nsdu nwi ke. came out shinning, Tagrída ááxewe na kerá ke. Bí dáhahaje axéwe ki. [hi n + wa + ugruši n + sdu n + wi] send up high by pushing, leaning against v.t. wimá n^shi; wimá nxshi He set a pole up in the ground, Náya n máhada waxróge ke. (DOR) . ** set (table ); cover s.t.; conceal; shut v.t. aráge; aráke. You must shut sentry; guard. ** SEE : soldier; camp “police.” the door because it’s cold outside, Róthri n tagrídachi chi^ógwe arásdage senile; be senile; make oneself into a child again adj/v.i. píhi chi nchíŋe hñe ke, We are going to set the table with plates, cups, and spoons, .kik^ú n. Wahgé mánkathewe kogrٌn túge hédan ^únna wáárúje hánrage hñe ke separate; separated; spread out in layers, slices v.rt. bra…. separate set (time ~ date ) v.t. athína (DOR) (SD) . When will they set the date for the n n n v.t. girúga ; wigíruga ; wikíruka (DOR) : (I…, wihágiruga n; you…, wirágiruga n; next Iróshka dance? Tahéda há nwe nahá Iróška irógreda athína na je. set we…, hi nwígiruga nwi; they…, wigíruga nñe) . We had to separate the cows from in; come (arrived ) and set in v.t. jináŋe. Sickness came and set in And the calves, Chehgámiŋe chehgášúwe hi nwígirúga nna ke. separate, part so, they were sick, it seems, Wókišigu jináŋena wahíreñàšgu n. set to n grass, undergrowth (in pushing one's way through ) v.t. xámi wathá ; uxráwe pen; sign; hold a pen, feather v.t. mášu n unáŋe (old) . In 1824, White wathá n. separate; divide; go apart many times adv/v.i. gíruga nga n. Cloud and Great Walker traveled with an Ioway delegation to Washington, ** SEE : girúga n (above ). separate; go apart; move (?) adv/v.i. kirá. I will D.C. to negotiate a treaty, Báñi 1824da MaxúThka MáñiXàñe Dotá nha n go apart from home (the family) and live in the city. Chúyu wáákira hñe nahá Chína Washington D.C. ída wamáñiñena ukíkit^àñena mašú n n n ke; héda chína xá je hachí hñe ke. unáŋeñe hñe ke, áñe ke. [From the Film: “The Lost ation: The Ioway”]. n ** separate by biting v.t. ragíruga . ** SEE : kirúga n. separate by hand settle on (surface ); be several on ~ around; be some ~ a number of; be v.t. rubrábra : (I…, hadúbrabra; you…, sdúbrabra; we…, hi nrúbrabrawi; they…, ru numerous, many; pile up; be dense on prep/v.t. édo. rubrábrañe). You are going to have to separate all the beads by hand , ** be many on adj/v.i. édo. ** SEE : adhere; stick; ugwé; egwé; dáre; decide. wa^ú nhi ngihi hata ke. Withúiñe bróge wasdúbrabra hñe ke. separate by There’s several bugs on me, Wagrí ándo(ñe) ke. n punching between them v.t. wagíruga . separate obj. (perpendicular) in There’s several bugs on us two , Wagrí wéwedo ke. n n piles v.t. inú kihi jehi. separate obj. (curvilinear: books, etc.) v.t. inú kihi There’s several bugs on you , Wagrí arído ke. n nahi. separate obj. (horizontal: tools) v.t. inú kihi wehi. separate two There’s several bugs on her , Wagrí edo ke. obj. stuck together (by striking between them (or) wind blowing on them) v.t. There’s several bugs on us all , Wagrí wéwedo wi ke. n n gigíruga ; gikíruka (DOR) . separate two obj. by bearing, lying, sitting, There’s several bugs all of you , Wagrí arídowi ke. pressing on v.t. wikíruga n. n There's several bugs on them 2 , Wagrí wédowi ke. September n. Doxîna Gré Mina (I.) (FM) (RL) (SKN) ; Tá Míná Xemá dha (lit.: There's several bugs Wagrí wédoñe ke. “deer sitting frosted”) . [NOTE : Autumn, Fall Season, Náto Xwáñe (lit.: “leaves green all of them , fall”)]. n seven (sacred number ) quant. šáhma; šá^hma (LWR) . [NOTE : “Everything goes by serenity. ** SEE : peace; wapána. sevens. There are the seven stars, the seven gentes (clans), and the seven (Sacred) serve (oneself ) v.i. wathgáwe: (I..., hapáthgawe; you..., swáthgawe; we..., Pipes.” There are also seven specific ceremonials specifically performed with the n hi wáthgawewi; they..., wathgáweñe) . You just sit down and serve yourself, Sacred Pipe(s). These Sacred Pipes were kept in skin wrappers and only unwrapped for n n Hú je. Ríre géda swá kíthgawe ke. servant; attendant; assistant; solemn prayer ceremonials or specific appropriate occasions. They are highly esteemed helper n. wagíxra. and reverenced as a symbol of man’s connection with Wakánda. D.Tohee in Skinner, service(s); prayer meeting. ** SEE : prayer. “Ethnology of the Ioway,” p.198 ]. ** SEE : Sacred Pipes; stars . set; put down v.t. ináki; inánki; hinánki : (I…, ihánaki; you…, iránaki; we…, híⁿnakiwi; they…, inákiñe) . set; put down; stand up (bucket ) v.t. ijéhi; hijéhi. upright; stand(ing); stand up adj/v.i. náyi n: (I…, hanáyi n; you…., ranáyi n; we…., hi nnáyi nwi; they…, nayi nñe). The dog is standing under the n n table, Šúnkeñi warúje kuhá da danayi ke. ** SEE : náyiⁿ. ** push and set upright an obj. v.t. wabóthraje (as when setting up a tipi ): (I set up, hapábothraje; you…, swábothraje; we…, hi nwábothrajewi; they…, wabothrajeñe). And so you say you have one of those tents that you push up and it sets upright for the powwows, Wóya nwe sdáwida chihgáiñeya n asdí n

105 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

** seven at a time; seven together adv. šáhmana. In this card game, ** Shakes Head (a personal Bear Clan name ) PáHúye. And then the bear you deal seven at a time to each player ( person ), Warúbrabra šgáje jéê awoke and came out of the cave. It shook its head back and forth and wá n^shige bróge warúbrabra šáhmana wórá^ku n ke. sevenfold adv. wondered which way to go, they say, Héda mú nje máhachida ikína axéwe šáhmagiha n. seven in each place adv. šáhmawamáha n. seven stars ~ hú ke; pá húye hikúku: “Tá nwasda je,” iré áñe ke. n `sisters. [NOTE : The seven stars refer to the constellation Pleiades, the seven ** shake out s.t. (as bed clothing ) v.t. weká (I.) (LWR) [wa + gikán] . shake, daughters of the Greek god, Atlas. At the same time, the term has been applied to the rattle; loosen s.t. v.t. rugráge. shake out ~ up v.t. giká n. Ursa Major or the Big Dipper. Alanson Skinner, “Ethnology of the Ioway.” ]. ** SEE : n n shake s.t. v.t. wahúdhe (by pushing ); stars. seven times; the seventh time adv. išáhmaha ; wišáhma(ha ) n shake s.t. v.t. gihúdhe (by stricking, cutting with axe; action of wind ). (DOR) ; šáhma gígre (DOR) . It is the seventh time you have visited me, shake s.t. v.t. rihúdhe (by pulling ). Išáhmaha n chí hi nnákiwara ke. Seven times two is fourteen, Núwešda n n n shake s.t. v.t. rahúdhe (by mouth, teeth, biting, talking ). išahmáha ída agrí dowe jírehi áre ke. seven to each adv. šáhmanana. n ** shake s.t.; shake out, up; adze, hew wood v.t. giká . shake s.t. by Now you give out the candy seven to each one of the children, Gašú n ke. n n n mouth, by by yelling v.t. rahúdhe; rahúhudhe (many times ). He (Rabbit ) Náñiwebri chi chíiŋe šáhmanana wórakû ho. n shook the earth many times with his voice , Máya bróge rahúhudhe ke. ** seventh adj. šahmánaha; ša^mánaha (LWR) ; wišáhma (DOR) . The [Wéka n: "Mishjíñe na áthraje” (Rabbit and Grasshoppers)]. seventh sacred Clan food for the purification prayer lodge is mint tea, ** salt shaker, container n. ñigúyu; ñikúyu; nikúyu (LWR) . make fail by n n which represents all the medicinal herbs, Pyúbra Xámema ka warúje shaking, hitting v.t. úxwañe; óxwañi. n šahmánaha Yúgwe Chí Waróxi kigóñe áre ke; Xámema ka bróge dáhe ** make an obj. shake slowly once, by blowing on it with the mouth ~ n n n n wagáñe ke. seventyfive quant. grébra šáhma agrí thata . seventy by bearing on it (as a bird landing on a tree branch ); move an obj. by n n five cents n. mi kéharawe dáñi; minkéha dáñi (FM) (lit.: “raccoon skin count bearing down on one end v.t. wibá je; (wipance (DOR) ): (I…, hapíbaⁿje; three”). You do not say the word “seventy five ” when you talk of seven you…, šwíbaⁿje; we…, hiⁿwíbaⁿjawi; they…, wibáⁿjeñe). [Dh. bipaⁿde] . make an five cents , which is called “ the price of three raccoon skins.” It is from the v.t. n n obj. shake slowly several times by bearing, blowing on it n n n n days of fur traders, Tahéna^šú mi kéharawe dáñi madhéhga usdáge (wipa npa nce (DOR) ). ** SEE : withá tha je n n n n wibá ba je; . škúñida wírawe grébra šáhma agrí thata isé škúñi ke. Madhéhga ráye suf. (plural) (hinye (DOR) ) n n shall; will; going to hñe; tahñe ; . nankéida rájeñe ke, Há we hí wirúmiñena. You alone will go to the Iróshka feast, Riréšda n Iróška kigóñe ída wasdé sever a part, appendage v.rt. …=šwe; …=šwa. sever, remove long hñe ke. n protrusion v.rt. …=šwi je. sever a standing obj. v.rt. …=wedhe. You all (plural) will go to the Iróshka feast, Riré Iróška kigóñe ída wasdé sever a string v.rt. …=waxi; …=waxe. ** SEE : cut . tahñe ke. n several; them; something prf. wa…. I saw several brown bears, Mú je shallow; fill ~ put inside adj/v.t/v.i. uyú. It is a very shallow lake, Ñíxañe n wá áta ke. [wa + (h)á + da> ta] . Did you hear them ? Waránaxû je. [NOTE : uyú dána ke. shallow (stream, river ) adj/v.i. héwe; xéwe; (ghéwe (DOR) ; (ñi The prefix “wa“ can take on a number of uses, according to application. It also can n xéwe (MAX) ). The Kaw river does not run (flow) shallow , Ñí Ká sa héwe make verbs, adjectives into nouns. For example: wa + rúje (eat) > warúje (food); wa xúna škúñi ke. make shallow (pool of water ) by drinking; drink up v.t. + uk^ú n (give to) > wókû n (gift); wa + unáyi n (be standing in) > wónayi n (shirt); wa + rahéwe; raghewe (DOR) . igú ndhe (indicate with) > wígu ndhe (ruler; mile); wa + ^ ú n (do; make) > wa^ú n (do shame; ashamed n/adj/v.i. widósita n. She has no shame , Aré widóšita n something; work); wa + xóbri n (sacred, mysterious, unexplained) > waxóbri n (the ñíŋe ki. When your nephew lost his beaded belt while dancing, we were all sacred, spiritually endowed, spiritual guardian]. n [ah WAH dah gay] shamed (embarrassed), Ta héda ritóšge ipíra wíthuiñe uxwáñida wašída sew patches; appliqué; patch v.t. awáhdage ; awáthdage : n n (I…, ápahdage; you…, aswáhdage; we…, háⁿwahdagewi; they…, awáhdageñe). sew bróge hi widóšita wi ke. ** SEE : ashame. (s.t.) ; press on v.t. wathú nje; wawáthu nje (I.) ; awádhu nje. I'm sewing (s.t.) shape; form; likeness; appearance; image n. wíhge, wíthge [wa (something) n + ithge (in manner of”)] ; wóñige [wa + u (within”) + ñí (possessed of a quality) + ge all the time, Hapáthu je hamína áma ki. sew finely; write a fine hand n n v.t. wawáthuiŋe; wawáthuyiŋe. sew short; make short by pushing v.t. (possessed quality)]; wótu ge [wa + u + tu (possessed s.t.) + ge]. What does it look like? What form, appearance does it have? Dagúre grákwe je; wašwíje. sew zigzag braid (appliqué on legging ) v.t. wax^áxâwe. n n n n n Wóñige nahá añí je. Ishjinki took the form of a buffalo, Išjí ki ché iyá ki sewing machine n. ewáki wathú je; wíwadho je; ewáki gwádho je; n n n wóñige ^ú ^ášgu . Old Man Ishjinki would take form of many different wíwatho je. patch(es); appliqué work n. wawáhdage. patch work ~ kinds of animals, Wá n^ša, Išjí nki wanúhje róha n ikírara wótú nge ^ú n ^ášgu n. appliqué quilt (cover ) n. wawáhdage umíye. n n in shape, form, manner, way, appearance of n. ihgé; ithgé; ihgéta ~ sex; sexual intercourse; have sex with s.o. n/v.t. kídu; wadú (TWD) ; iyá n ithgéta (DOR) : (I am , í nhge [i + hi n + hge]; you , iríhge; we…, wíwahgawi; (sleep with) . They two have sex together, Gratógre kidú wi ke (TWD) . feel they..., ihgéñe) . And Ishjinki took the form of a Sauk woman, Héda Ishjí nki desire to have sex v.i.. wadú jináhge (DOR) . oversexed; nymphomania Thakemi ihgé ^ú n ke. He gave him a name in the Ioway manner , Báxoje n/adj/v.i.. wadúmañi (TWD) . ** SEE : erection;male; female . n n ithgé nahá ráye ugíkû ñe ke. ** SEE : look like. shade; shadow n. irówadhe (TD) ~ iróware (?) ; iróâ dhi (DOR) . shade; shapes: brush arbor n. irówadhe; owanse (MAX) . ** SEE : chákirutha. n angle; corner wókigre heart uxché; náhje He went to sit in the shade ~ arbor , Iróâ dhi da mína ré ke. n n n n circle wawí xe in lines, rows ídanara He went to sit on the shady side , Iróâ dhi gu tu mína ré. n n n shake v.rt. …=ka . shake v.t. iká ; (iqân (DOR) ). shake (vegetation ) v.t. concave wahgóyu octagon rógri grerábri withá nje; withá ntha nje (many times ). shake; be shaking; earthquake n/v.t. cone wabóthraje oval withréka; ihjehge n gihúdhe; kihúdhe. And again the land beyond shook , Shigé máya n éda crescent bí ukíthre pentagon rógri dháta gihúhu ke. [Wéka n: "Mishjíñe na áthraje” (Rabbit and Grasshoppers)]. shake, cross áramihe quadrangle rógri dówe n n push back and forth v.t. wašú šu na. ** SEE : hikúku . shake, touch by cube kóge rectangle rógri dówe thréje n n n leaning on (falling on ) v.t. awídage. shake obj. slowly by biting (as cylinder wasdá sda spiral wóbri horse ) v.t. rahúdhe (DOR) . diamond thróje square rógri dówe ** shake brush, bushes walking through (by pushing ) v.t. wathá nje máñi. dot; spot péthkida star bik^áxe shake one’s hand v.t. ruhúye; ruká n. Shaking hands is a white person’s dotted wagréxexe strips gréxe, wagréxe custom to show they held no weapons, Náwe ruká n nahá ma^ú nke wóšga triangle wódwaxe dáñi etéwi ke; wíû n níŋe tá n^í nhi ke. shake ~ turn one’s head v.t. pá húye; pá išá nša nhi; išá nša nhi.

106 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

n n share v.t. wikigraê, wikigraê ^ú (FM) . [W. hakikíshjek úú n]. I hope to teach shell (for gun ) n. má dhera (FM) . shell; clam shell; mussel n. manáke (I.) ; n my grandson to share his toys with your grandson, Éê hi tágwa wíšgaje monéke (FM) . cowrie shell n. kúthru. mussel shell n. thú^thu; n n n etáwe hegrágu dhe nahá ritóšge inú tógre wikigraê ^ú ke. ^thú^thu (GM) . turtle shell n. kéta xúha. shell by pressing on (corn ) sharp; sharppointed; porcupine n/adj/v.i. páhi n; pá nhi n; pahí n. Sharp v.t. wišgú. shell corn (with s.t. ) v.t. wathrúje. shell off by pushing n Elbows (name of Wékaⁿcharacter) Ihdó^páhi . [NOTE : He is the one who killed grains (corn ) v.t. wašgú; wathkú; wisgú (old) . [L/D. pashkú]. Shell Spitter the mother of the Twin Holy Boys. Her husband warned her to avoid looking at the (Wékaⁿ character ) Wakúthušge Íthaje; Washúske Ísho (SKN) . [NOTE : There being, and he would leave her alone after the forth visit, which she die. But her were two sisters who wanted to marry a man who was able to spit up cowrie shells. He curiosity overwhelmed her, and she peered at the being threw a crack in the wall. Sharp had a servant who picked up the shells and was allowed to keep some. The servant Elbows had another face in the back of his head and saw her. He returned killing her, made them into a necklace that he wore. One day the servant in his canoe saw the two cutting her open and taking out the twin boys, throwing them away. sisters on the river bank. They wanted to go to the other side, so he took them aboard. In various tribes this being is known by various names. In the Ioway, OtoeMissouria They shared that they wanted to marry Shell Spitter and the youth responded: “Buh, version, the father returns to find both boys, but needful abandons the 2 nd born to the That’s me!” Then, he turned from them, broke his necklace, put some shells in his woods were the boy was adopted and raised by an old grandmother wood rat, while his mouth, the he feigned to cough, spitting out some shells, which the girls readily picked brother was raised by the father. In northern versions, the younger boy was thrown to a up. spring and become known as Spring Boy, the older one was known as Lodge Boy. So it followed that he took them home, layed down with his head in the lap of one Together, the Hidatsa & Mandan call them Two Men]. girl, and his feet in the lap of the other. And it was in this relaxed state that the town ** SEE : Wahredwa and Dore . A full version of the epic story is in: A.Skinner, herald, Ishjinki, arrived saying: “Young man, you are wanted at Wakúthušge “Traditions of the Ioway”. pp.427441 ]. Íthaje’s house, because he is going to spit up shells.” And quickly the youth said to his ** sharp (taste ); bitter adj/v.i. pá; páge; páke. sharppointed on one wives: “That old fellow always jokes with me. You two stay here, and I’ll go throw end; sharpen adj/v.t. wathówe. punch with sharp stick; write with out some shells for them and come right back.” And so he went by himself to serve in pencil till dull, blunt v.t. wapáhin škúñi. I write until my pencil is blunt , his work as a waiter. Meanwhile, the girls became suspicious and decided to see then I have to sharpen it, Hapágaxeda hapápahi n škúñi ke. Héda páhí nha themselves how their husband performed his magic. They hid themselves and witnessed that the husband was only a waiter on his knees picking up shells from the real person. hñe ke. sharp sound made when knife is struck ~ sharpened against “We’ve been deceived!” they declared. So they did not return to his home, but rather, n another n/v.i. rux^áxe. sharpen (knife, etc.) v.t. íruma ; wigíweša. He they followed the real Wakúthušge Íthaje to his home. There they told his father that n n sharpens a scythe on a stone. I no xámi gisdáye íruma (DOR) . sharpen; they arrived to marry him, but the father informed them that they were too late. Two whet; file; grate v.t. wáxe; íwaxe. sharpening stone; whetstone; other sisters had already taken him. Oh, how they cried, as Ishjíki lead them away. grindstone n. ínno íwaxe. The servant returned home after the performance and found his wives gone. He went shatter (glass, dish ); break v.t. gitúxe : (I…, hétuxe; you…, rétuxe; we…, to the home of the real Wakúthušge Íthaje and demanded the two wives, but he was hí ntuxawi; they…, gitúxeñe) . Did the ball break your window? Táwe refused. Four times he asked for them, and four times he was refused. The youth in his anger killed the father and son, and with a previously unknown power he rose up in the chúha nwe rigítuxe je. shatter, break one's own v.t. graxúge. My n n n air with the heads of the two in each hand. Ishjínki was called to exercise his own grandchild have shatter ed all my water glasses, Hi tagwa ñiráhta kógri power to bring back the fugitive. Ishjínki simply sang: bróge wegráxuge ñe ke. Uxwañe re, Uxwañe re, Uxwañe re, Uxwañe re, shave; skin off with v.t. abáxroje. They say that Indians don’t have to (Fall, Fall, Fall, Fall down!) shave but my dad shave s himself, Wa n^shikôkeñi akíbaxroje škúnañe ke; “Surely, Old Man Ishjínki will bring him down,” the people were saying. And sure n núâ hí ka akíbaxe ke. shave, scrape (wood ) v.t. gith^ó (DOR) . shave enough, the Youth came tumbling down from the sky. Ishjínki kept on singing with his hands raised upward, his mouth open, while everyone looked upward. All at once, off with knife v.t. abáxe; awáxroje; ( xrusherá (MAX) ). When I was a boy I ichí ndoiñe Ishjí nki í nje ayéna inúha n mangrídagu n gitâ n^àšgu n. And indeed, the servant saw them shave with razors, Shúweda máhi ^ú nna awábaxe ñe wáta ke. continued to go on into the moon. shave off hair (from hide with scraper ) v.t. githóje. shavings filling a The black shadow that is sometimes visible in the moon is this young servant standing container n/v.i. úthu; údhu; othû (DOR) . there still holding a head in each hand. A.Skinner, “Traditions of the Iowa,” n shawl n. mígithatha; mí githatha (lit.: “blanket fringed”) . That shawl dance JAFL:38;#33. 1925 ]. ** SEE : spit; cough (up). that girls do, it’s neither traditional nor our way – Otoes or Ioway, sheriff; county sheriff n. máya nkida waŋégihi nahá (lit: “land watch over chief Tahénda^šú n chi nchíiŋe mí ngithatha waší ^ú nñeda nankérida ^ú n škúnañe the one”) . As we all sat in the Pawnee County Court House lawn, the ki; wóšga n hi ntéwe škúñi ki Jiwére Báxoje. Sheriff passed by. We waved at him, and my mom said in Otoe: “Yé she; he; it prn. éê; aré. [NOTE: The use of the separable personal pronouns is eeee”. Buh! He smiled, Chína Wírugra n Chí chúsa hi nmínaminawi ke; considered repititious with the inseparable verb person prefixes. As such they are Héda máya nkida waŋégihi nahá uwé rána Híne náwe hi ngíwahaha wi; Hína usually omitted except for introducing a subject, to change a subject or to use for Jiwére ich^éna: “Yéeeeee,” éwana. Bâh áre išá ke. emphasis]. Shh! Be quiet! Hush! intj. Xápâ re; Xápâwi re (plural ). It is he , Aré naháre (or) Naháre. shield n. chágre; tcagre (SKN) . She is the one, Éwa (or) Éwana. shift the tent ~ tipi smoke flaps v.t. chí údwahe awádha; chí údwaxe She is walking, Aré máñi ke, (or) Máñi ke. n awádhe owáyi (DOR) . She got well, it seems, Pí grijášgu n. shin n. hú nágwe; húnágwe. She died and then they held a feast, T^ána aré kigóñe ke. shine; glisten; glitter v.i. dáhahaje; daháje (FM) . The sun came out and shed; leanto; build a shed ~ addition n/v.t. ukígre; wókigre chí. He n n n shinned brightly today, Bí axéwe hú nahé^šû dáhahaje dàna ke. shine; wanted to build a shed for his tools, Wókigre chí wíû gra^ú gúna ke. n n n n glitter by rubbing v.t. wídaya ya ~ widáya ya : (I…, hapídaya nya n; you…, ** SEE : ukígre; ukíšge. shed (the thick hair of animals after winter ) v.i. swídaya nya n; we…, hi nwídaya nya nwi; they…, wídaya nya nñe) . If you washed your wathóje. shed (scab; skin; snake skin ) v.t. waxróje. [K. xloje] . shed; be car wiped it down it would shine as new, Rawáŋe Námáñi regrúyana lost (tree leaves ) v.i. xwañe. n n regwídaya ya na chégešge ke. shine; glitter by filing (metal ) v.t. sheep n. táhga ~ táthga (lit: “deer white”) ; táthgaîñe (I.) ~ táhgaîŋe (O.) ; n n n n n n n n n wadáya ya : (I…, hapádaya ya ; you…, swádaya ya ; we…, hi wádaya ya wi; taxgápôshgeñe (lit: “deer white fluffy little”) (I.) ; tahgáiñe (I.) ; tahgáiŋe ~ they…, wadáya nya nñe). shine obj. til it is thin; lustrous; translucent (light tahgáyiŋe (O.) ; taxgáiŋe (O.) ; takáiŋe (LWR) . ewe n. táhgaiñe míŋe. shines through) adj/v.t. wíkogri ~ wikógri : (I…, hapíkogri; you…, swíkogri; lamb n. táhgaiñe šúweiñe. ram n. táhgaiñe dóge. mountain sheep n. n we…, hi wíkogriwi; they…, wíkogriñe). After I shinned my eye glasses I can ahéri táhga ~ táthga see good, Išdámà ndhe hapíkogri gi pí átašdu n ke. Water Shining in shelf (a place for things ) n. ahádagre; ahádawagre (lit.: “ontopof s.t.onplace”) . n Sunlight (personal Bear and Beaver Clan name) Gistí jígre. [NOTE : The name makes reference to the sunlight shinning on a water surface or the droplets of water on something causing an iridescence of colors]. shinny (woman's game) n. takíwašdaje ~ takíwaštaje; tatchiwaštage (SKN) . ** SEE : wíšgaje; games.

107 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n ship n. wachéxa je (lit.: “boat large”) (LWR) . ** Short Wing (a personal Eagle Clan name) AhúŠwíšje. short; stunted; n shirt n. wónayi (I.) (lit.: “be standing in s.t.”) ; wonáye (LWR) ; wamóxe, wamúxe short distance adj/v.i. túšge; túške; túšgi (?) ; ášgi (?) (FM) . shorter, n (O.) ; wonáje (I.) (LWR) . button one's shirt v.t. wónayi ugráthuye (JY) : smaller than or inferior; not reach height, size, capacity of another; fail (I…, uhégrathuye; you…, urégrathuye; we…, hógrathuyewi; they…, ugráthuyeñe). to overtake one v.t. uxré škúñi; oxré škúñe (DOR) . Even though we ran, button a shirt (anything not one’s own ) v.t. urúthuye. If you come here, I we could not overtake my brothers, ^Šú n hi nnáŋewi ke; kóô hi nnúni n n will button your coat, Regráñi rajíšge wónayi šóga urígithuye i hñe ke. hówaxre škúñiwi ke. ** SEE : udwáñi. n deerskin; buckskin shirt n. táha wónayi . ribbon Indian (dance ) shirt ** become short again (upright obj. ) v.i. šwíhje gridáhe (DOR) . become n n n. wónayi wáwaje; miwáwaje wónayi . coat; hick shirt; heavy shirt n. short again (horizonal obj. ) v.i. šwíhje griháŋe. become short again n n wónayi šóga. jacket; light coat; wind breaker n. wónayi brége. (curvilinear ) v.i. šwíhje grináŋe (DOR) . become shorter v.i. šwíchîwe; n n shit (vulgar ); dung; excrement; manure n. mí gre; mi gré. They used to šwíjidáhe (DOR) . It seems that my grandmother became shorter as she got burn dryed cow chips (manure) to make smoke to keep away the older, Hinkúñi š^áge jíweda šwíjidáhe iháre ke. make short by n mosquitoes, Chehgá mi gré xége warúdheñeda dášojehiñena ke. Rawáŋe pushing; saw; plane; file short v.t. wašwíhje. These boards are too náthewahi dahke ke. shit; defecate v.i. yé; iyé; íye (DOR) : (I…, hayé; long, so I have to saw them short , Nóbrahge jéê thréje dánañe ke; aréchi n you…, rayé; we all…, hi yéwi; those two…, yéwi; they all…, yéñe) . defecate hapášwihje hñe ke. continuously; diarrhea n/v.i. yéthri. feel like defecating v.i. yé ** shorten; blunt v.t. wagráje. shorter adj/v.i. thréjeroxre (lit.: “long next jínahge; chinathke (DOR) . ** SEE : defecate . to”) ; thréjiroxre (DOR) . shorter; less; not reach; fail to attain adj/v.i. shiver; tremble; be unsteady adj/v.i. gigrígri; wixóge. After we played in udwáñi. John is shorter than his younger brother, John ithúŋe udwáñi ke. n the snow, we came into the house and shivered , Bá há šgrajewigi chí ** SEE : udwáñi. become shorter (curvilinear obj. ) v.i. šwíhjenáŋe (DOR) . hógwawina wawágigrígri wi ke. My granddad’s house stood in the woods become shorter (upright obj. ) v.i. šwíhjidáhe (DOR) . become shorter n n – unsteady as if it may fall down on itself, Hi túga chí etáwe páje rodáda (horizontal obj.) v.i. šwíhjiháŋe (DOR) . dáhe ke; wixógena ukíxwañišge. shiver any brittle obj. (by punching; by ** short time; for a while; a while ago adv/v.i. go^ó. It was just a short pressure ) v.t. waxóge. shiver (glass, pottery, chinaware) by pressure, time that we had Holiday festivities, Nahé^ šú n go^ó wóya nwe kígoñe weight v.t. wixóge. hi n^ú nna hánahe ke. a very short while ago adj/v.i. go^ó wéxa. shoe; moccasin; footwear n. agúje; hagúje (O.) ; hákuje (DOR) . shoe shortening. ** SEE : oil; lard . n n strings; thongs n. agúje ká hi . moccasin; footwear n. agújokéñe; shot. ** SEE : shoot. agúchokéñi (lit.: “foot wear common”) . ** SEE : moccasin; ukéñe . should; ought to suf. …šge ~ …ške. You should help me, Únnagiša nšga Shoo! Go away! intj. Šiê. (I.) (LWR) . [u + hi n + ra + giša n + šge ]. Why should you think I laughed at you? (strong Shoo! Shucks! (denying ) intj. Chá^m; Ch^ám (LWR) (?) . denial ), Tá nda míê iríxsha išráyi n? shoot; by shooting, blowing instr.prf. bo…. shoot (something, somebody ) shoulder n. iréje. [W. hiⁿnéch; OmP. ikéde; L. abló]. shoulder blade n. iráje n n v.t. kúje : (I…, hakúje; you…, rakúje; we two…, hi kúje; we all…, hi kújewi; they…, wahú; iréje wahú. ** SEE : abró. kújeñe) . shout; yell; holler v.i. ugráxâ; hótu n: (I…, uhégraxâ; you…, urégraxâ; we I would not shot you all , Ríkuje škúñi táhñe ke. all…, hógraxâwi; they all…, ugráxâñe) . We really shouted when our children Will you shot all of us?. Wawárakujewi je. won the turtle race contest at the Otoe powwow, Jiwére wóya nweda n The two of us shot you, Hi ríkuje ke. hi nchiniŋe kétan akírage wóhiñe ke; hiná:: hógraxâ dànawi ki. shout at; n n n They tried to shot me. A kújeñe kí ^í ñe ke. call aloud to one; halloo v.t. rají nda; giwá n: (I…, hadáji nda; you…, sdáji nda; Those two shot themselves. Kikújewi ke. we all…, hinráji ndawi; they all…, raji ndañe) . Me and my younger sister shouted ** shoot and split v.t. ubóšage. shoot all bullets ~ arrows v.t. bóniŋe. at my dad: “Stop!” So he comes back saying: “Did you call to me?” Míne n We have used up all of our arrows, Má hi bóniŋe wi ke. shoot down (all hintáñi h ínka: “Nášda n ne,” hi nnáji nda ki. Aré: “Hi nnágiwa nwi je,” grí aré n animals, persons attacked ); exterminate; kill off v.i. wabóniŋe. The éihu . ** SEE : yell; call to. American s killed off the buffalo herds, so that the Native people would shove v.t. wax^á n: (I…, hapáxâ n; you…, swáxâ n; we all…, hi nwáxâ nwi; those n starve and force them under the control of the government, Ma^ú ke ché two…, wax^á nwi; they all…, wax^á nñe) . push and shove down; oppose; n uróha wabóniŋe ñe anáhewi áñe ke; Wá ^shikôkeñi xráñi tâhiñe hñena offend v.t. awáŋara; awíwaŋâra (DOR). They were saying how the n n n aréchi Itúga Híñe irúgra wahíñe ^ášgu . shoot for another v.t. gikúje; soldiers would push and shove down the children, Ma^ú nki wankwášoše gíkuje. It wa s a Christmas turkey shoot at Ponca City. Since I don’t know chinchí niñe wawáŋara ñena ugírageñe ke. shove and slide s.t. on v.t. n n n n how to shoot a gun, so my uncle shot for me, Waká deyiŋe Tú ñe awáthruhu ; awáthnuhu (DOR) . shove along (chair ) v.t. withrúha; n n Wókigodage Ponca Cityda wayínk^xa je uhí nahá akírage ^úñe ke. Iyóji withróha; withnóha (DOR) . shove off; take off (clothing ) v.t. rišdoje ; n n n kúje warúpi haû škúñina aréchi hi jéga hi gíkuje ke. shoot gun (said ristóje; wastóje (DOR) ; wistóje. He shoves off putting down the pack. n n when s.o. is nearby ) v.t. iyóchi ritóxe. shoot off (branch ) v.t. bóšwi je. Wak^í n wastóje na hijéhi ke. We took off our dirty clothing before we took n n Can you shoot off a limb? I cann’t do it, Náwokigre rabóšwi je . Míne ^ú a bath, Wónayi n théwara hi nwíšdoje wigi hedá n hi nkígrapidhawi ke. hadúâge ke. shoot one's (weapon ) v.t. igrákuje : (I shot my…, ihégrakuje; shovel n. mákê; máha wakâxe (lit.: “earth digs”) (FM) . shovel dirt out n you…your…, irégrakuge; we…our…, hí grakujewi; they…their…, igrákujeñe) . (hole ) v.t. waxí : (I…, hapáxi; you…, swáxi; we all…, hi nwáxiwi; those two…, n shoot with; shoot an arrow v.t. ikúje; ikú je. Do you know how to waxíwi; they all…, waxíñe) . shovel up, plow soil, mixing in manure, n shoot arrows? Má wikú je wasrúpi je? shooting arrows game (at the making it “brube” (compost) v.t. wabrúbe; waprupe (DOR) . shovel, plow Mark) n/v.t. má kúje. ** SEE : games. hillside for roadway v.t. wa^áraxâwe, wa^áraxâxâwe (arch.) . After shore; bank n. chéjeda; (ceceta (DOR) ). shore of the Ocean; sea shore; the heavy snow storm, we had to wait for them to plow the roads so we n Great Water n. ñí xá je chéjeda. could start to come to town, Akídagi báhu dána ke Ná^wu n n n n short; cutoff n/adj/v.i. grú je; šjéke (?) . a vest n. wónayi grú je (lit.: “shirt wa^áraxâwe ñeî chína hi nwánawi hi nkínana hi nnahe ke. cutoff”). peach n. ká nje hí n šjéke (lit.: “plum hair short”) . short (man, hand, n shoe, rope ) adj/v.i. šwíšje (I.) (GM) ; šwíhje (O.) ; šwíxje (O.) (LWR) ; šwí je (GM) ; šwíje (DOR) .

108 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

n n show; be present, visible, showing, apparent, manifest adj/v.i. tá î [TAH ** side by side; parallel; beside; in rows from side by side; alongside n n n n n n een] : (I’m…, hi tá î ; you’re…, ritá î ; we’re all,…, wawáta îwi; the two of adv. rógrida; íjire ~ íjidhe (DOR) . ** SEE : alongside. side by side; next to; them…, watá nî nwi; they’re all…, watá nî nñe). Just as soon as you show up , beside adv/v.i. arágra n(da). The land on which the Winnebagos live and Géda n ritá nî n ke. Not all the members of the Iroshka were present but they the land on which we live, are side by side . Máya n Hótaŋe umína náha voted to change how they do things, they say, Bróge Iróškage naháê idá máya n hóminawina irákigre wi ke. [From: “Letters: Two Crows”] . side to watá nî n škúnañe, áñe ke. Núâ idá nda wa^ú nñena g^áre irúgranñe ke. side (as a swaying backpack ) adv/v.i. witháthañige. side with another; cause to be visible, present, etc. v.t. tá nî nhi : (I made it visible, tá nî nha; plead one's cause (lawyer ) v.t. grášige wáhi; grášige. Do not side with you…, tá nî nra; we all…, tá nî nhi nwi; they’re all…, tá nî nñe). If you did not make them, Wóruyuge (?) škúñewi re. n n n me show up I would not have gone there, Ríre tá î hi našge míne ga^ída ** from side to side; side by side adv. rógrida. on each side (bundle, n n n hajé hna škúñi ke. show; view; present v.t. wahá. Show them to me! pack ) adv/v.i. ákiraki; há k^ákiraki. [NOTE : Ha k^ákirage ~ ha k^ákiraki Ángiwaha ñe to. You can show me your lessons, and I will see if they are regularly refers to bundles or packs on each side, such as on a pack horse. n correct, Dagúre^šu n wáásdáješge hi nnáwaha šdunna bróge mínke šge áta hñe Ha k^ákirage < háŋe (be in lying position) + a (on) + kirá (move apart; differ) + ge ke. cause s.o. to view v.t. waháhi. show; point out; indicate; teach (suffix denoting innate characteristic) or ki (reflexive) + hi (causative)] . And they n v.t. gú ndhe : (I…, hagú ndhe; you…, ragú ndhe; we all…, hi ngú ndhewi; they’re all…, staked altogether (each side ) thirtyfour persons, they say. Edá wa ^šíge n n gú ndheñe) . I wish you would show (teach) me how to ride a horse, Éê grebrá dáñi étaki dówe ha ^ákirage wégrašuñe, áñe. [Wékaⁿ: “Háⁿwe n shúñe amína warúpi waháhi na iháre ke. ** SEE : teach; gigú ndhe. Ichíⁿchiiñe Hédaⁿ” (Day and His Sons)] . ** show fear; be a coward v.t. waxríhdage. In the old days, they may ** on its side; on the side (lying) ; sharp edge up adv/v.i. úwathre; uwáthre n have been af ra id, but they would not show fear, Nank éri da ešwena (DOR) . on the other side adv. a^thá ñi; tháñigeda; ékijehi; étagi; n nagwa ñe šge núâ waxríhdage škúnañ e ke. show off. ** SEE : clown; Isjí nki. gúshigu do. on the right side, right hand side. adv. rógrigi. on the show suddenly; push forward in order to see v.t. wahá réhi. side; on its side adv. rógrigi. on this side adv. dórigi; dórigu; dóriko; n n ** show to; teach to v.t. gigú ndhe : (I…, hegú ndhe; you…, regú ndhe; we all…, doriku; dóri^thañigu . on this side of (person, etc. ) adv. túrigu dó; n n n n n hi gígu dhewi; they’re all…, gigú dheñe) . ** SEE : visible. tórigu dó; túdhigu dó. on this ~ that side (indicated by pointing, waving the n n n n n n shred to pieces, slivers (by punching) (rope) v.t. wabóboye. shred; cut to hand ) adv. igú du ; igú tu (DOR) . on that side adv. éta^tha ñigu . on n n shreds ~ fringe v.t. wathréthrege; watháthaje. The corn husks, stalks the other ~ opposite side adv. agrída; igú du aré (toward) (DOR) . were shred ded into cattle feed, Waháma húgre xúha héda n ** sit, stand, walk on this side of v.i. turigú ndo mína (náyi n; máñi). wathréthrege ñechi chéhga wóruje ^ú nñe hñe ke. slide along on its side v.i. githrú nhu n. wrong side n/adj/v.i. rubrí. shriek. ** SEE : wahótu n. And when Muskrat was looking to one side , shucks! ** SEE : shoo . “Muskrat doesn’t see me,” Shunganunga Creek (in Topeka, Kansas) n. Shú nga Núnga. [NOTE: Shá nge he thought (Turtle) , Ná nba “two horses” in Ponca Language]. and he blew it (the wind) . n shut; close; open to; place, push a little v.t. iríkuje (O.) . Shut the door a Edá Udwá ge rubrí wóragiješge: n n n little! Chíîge uríkuje ijéhi re. shut by pushing; cover s.t.; set table v.t. “Udwá ge á da škúñi,” irúgra ke, n n aráge; (aráke (DOR) ): (I…, áádáge; you…, asdáge; we all…, há ragewi; they all…, Edá uwéxa ke. arágeñe) . When my older brother shut the door covers to the Purification [Wékaⁿ: “Mishjiñ Udwaⁿge” (Rabbit and Muskrat)] . Lodge, I felt comfortable and warm and one with the Mother Earth, ** wrong side out; on wrong side adv/v.i. úwathre; uwáthre. It’s lying n Hi nyí nna Yúgwe Chí aráge da hi nwášduje jináhgena Hí nna Máya n gratógre on the wrong side . Uwáthre yá ke. n n n n iyá nkiwahma mináhe ke. shut off (lights, water ) v.i. nádhe; náthe : (I…, sight n/adj/v.i. tá î ; (indé (MAX) ). He came in sight on the hill. Ahéri tá î n n n hanádhe; you…, ranádhe; we all…, hi nnádhewi; they all…, nádheñe) . You all turn gri. We will sit in sight of the town. Chína tá î hsji hi hí mínawi ke. off all the lights, Dáka n bróge waránádhe wi ke. And when the Old Man came back there, the man was not in sight, they n n n n shy; bashfull n/adj/v.i. wírošita n; wiróšita n: (I…, wíhadošita n; you…, wísdošita n; say . Edá Wá ^šha nahá idá gríšge Wa ^šhíge nahá tá î škúñe, áñe ke . we all…, hí nrošita nwi; they all…, wírošita nñe) . You must not be shy in learning [Wékaⁿ: “Hanwe Ichinchiniñe” (Day and His Sons)] . ** SEE : appear; in view; show; to speak your language, Ich^é wapígrahi wírošita n škúñi hdáho. [NOTE: show; coming out . iróšige (be ashamed): I am…, ihátosige]. ** SEE : ashame; iráwagrahe; iróšige. sign; write one's name v.t. ráye kigwágaxe (DOR) . sign (document) ; set to n sick; be sick; sickness n/adj/v.i. wahíre. I am sick , Winhi nre ki. sick; be pen; sign a peace treaty v.t. mášu unáŋe (old) (arch.) . In 1824, White sick; not feel well adj/v.i. ugíšige; ogíšige. My wife does not feel well to Cloud and Great Walker traveled with an Ioway delegation to Washington, n n me. Hináge wíngihire dána ke [wa + hi n + gi + hire ]. [W. howazhá; OmP. D.C. to negotiate a treaty , Báñi 1824da MaxúThka MáñiXàñe Dotá ha n wakéga]. sick (a horse from a heavy load ~long ride) adj/v.i. wíwahire. sick; nahá Chína Washington, D.C. da wamáñiñe ukíkit^àñena mašú sickness n/adj/v.i. wogíšige; wogíšigu (GM) ; wokíshige (LWR) (MAX) . unáŋeñe hñe ke, áñe ke. [From: “The Lost ation: The Ioway”, 2007] . n n What’s your (kind of ) sickness , Wógišige dagúre^šu ra^ú je. ** SEE : small silk. **SEE : corn (silk) . n pox . silver; money n. madhéhga; ma dhéhga (lit.: “white metal”) . silverstudded sickle; scythe n. xámi gištáye; xámi gišráye (DOR) . adj/v.i. mádharáha; mádheráha (lit.: "metal be on") . silver work; armbands side n. saníñe (I.) ; saníŋe (O.); thaníŋe (?) (old) . side (outside of body, house, n. dáhaje (lit.: “shining s.t.”) (FM) . ** SEE : bells; money; wadájahe. tree ) n. rógri. He painted the sides of his house all red, Áre chí etáwe similar. ** SEE : same . rógri bróge šúje ográwa ke. side(s) (inside of a tipi, traditional house, lodge ) n. slept along the sides of the tipi, but today I don’t believe it matters anymore, n n n n n n á^tha ñi; a^thá ñi; a^thá ñiŋe (JY) . [NOTE : The term referrs to the north and the Nankérida hináge chichíiŋe a^thá ñi da uyá ñena áñe ke; núâ há wegi n south sides, or along the of ~ either side of the fire ~ door]. Long ago they say that ^šú níŋe ke iháre. scales rssed), Tahéda píra thuiuwñida wašída widit wi women and children slept along the sides of the tipi, but today I don’t ke. + ^ , n. . ** SEE : mistake. ikúku. n believe it matters anymore, Nankérida hináge chichíiŋe a^thá nñi da sin; make a mistake; err n/v.i. warúthaŋe; warúthaŋe ^ú . You didn’t do n n n n uyá ñena áñe ke; núâ há wegi ^šú níŋe ke iháre. ** SEE : northside; anything wrong , Ríre warúthaŋe ra^ú škúñi ke. sin; do wrong; hurt s.o. n n southside; westside. buffalo side; side of ribs (or) beef n. chéro xúha. accidentally v.t. wa^ú xa šige. If I have ever wronged , hurt anyone accidentally I ask God to correct it, Wá n^shige iyá nki wá á^ú nxa nšige šge Waká nda wagípi hadóxi ke. sin against s.o.; trespass; wrong s.o. v.t. wagíruthaŋe. There are many governments that have sinned against Native Peoples, Itúga n híñe róha nñe nahá Wa n^shinkôkeñe wá ágiruthaŋe ñe ke. ** SEE : mistake.

109 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

since suf. …gi. Since we two were here, Igí há nnahegi …. Since that is sister 1. (of man ) n. wahíšje (old) (masc.) . sisterinlaw (of man ) n. háŋe; n n n what we did, Hi ^ú na há nahegi aré ke. iháŋe; háŋa; iháŋa. ** SEE : kin chart. n n n sinew; buckskin thong n. táká . sinew; bloodvessel; cord n. ká ; ká hi; sister 2. (of woman ): ** SEE : daughter ( first born, second, etc. ). iká nhi. draw sinew through the teeth (when hard) for sewing v.t. rakí nje. (female speaker to a female listener ): Do you think that there is anyone in Oklahoma who still moisten sinew by her younger sister itáñi (I.); itáŋe (O.) n n mouth and sew using it? Máya n Oklahomada wayére^šu n táka n ^ú nna my younger sister hi táñi (I.); hi táŋe (O.) rakí nje na wawáthuješge isdáyi nwi je. make slippery, pliable (as sinew ) by your younger sister ritáñi (I.); ritáŋe (O.) passing through the mouth and making wet again v.t. ragríje (old). her older sister iyúna; íyuna n n sing v.i. yá nwe; iyá nwe : (I…, hayá nwe; you…, rayá nwe; we two…, hi nyá nwe; we…, my older sister hí yuna; hi yúna hi nyá nwewi; they two…, yá nwewi; they…, yá nweñe). sing v.i. aráje. [NOTE : “ It your older sister riyúna referrs to join in with others, as a group singing together (choir ).” Truman Dailey All her sisters (older and younger) inúñi Ma^shí Máñi]. fail in singing; unable to sing, talk, etc. v.i. ray^áge (I.) ; All my sisters hinúñi; hinúñe raš^áge (O.) . Still you were unable to sing. Kóô sdášâge ke. My All your sisters rinúñi; rinúñe throat was sore so I was unable to sing at the drum, Dóje hi ngíxrichi her halfsister; his halfbrother inúñi ukíthre. [NOTE : When a n réôruši nda hadúšâge ke. sing about; song n/v.t. uyá nwe. sing for s.o. male speakers says “hi núñi/ inúñi”, it refers to “All my/ his brothers.” It is the same v.t. giyá nwe: word having a different reference when said by man and when said by a woman]. n n sisterinlaw (of a woman ) ishíga ; ichíga . n I sing for you, míre rígiya nwe I sing for you all, rígiya nwewi sisterinlaw (of a man ) háŋe; iháŋe; háŋa ; iháŋa. I sing for him, míre hagíya nwe I sing for them, wáágiya nwe ** seven sisters. ** SEE : stars. n n n sit; sit on, sit down; camp; live somewhere; stay; keep on (doing s.t. ) v.i. you… for me, míre hi ragiya we you…for us two, wawáragiya we n n n you…for us all, wawáragiya nwewi mína; miná; mí na ; nahé: (I…, hamína; you…, hamína; we…, hi mínawi; they…, mínañe) . ** SEE : be; nahé. you… for him, aré ragíya nwe you… for them, warágiya nwe Sit down!, Míná ne! Sit down ( everybody )!, Mínáwi re! he… for me, aré hi ngíya nwe he…for us two, híne wawágíya nwe n I sat on a hill, Ahéri wáthraje hamína ke. he…for us all, wawágíya wewi n n n So now you’ll sit down with me, Gašú inúmi ramína hñe ke. he…for you, aré rigíya we he…for you all, ríre rigíya wewi n n n n To the South are living many tribes, Urékurigu ukíšje róha mínañe ke. he…for him, aré gíya we he…for them, aré wagíya we [NOTE : When “mína” follows another verb, it implies that action in the first verb “is still n n n n we…for you, hi rígiya wewi we…for you all, hi rígiya wewi (or ) continues all the time”]. we…for him, hi ngíya nwewi we…for them, hi nwágiya nwewi I am eating all the time, Wají hamína ke. they two…for me, hi ngíya nwewi they…for us 2, wawágíya nwewi The clock is still running, Bigú ndhe náŋe mína ke. they…for us all, wawágíya nwewi I’m sewing all the time, Wadhúje mína ááma ke. n they two…for you, rigíya nwewi they…for you all, rigíya nwewiwi Yes, I’m still reading the book, Hú je. Wawágaxe hadáje hamína ke. n they two…for him, gíya nwewi they…for them, wagíya nwewi I’m baking bread, Wabúhge rók^í hamína ke. they all …for me, hi ngíya nweñe they…for us 2, wawágíya nweñe (sitting at the campfire ) n ** sit and keep quiet; behave well v.i. githwé: (I…, hethwé; you…, rethwé; they…for us all,wawágíya wewiñe n n they all …for you, rigíya nweñe they…for you all, rigíya nwewiñe we two…, hi gíthwe; we all…, hi gíthwewi; they two…, githwéwi; they all…, githwéñe) . I know that you can sit still and keep quiet , Réthwe šdu nna they all …for him, gíya nweñe they…for them, wagíya nweñe míne ihápahuŋe ke. sit down v.i. idénaŋe. sit someone down; make ~ ** sing in a fine voice v.i. hó ratháiŋe; hó rathúyiŋe. sing over s.o. (pipe n cause someone sit v.i. mínahi; mináhi : (I sat him down, mináha; you…, dance ) v.t. agíya we. ** SEE : Pipe Dance; ráje. minára; the two of us sat…, mináhi n (or) miná nhi; the two of them…, mináhiwi) . singed; burned adj/v.i. dúje; dášra; dášta. singed raccoon (a traditional n I sat you all down. Minárihiwi ke. food ) n. mi ké dáshra. ** SEE : minké. You sat us two down. Mináwawara ke. single file (walk ); walk in footsteps of one's immediate predecessors v.i. We all sat you down. Miná nrihiwi ke. thigré ikíruxrexre ré ~ ikíroxrexre ré. There was a narrow path through the They sat me down. Miná nhi nñe ke. woods and so we walked in a single file , Páje ná^wú niñe uwé dénaŋe n n n Those two sat themselves Minákiwi ke. nahé^šu aréda thigré hí kíruxrexre hí ná wi ke. down. sink; kitchen sink n. wahgóruya (lit.: “dishes in wash”). sink; wash He makes you and me sit Mináwawahi ke. basin; bathroom sink n. náwe urúya (lit.: “hands where in wash”). sink down. s.t. floating (by weighing down ) v.t. udhwé; othwé (DOR) . You are about to sit down on; press on mud; make fruit “xriwe” (mashed & dripping) v.t. sink it. Oríthwe sté hñe ke. Do you know the story about the Bear who wixríwe. sit farther off v.i. étada mína (DOR). sit here; dwell; reside allowed all his friends to ride in his boat causing it to sink from overload ? n n v.i. igímína. This town is where we live (reside) , Chína jénaŋe igí Wéka Mú je Báje etáwe nahá iswáhuŋe je. Itáro bróge inú gratógre n n n hi mína wi ke. sit in; inhabit (dwelling) v.t. umína. We live in a brick umínañena išdá nachi báje udhwé grahi^àšgu . house on the Ioway Reservation, Báxoje Máyada chí íno dášuje hómina wi Sioux; Lakota; Dakota (Indians, Tribes, Languages) n. Šá nha n. Long ago the ke. sit on; ride horseback; chair n/v.t. amína: (I…, háámína; you…, Ioway Otoe and Dakota used to fight each other, Nankérida Báxoje Jiwére ramína; we…, há nminawi; they…, mínañe) . sit on a small horse v.t. wináwe Šá nha n ukikihje ñena áñe ke. mína (old) . ** SEE : sit softly on (below ). sit on dusty ground and raise dust sip up; suck up; make noise with mouth (in eating soup, using straw ) v.t/v.i. v.i. wišóje. sit on edge of chair, seat v.i. withíwe. sit on firm snow rahówe. I know that you can sip your grape juice without making noise, and make crunching sound v.i. wixráñe: (I…, hapíxrañe; you…, swíxrañe; Hádheñi sdáhdašdu nna sdahówe škúñi hñe iháre ke. straw (for soft drink ) we…, hi nwíxrañawi; they…, wíxrañañe) . My grandson likes to make crunching n. wíraxóje (lit.: “s.t. with to suck it up”) . sound walking and sitting on the snow, Hi ntágwa báda máñina mínana wixráñe gráhi ke. sit on (chair ) making holes in (ground) v.t. wišíši.

110 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

** sit quietly; not squirm v.i. wixrí škúñi: (I…, hapíxri škúñi; you…, swíxri ** skin animal (with knife pushing off ) v.t. waháwe. skin hide long by škúñi; we…, hi nwíxri škúñewi; they…, wíxri škúnañe) . Will you sit quietly pushing in sticks v.t. wathréje. skin off by rubbing (knees in falling ) v.t. without squirming? Ríre swíxri škúñi hna je. sit softly on a blanketed wixróje: (I…, hapíxroje; you , swíxroje; we , hi nwíxrojewi; they…, wixrójeñe) . horse v.t. ésjaŋe (DOR) . sit together, one back of the other; ride double skin oneself v.i. wišwé: (I…, hapíswe; you , swíswe; we , hi nwíswewi; they…, v.t. nuwékiha n mína. sit upon s.t. else v.t. wathráje mína. My old wiswéñe) . I really skinned myself, Hegrakiwíšwe dána ke. stumble and grandma’s house was still sitting on the hill, Hi nkúñi š^áge chí etáwe kóô fall skinning oneself v.i. wiyúha: (I…, hapíyuha; you , swíyuha; we , n ahéda wathráje mína ke. sit with knees up v.i. wat^í : (I…, hapátî n; hi nwíyuhawi; they…, wiyuhañe) . ** SEE : fall; fall down. you…, swátî n; we…, hi nwátî nwi; they…, wat^í nñe) . Us girls sat on the ground skinny; thin adj/v.i. hwajíge; xwachíge (LWR) ; hwachíge. with knees up , waiting for them to call us, Híne chi nchi niŋe máya nda skip; jump v.i. giháha (I.) : (I…, heháha; you…, reháha; we…, hi ngíháhawi; they…, hi nwátî nwina wáwagiwa nñe há nkinawina ke. giháhañe). We skipped on the path through the woods, Páje náwu n hówe ** arrive sitting v.i. jínaŋe. be sitting here and there v.i. hináŋe; hi ngíhaha wi há nnahewi ke. hinánaŋe. be in a sitting position v.i. náŋe; nahé; ináŋe; hináŋe. You skull n. wanáxi pá (lit.: “spirit head”) ; pá wahú (lit.: “head bone); (pahi (DOR) ). n n n are sitting., Stá se. ** SEE : náŋe; nahé. be sitting down; be sitting down skunk n. mú ka; mó ka (LWR) ; monge (MAX) . v.i. mínamina: (I…, hamínamina; you…, ramína ramína; we…, hi nmínaminawi; sky; clouds n. máxu; maxúwe; máxuwe (LWR) ; mahúwe. sky blue; they…, mínaminañe) put down sitting; set, put down v.t. iná nki; hináŋehi. turquoise; the heavens n/adj. maxúwe tó. site; trace of; place of; ruins of (camp, dwelling, village, town) n. réxrige. slander; accuse; speak against v.t. it^áichê. ** SEE : gossip. [Om. agtha former village site n. chínoréxrige (lit.: “town kettle charcoals”) . Iowaville (accuse); Os. gathá n; wadháshige (I…, wabdháshige, you…, wahnáshige), wadhábigidhe ~ dhabégidhe (I…, bdhábégidhe, you…, shnábégidhe, we…, is a former Ioway village site on the Des Moines River, 17601820, Chína n n n MinkéRòha n: Báxoje Chínorèxrige th^íhšji ñíšdáŋe arágra nda mína ke; a dhábégidhai), L. aíya ~ waáiya (gossip about people); azhízhi (whisper/ gossip about s.o./ s.t.)] . Báñi 17601820da uchíñeda anáhe dáhge ke. [The Film: “The Lost ation: slant; press down (stick ) making lean v.t. wišdúye. ** SEE : lean. slant; set The Ioway”]. n n n up in slanting position v.t. wašdúye ijéhi. [W. hikirúpini (be slanted) hirusép six adj. šágwe; šákwe. sixteen adj. agrí šagwe; grébra agrí šagwe. I remember when I looked forward to my sixteenth brithday so I can drive a (be slanted)]. slanteyed; Japanese n/adj/v.i. išdá rúda. slant letters in n car, Há nwe tú nñe mitáwe agrí nšagwe nahá áákina héthuchi námañi writing v.t. wašége: (I..., hapásege; you..., swásege; we..., hi wásegewi; they..., n waségeñe) . You can slant your letters good ( when writing ); I’m unable to uhápadhe hagú ta ke. sixth (time) adj. išágwe; wíšagwe (DOR) . Yes, you can say “sixth ” in Otoe, like “the sixth day;” however, they usually say: slant mine, Wíchêîŋe grapí^ iŋe swášege ke; Míne hapášege hadúâge “day six . “ They keep it simple, Hú nje Jiwére išágwe áñešdu n ke; há nwe ke. n išágwe ihgé isášdu n ke. Núâ há nwe šágwe wóšga n añíñe ke áñe mínañe slap. ** SEE : spank; swat; wagáxe. [W. gipsák (I…, haipsák); Os. shágeitsi (I…, shágeídhatsi n; you…, shágeídhatsi n; we…, shágeo ndha ntsi ni); L. kaskápe; naskápe ke. Wómanke ^ú nna ithgáñe ke. sixty adj. grébra nšágwe. There are n n n (with feet); yusáke (with s.t.; swat); kaskápe;;]. sixty days when Spring will arrive, Há we grébra šagwe nahá héda béhu jí n n n n n n n n n sleep v.i. yá ; ya hí (GM) ; iyá gre (JY) : (I..., hayá ; you..., rayá ; we..., hi yá wi; hñe ke. sixth time; six times adj. šágweha ; išágweha . It is the sixth n n n n they..., yá ñe) . We will go to sleep and see you in the morning, en, time we going to eat oatmeal, Išágweha wéta hi rúje tahñe ke. n n n Hi yá wi hñe ke; Hérodada ha nida tahñe ke. ** SEE : lay down; be lying size; fit; measure up (to) n/v.t/v.i. ináhge; ináthge (old) ; ináxge (LWR) : (It fits down; have been lying down. (be) sleepy; dead asleep adj/v.i. išdá ch^é me, ú nnahge; …you, irínahge; …us, wíwanahgewi; …them, ináhgeñe). Does your n n (lit.: “eyes dead”) . feel desire to sleep; be almost asleep v.i. yá jinahge; dress fit ? Wajé irínathge (je). No! It does not fit me, I náthge škúñi ki. n n n n n yá chináhge; yá chinathke (DOR) . It was a warm day so the children were Does your pants fit ? Unáthu irínaxge . The pants fit me, Unáthu i náxge feeling like to sleep , Há nwe mašjéna chi nchí niñe ya nñe jinahge ñe ki. go to ke. ** SEE : aréchiŋe. proper size (in growth ); maturity reached with n n n sleep v.i. iyá ; išdáje gré; (yo go dah (MAX) ). go to sleep; be numb (foot, difficulty ~ very slow adj/v.i. wína škúñi; nú wómanke škúñi; th^í nú hand ) v.i. urátha n; urátha ntha n: (My foot..., ú nnatha n; your..., úrínatha n; our..., škúñi; nú chéxi. You grew very slowly , I think, Ríre ranú wómanke škúñi wówáratha nwi; their..., úratha nñe). When your leg goes to sleep (numb) , it is as iháre ke. if you have no leg, Tahéda n^šu n rége uríratha nšge nahé^ šu n rége níŋe skeleton n. wanáxi wahú (lit.: “spirit bones”) . n n regráñišge. sleeper; big sleeper n. yá xá je (LWR) . sleepy from sketch. ** SEE : wagáxe. n n n blowing wind n. giyá . sleepy; not active, lively n/adj/v.i. ix^á níŋe; skills; ways; teaching(s); tradition ; habit; attitude; talent n. wóšga . Do n n n n n n išdá ch^é : (I’m..., ix^á hi níŋe; you..., ix^á riníŋe; we..., ix^á wawániŋewi; they..., you have good teachings ? Wóšga pí wasdí je. I regularly (“I have the n n n n ix^á níŋeñe). I drove so long, that now my eyes are sleepy , Ga^šu habit ”) get up early in the morning, Wóšga áñi ke héroda wèxa ihákišdu uhápathe wéxachi išdá hi nch^é ke. ke. You should get i nto the habit of visiting your old Elders, Wóšga n asdí n n slice, cut one’s own meat v.t. egrábaha : (I sliced mine, égrabaha; you sliced ho Š^áge wíregrakiwara ke. He has a good attitude , Wóšga grapíîñe n n yours, erégrabaha; we all sliced ours, há grabahawi; they sliced theirs, egrábahañe) . ke. ** SEE : ways; teaching; habit. male skills, talents etc. n. wóšga pí . ** SEE : cut. female skills, talents etc. n. wa páxe . slick. ** SEE : slippery. skillet n. madhé bráhge; rétake (FM) . skillet bread. ** SEE : bread. slide; slid; slip; glide v.rt. …=kí nje. tie slide ornament (for a neckerchief – skim off (grease, scum ) from surface v.t. húgre. skim milk; lift cream the handkerchief men wear around their neck ) n. wirókû wadhe (FM) . from milk v.i. gixé. ** slide, slip by weight, pressure; sit on chair and slide it along v.t. skin (of human ) n. há. skin; hide (animal, insect, vegetable ); covering; withrúha; (withnóha (DOR) ): (I..., hapíthruha n; you..., swíthruha n; we..., envelope (letter ); bark; shell; pod; husk n. xúha. They would make hi nwíthruha nwi; they..., wíthruha nñe) . make an obj. slide on s.t. else by n n corn husk doll people when I was a girl, Waháma xúha náwa ^šìge pushing v.t. awáthruha ; (awáthnoha n (DOR) ): (I..., ahápathruha n; you..., n n n wa^ú ñe ke, chi mí iŋe ñída. otterskin medicine bag (Medicine Dance ) aswáthruha n; we..., há nwathruha nwi; they..., awáthruha nñe) . make slide alone by n n. dostúŋe wikúje (SKN) . rattlesnake skin belt (Medicine Dance ) n. waká pushing away from oneself with one’s feet v.t. nathrúha n; n n é^pida (SKN) . ** SEE : medicine (dance, lodge, society ). (nathnóha n(DOR) ). slide along lengthwise (long obj. ); pull off v.t. thrú hu . n ** skin (potatoes with knife ) v.t. abáxê : (I..., ahábaxê; you..., arábaxê; we..., slide down hill (on sled ); coast v.i. githrúgi ^ú ; (githnúgi (DOR) ): (I…, n há baxêwi; they..., abáxê ñe). My grandchildren said “We can peel potatoes hethrúgi ha^ú n; you…, rethrúgi ra^ú n; we…, hi ngíthrúgi hi n^ú nwi; they…, githrúgiñe n n n too,” Hi tágwa: “Dóxañe tó há baxê wi héda ,” gáñe ke. skin; peel n/v.t. ^ú nñe). slide home; push a long obj. along; slide on one’s side (long obj. ) ruxáwe; roxáwe. All their most holy articles they put them together, v.t/v.i. githrú nhu n. He slides home (baseball ). Githrú nhu n jiwé ke. sliding wrapping them in many skins . And then they called it the Sacred Bundle – (long obj. ) lengthwise v.rt. …=thru nhu n. something in skins , Bróge waxóñita n egráñiñena gratógre wógreñe ke. Xúha róha n warúsi nñena warúxawe xóñita n igá nñàšgu n.

111 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

slime n. jéweduge; jéwe dúge; ká n (?) . slimy, slippery, sinew: make smacking sound with mouth (when eating ) n/v.t. rajáxe: (I…, hajájaxe; n slippery (pliable ) (or) “gríje” adj/v.i. ragríje (old) . [NOTE : This term refers to you…, sdájaxe; we. , hi jaxewi;áthey…, rajáxeñe). I do not care for it deersinew made wet and pliable again by passing through the mouth] . whether it is you slurping as you drink something nor if you are smacking slip v.rt. …=ši. slip; slide; glide v.rt. …=kí nje. slip (by foot ) v.t/v.i. as you eat. I have no use for it , and I don’t want to hear it, Ríre sdaxówe náki nje nakí nje : (I..., hanáki nje; you..., ranáki nje; we..., hi nnáki njewi; they..., sdáhda nna sdájaxe na tánaha ra^ú nškúñišge; ihášdage ke. Aréchi hanáxû n náki njeñe). You may slip on the ice so be careful when you walk, Ta nhéda hagú nda škúñi ke. ramáñišge adá hdáho. Núxeda aránaki nje šge. slip (from hand ); drop s.t. small; young; youngster; infant; offspring n/adj. šúwe. small obj. of n n v.t/v.i. rušdána; rušráⁿra : (I…, hadúšdana; you…, sdúšdana; we…, hi nrúšdanawi; different sizes (boxes ) adj. ší šiŋe (O.) ; keší šiŋe (DOR) . small; little; they…, rušdanañe) . Because the drinking glass w as wet, it slipped from my young; dear suf. …yiñe (I.) ; …yiŋe (O.) ; …šiñe; …iñe (I.) ; …iŋe (O.) . n hand( I dropped it ), Ñirahda kógri dókechi hadúšdana ke. slip (hand ** SEE : little. small; little; of middle size adj. šiŋe (I.) ; šúwe; aréchiŋe while pulling ) v.i. rukí nje : (I…, hadúki nje; you…, sdúki nje; we…, hi nrúki njewi; (O.) . small (quantity) ; tiny; very small adj. šíŋeiŋe; šíŋeiñe (I.) . If I have they…, ruki njeñe) . You must hold the rope tightly because if you let it slip , the boys two things, and one is small , and another is very small , then the second one will slide back down hill, Hawébri n ket^é uránaŋe ho; Sdúki nje šge ichí ndoiŋe is the less (of the two ), Éšwena dagúre núwe wáñišge. Iyá nki šíŋe ke; háhda atúgra n withrúh anñe hñe ke. slip away; slip free; get loose v.rt. géhnaha šíŋeiñe ke. Gašú n tahéna náha udwáñi je. make small by filing …=šiwe. slip; get away; escape grasp; free self; break loose v.i. v.t. wathúiŋe; wawáthuiŋe (DOR) . make too small (for purpose intended ) by gišíwe (by cutting, striking with s.t or by the wind ); kišíwe (by one’s self ): (I…, planing, filing v.t. waníŋe: (I…, hapániŋe; you…, swániŋe; we…, hi nwániŋewi; n hešiwe; you…, rešiwe; we…, hi gíšiwewi; they…, gišiweñe) ~ (I…, hakišiwe; you…, they…, wíániŋeñe) . small fit; tight (size to wear ) adj/v.i. urádage; ínáthge n n n rakišiwe; we…, hi kígišiwewi; they…, kigíšiweñe). Did you get free using an axe or (LWR) (urádake (DOR) ) [u + hi + radáge]. n n ; . It’s too small for me, Ú nadage ke. knife? No! I didn’t have anything so I got away by myself , Í thwe máhi ^ú na Does your dress fit ? Wáje irínathge (je ). Does your pants fit ? Unáthu n n rešíwe je. Hiñégo. Dagúre^šu áñi škúñina hakíšíwe ke. slip, slide by irínaxge (je ). [NOTE : The word “ináxge” (measure up (LWR) )]. ** SEE : fit; small. n weight, pressure (chair ) v.t. withrúha ; (withnóha (DOR) ). It rained a lot smallpox; become pitted from smallpox n/v.t. x^óxô; í nje x^óxô (lit.: “face and the hill top. And then the mud slid down below on top of the house pocked marked”) ; raxróxroge. The disease of small pox causes the muscles n tops, Ahé ahádada ída ñíyu dána áñe ke. Héda maháthrithri naŋe chí to ache and the fever affects the brain making the person loose their mind, n n n cháhada kúha da a withrúh a âšgú . slip through v.i. wešíwe. Wógišige ínje x^óxô ká n gich^éwahi ke; íro dáxra n wanáthruxri dáñiñehi n ** slipper; slipping (DOR) v.i. wikí je (arch.) . [NOTE : This is said of s.o. ke. walking over a muddy place who falls with hands slipping out over the mud]. smart; wise; intelligent adj. thábeda; thabéda. You don’t have to be old slippery; smooth v.rt. …=šdúje; …=štúje; …=šrúje. slippery; smooth (person ) to act in a wise manner, Š^áge sdi n škúñi ^ú nna thábeda ithgé adj/v.i. šdúšduje; šrúšruje. When we found a smooth rounded stone, my n n raû šdu ke. smart; be hurting adj/v.i. thkí. ** SEE : hurt. uncle told me it was spiritually blessed, Í nnošdašda iyá nki šdúšduje na smash; ruin; spoil by mashing v.i. wiwéje: (I..., hapíweje; you..., swíweje; hí nrógreda hi njéga: “Šé^naha í nno uxóbri n ke,” úngirage náhe ke. we..., hi nwíwejewi; they..., wíwejeñe) . We placed the heavy dishes ontop of slippery; “gríje” (as deersinew made) v.i. ragríje (old) . [NOTE : This term n the cake and so we smash ed it. It’s ruined , Wabúhgegu hi wíweje î described how the traditional Native sewing thread from the back muscle of a deer is n n n n wáhge šjedá egíha hi û wi ke. ** SEE : mash; squash. made wet and pliable again by passing it through the mouth]. I used to use deer smell; give off an odor; have a smell v.t/v.i. brá n: (I…, habrá n; you…., rabrá n; sinew to sew on moccasin soles. The sinew is always dry and hard. So I’d we…., hi nbrá nwi; they…, brá nñe). When I smell frying bacon, I think of my wet it in my mouth , and then, I can sew with it using an awl, Tákan ^ú nna uncles (long ago ) in the old kitchen cooking breakfast for all the family and agúch^òkeñi thírogu wáápathu nje mináhe ke. Tákan áma dáthaka ke. us kids, Waší n šot^úbra n uhá nna habrá nda Nánkerida hijéga wóha n chída Aréchi hadágrije na wahúge ^ú nna hapáthu nješdu n ke. th^ídawera wídáyi n ke. Héroda warúje chúyu bróge wówagihañewi anáhe slit; enlarge a slit, hole v.t. wíyage; wiyáke: (I..., hapíyage; you..., swíyage; n n n n n n ke, hi chí chi iñe heda . smell good v.i. brá pí (DOR) . It smell s good we..., hi wíyagewi; they..., wíyageñe) . You have to slit the hole larger and then n n n to me, Hi gíbra pi ke. smell bad v.i. brá píškuñi (DOR) . smell good; the shirt button can pass through (the hole) , X^óje swíyage hñe ke. Héda n give a pleasing odor; fragrance n/v.i. ubrá n. The Iroshka members used wamúxe wahú édowe réhišdu n ke. slit and push off skin (animal ) by hand to rub Indian perfume (an herb ) on themselves as it gives off a pleasing v.t. waháwe. slit skin by pushing stick against hand v.t. wathrége. ordor , Iróškage pyúbran akíwáxriñenachi ubrá n ke. smell (said of one’s sliver (or ) shred by punching (as rope ) v.t. wabóboye. n n hands after handling onions ) v.i. rubrá ; urúbrá (FM) : (My hand..., ú nrubra n; slope. ** SEE : incline. your..., úrírubra n; our..., wówarubra nwi; their..., urábra nñe). breath smell (after slow; slowly; taking time; softly; easily adj/adv/v.i. thríje; (thníje (DOR) ). It eating s.t. ) v.i. rabrá n: (My breath..., hi nrábra n; your..., rirábra n; our..., wáwarabra nwi; is better to take your time to do it right (correctly ), Dagúra^šu n thríje their..., rábra nñe). I avoid eating onions just so I don’t have bad breath , ra^ú nna nú píâre ke; grapíiñe ^ú n ne. very slow; very slowly adj/adv/v.i. Šíxañe hají škúñi aréchi hi nrábra n škúñi ke. dead smell n/v.i. wach^é thríjehšji. Spring time will be coming to us, but this year, I believe it may xúmi. arrive verly slowly , Béhu há nwe idáwahù hñe ke. Núâ báñi jéê nahé^šu n Gašu n Mišjí niñe dagúre^šu n ayá nna Rabbit knew now that this was a thríjehšji jí hñe ke. slow growth adj/v.i. nú n wómanke škúñi. There are iwáhuŋe áñe ke; grave mound that he had been some Indian children who have a slow growth because they do not receive wóxe ahéîñe áre ke. lying on, and he called the place the suficient food, Wá n^šink^òkeñi chi nchí niñe tó nú n wómanke škúna ñe Uwé jénaŋe Wach^é Xúmi Wach^é Xúmi (Dead Smell). chi warúje iródwañi añi škúnañe ke. slow to move; weak; pitiful adj/v.i. igá nñašgu n. xrúwa n dána. You are not an old person, therefore you should not move Áre kóô Mišjí niñe: At last he said: about as if you are pitiful , Riê š^á ge sti n škúñi ke. Aréchi rixrúwa n dána “Šigé dagúre^šu n iyá nki rigígu nsda “You, Dead Smell, I don’t want iríthgešge ramáñi škúñi hña ho. slowly, leisurely going along adj/v.i. šku nñi ke,” é áñe ke. anything more from you!” thrijéhšji hidáda. In the Spring, I like to take a leisurely walk through the “Húhu hwa,” “Hwah!!” woods, Béhuda páje ída thrijéhšji hidáda uháwe hamáñi hi ngípi ke. Ahéîñe é ke; Áre giríxrogena said the mound in anger, and it slurp (noise with the mouth in eating soup ); sip; suck up n/adj/v.i. rahówe ~ agúhi jíre náyi n âšgu n. began chasing him. raxówe. You two boys can stop making slurping (sounds ) when you eat, Ríre warújewida gena sdáxowe wi ra^ú nšdu n ke. slurp, sip (liquids, water ) n n v.t. rahówe ~ raxówe ratá ; rahówe ráhda . [NOTE : Straw (used when drinking from container, glass) = wírahowe wíraxowe (lit.: “with it by mouth sipped up along~through”)].

112 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

** smell bad; putrid adj/v.i. náxda; náhta : (I..., hi nnáxda; you..., rínáxda; we..., ** smooth out (by rubbing, pressing, etc. ) v.t. wišdúje ~ wištúje: (I…, wawánaxdawi; they..., náxdañe). The dead cows after the snow blizzard really hapíxrege; you…, swíxrege; we…, hi nwíxregewi; they…, wixrégeñe). I have the stunk , Chéhga t^áñe báhu dánagi náxda dána ke. smell bad; stink habit of smooth ing my bed covers, Wóšga n áñi ke ayá n umíye hegwíšdúje adj/v.i. xúme; xúmi : (I..., hi nxúmi; you..., ríxúmi; we..., wawáxumiwi; they..., ke. smooth stone; cut; polish; scrape smooth v.t. gišdóje; gišróje (DOR) . xúmiñe). Throw out that food in the fridge as it really smells , Warúje smooth surface and make even (wood) ; cut knots off with knife, saw v.t. n xúme núxekogeda béwi re. hu dánagi náxda dána ke. bašdúšduje. smooth water; calm water n. ñí ápi je. [NOTE : ÑíApì nje ~ smile; laugh v.i. i^šá; í^ša. A smile is still good medicine, I^šá iyá nki Ñápì nje (quiet water) is the name for Stillwater, Oklahoma ( Payne Co. ) situated kóô mánka pí ki. make smile v.t. i^šáhi : (I..., i^šáh a; you..., i^šár a; we..., between the former OtoeMissouria and Ioway reservation areas]. i^šá hi nwi; they..., i^šáh iñe). Píhi k^írana hi ngíro škúñišge Waká nda smudge. ** SEE : smoke. wayáre^šu n iyá nki réhi n náhaê i^šáhi nñe hñe ke. snag n. nábádhe (lit.: “tree nipple”) ; nápáthe (DOR) . smoke n. šóje. incense s.o. (be blessed with cedar, sweetgrass incense ); smudge snail n. wagrí šímije (lit.: “bug crawler”) . [Om/P. niha (snail; shell)] . n n n s.o. in incense v.t. šójehi; šójegi. My Uncle will have you smoke snake n. waká . ** SEE : waká ; Waká da. n n yourself next to the fireplace, Hi njéga péje ašgída náyi nna šójerakihi hñe black snake wáka théwe copperhead waká ukéñi n n ke. Then you can smudge your brothers for them, Héda n rinúñi ríre blue racer waká xóje house snake waká náhge n n šóje waragi šdun ke. smoke oneself (be blessed with cedar incense ) v.i. šójeki. bull snake waká dhí rattlesnake waká dhí xáñe n I like to smoke off myself with cedar before we begin a ceremony, Míre ** Snake Clan (extinct ) n. Waká Kiráji. [NOTE: The Snake Clan was said to Waróxi hi n^ú nna bathí ^ú nna šóje haki hegráhi ke. be extinct by the turn of 1900s. There is little known about the Clan other than it was I smoked him (not my relation). Šójeha ke. told that their role was to mark the perimeters of the village(s). This holds true for the Hochank (Winnebago) as well, although the surname continues within their community. I smoked him (my relation). Šójehegra ke. n J.O. Dorsey documented that the four subclans were: Waká Dhi ( Yellow Snake , i.e., You smoked her (not your Šójera ke. n Rattlesnake), Waká hšji ( Real Snake , named after a species of rattlesnake), Dhekéyiŋe relation). n (Small ~ Young Yellow , as the copperhead snake, and the Waká Xòje ( Gray Snake , a You smoked her (your relation). Šójeragi ke ~ Šójeregra ke. long snake which the Omaha call “swift blue snake.” n We all smoked her (not our Šójeih hiwi ke. In Hochank Medicine Dance, snakes were called by poetic names: “Spirit Walking relation). Soldiers,” “Crawling Soldiers.” [Jasper Blowsnake] In the autumn, the Snake Clan They smoked her (not their Šójehiñe ke. holds a special feast. On this occasion, the members offer feathers, tobacco and food to relation). the snake people by inserting into the holes down which they retired for the winter. At I smoked you all . Šójeri hiwi ke. this time they tell the origen legend of the Snake Clan People, which is still not publicly You smoked us two. Šójewawara ke. known, similar to the Ioway Otoe. When the first humans emtered the ancient Medicine n Dance Society, the culture hero, Rabbit, established life for humans to the fullest extent, We all smoked you. Šójehi rihiwi ke. it is said. Each one present represented one of the lower moiety clans of the n They smoked me. Šójehi hiñe ke. Hochangara (Waterspirit, Buffalo, Deer, Elk, Fish, Bear, Wolf and Snake). The snake ** smoke (pipe ); draw; puff (tobacco ) v.i. hí n: (I…, hahí n; you…, rahí n; we…, were the last to enter, yet they were the first to be initiated into the rite before any hi nhí nwi; they…, hí nñe) . He was smoking tobacco and the smoke went up others. [Paul Radin, “The Winnebago”] This represents the snakes special status, and now and again (as) he sat puffing , it seems, Ráñi hí nna šóje jirára hí n its possible association with rebirth as expressed in its shedding its skin. The Snake mínàšgu n. [From: “Hikú nñi" (My Grandmother)]. smoke, steam letting, Clan’s function was to keep clean the village grounds. More important, they were to use their special powers to detect the approach of enemie, and be the first to confront them escaping from mouth in cold air ~ while talking, smoking n/v.t. rap^ó; in defence of the village. This defensive role was shared with their traditional friends, n (rapó (DOR) ): (I…, hadápô; you…, swápô; we…, hi rápôwi; they…, rápôñe) . the Fish Clan. [David Lee Smith, “Folklore of the Winnebago,” Univ. Okla., 1997]. smoke tobacco n/v.i. ráñi rap^ó; (rapó (DOR) ): (I…, ráñi hadápô; you…, ráñi David Laury, Winnebago, [Paul Radin’s otebooks] tells that the Snake Clan arrived sdápô; we…, ráñi hi nrápôwi; they…, ráñi rap^óñe) . The two elders went last at the Creation Council which incorporated the initial tribal community. He sat outside and they smoked (prayed ) together, Š^áge núwe tagrídagu n tógre down at the door as they were least in size. (The last implies youth, being the youngest rap^ó wi ke. smoke tobacco v.t. ráñihi; ranehí (LWR) ; ráñi rap^ó : (I..., and of superior strength [Richard Dieterle] ). And thus, the Snake is seen as an aspirant for chief. So one of the sitting Clans said: “He is a likely chief.” Thus, a Snake Clan ráñiha; you..., ráñira; we..., ráñihi nwi; they..., ráñihiñe). Will you smoke your names is: Likely Chief. Other known names were: Sits Quiet at Home, Lies on (Sacred ) Pipe? Rahnúwe ráñi ra je ~ . ráñi regra je. Stomach, Woman Snake, Has Sharp Teeth, Attained Full Growth, High Snake, Craws ** smoke flaps ~ hole; vent; tipi top n. chí údwahe. smoked meat n. When Walking, Sits Coiled Up, Yellow and White Head, Trees Wither Dying, Snake, n n n n washí šot^úbra ; šot^úbra . smokes; cigarettes n. ná pôpô (BTG) . White Snake, Black Snake, Snakeskin, Green Snake, Little Snake, Green Snake and Smoking Horses Ceremony (arch.) n. Niútaxha (SKN) . [NOTE: A Yellow Snake. For futher information, See: Richard Dieterle’s n n traditional blessing cremony of horses given to visitors to the village]. smoky; www.hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.SnakeClanOrigins.html]. ** SEE : waká ; Waká da. n n misty n/adj/v.i. šot^úyu [šóje + úyu] . Smoky Weather (a personal Bear ** crawl, wiggle as a snake n/v.i. wašú šu máñi; (washunshun (DOR) ). n n Clan name ) Má nŠóje. snake fence; cross rail, worm fence n. náwota wašú šu . snake belt n. n smooth; straight n/adj/v.i. rotá n. smooth; even; slippery adj/v.i. šdúšduje waká ipíra; epida (SKN) . ** SEE : Medicine Dance. ~ štúštuje (I.) ; šrúšruje; thrúthruje (O.) ; suf. …šta; …šra; …šda. ** SEE : snap, break off by hand v.t. ridóye: (I…, hájídoye; you…., sdídoye; we…., n n šda n; widáye . bald head n. nahdórušta (lit.: “head smoothed”) . hi rídoyewi; they…, ridoyeñe). snapping turtle; snapper n. kemáraxî n n ** smooth ground; mow grass v.t. baštá; bašdá; gišráye; gištáye; gišdá; (LWR) ; ketá na (LWR) ; kéhto ha (SKN) ; (mushiao (?)(nickname) (SKN) ). n n (kištá (DOR) ). [NOTE : The (instrumental prefix) “ba“ refers to an action made by snare; trap n/v.t. madhé ^ú ; okítuna; okítu ra (DOR) . ** SEE : trap. cutting by a knife, saw. As in: bašwá (cut off), bathá (cut up; butcher). The preix “gi snarl (animals ) v.i. raxríŋe; waxríŋe; waráxriŋe; waráxriñe : (I…, wáádaxriŋe; ” indicates an action of striking, cutting with a knife, axe; by action of wind. As in: you…, wasdáxriŋe; we…, hi nwáraxriŋawi; they…, waráxriŋeñe) . The dogs snarl at gibráhge (flatten by striking; hammer & flatten), gidówe (grind; ground up; make fine), each other, Wa kíkiraxriŋe wi ke. make snarl by pressing, bearing, gidóxe, gidúxe (make burst, break, shatter; break from ~ on impact; by throwing leaning against (dog) v.t. wixríŋe. push, poke at making snarl (dog ) v.t. down)]. waxríŋe : (I…, hapáxriŋe; you…, swáxriŋe; we…, hi nwáxriŋawi; they…, waxríŋeñe) . ** pick flowers v.t. rušdá (“lit.: “by hand smooth”): (I…, hadúsda; you…, sdúsda; If you keep push ing with that pole, the possum will continue to snarl , we…, hi nrúsdawi; they…, rusdañe) . Does your gand children like to pick Náîñe šéê chí nšda iswáxriŋe ramáñišge, hú nje, rigíraxriŋe hñé ki. flowers too? Héda n rítagwa xawóxra warúdhe na gipína je. smooth; soil; snatch away; take away; deprive of v.t. náši : (I…, hanáši; you…., ranáši; wear surface (by rubbing ) v.t. iwáthewara. You sit so much that you will we…., hi nnášiwi; they…, našiñe). Then your grandsons snatch ed away the ball wear out (smooth ) the seat of your pants, Aráminašda nchi unáthú jidá n jíra from the dog, Éda ritágwa táwe šú nkéñi našíwi ke. snatch from v.t. iswáthewara hñe ke. rub a hide smooth v.t. wišdá; wišrá (DOR) . náše. An eagle snathed from the lake a big fish, Xrá jegíxeda hó xá nje smooth down (hair ) v.t. watówere (O.) : (I…, hapátowere; you…, swátowere; náše ke. snatch up quickly (several small obj. ) v.t. rušdášdaje; rušrášrache we…, hi nwátowerewi; they…, wátowereñe). (DOR) .

113 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n sneeze v.i. heší (FM) : (I…, hehásí n; you…, herásí n; we…, hínhésí nwi; they…, ** and so; and then; it is then conj. aréda. It is then I decided to do hesí nñe) . We kept on sneezing , so we thought we had gotten sick, Híne good, Aréda pí haûn hñena ihádugra n hñe ke. just so; often adv. n n n n n n hí héší wi hí máñiwina wí hire hí ráwi ke. [W. heepshí n (I…, heápshí n); Om/P. gagáhge; kakagke (HAM) . standing so for some time adv. th^íhšje gasú hechi (I…, huáchi; you…, hudháchi)] . dáhe. My grandmother’s house has been empty so for some time now , snore v.i. xróje; náxroje (MR) : (I..., hi nxróje; you..., ríxróje; we..., wawaxrójewi; Hínkúñi chí xróšge th^íhšje gašún dáhe ke. they..., xrójeñe) . My wife snore s a lot, Hinági mitáwe xróje dána ke. soak through (clothing in a rain ) v.t. gidáxe; gidáxê (DOR) : (I…, hedáxe; you…, n snort; grunt v.i. xá rage; xanage. Do you know that you snort when you redáxe; we…, hi ngídáxewi; they…, gidáxeñe). It really rained hard, and I got laugh? Irášâšâda rixánage ke. Iswáhuŋe je. soak ed through to my coat, inside before the rains you through, too? snot; mucous n. páxriŋe (JY) . When one is sick and has a lot of mucous , Ñíyu dána ke; wónayi n šóga he grádaxe ke. soak through; seen through n then he has to blow his nose often, Ta héda wahíredana páxriŋe gratúîŋe on other side (writing, grease, water, rain ) v.t. údaxe; údaxê (?) ; (ótaghe añíhida kigráxiŋe mína hñe ke. (DOR) ): (I…, uhádaxe; you…, urádaxe; we…, hódaxewi; they…, udáxeñe). We ate snow; snowflake n/v.i. bá; báhu. [Om/P.ma; Os. ba]. snowball n. bá(hu) fryed chicken while reading the books, so the grease on our fingers soaked táwe. snowball; make snowball by pressure n/v.t. wišnášna; wišdášda : through the pages, Wayí nsuje rókî n hi nrújena wawágaxe hi nraje héda n (I…, hapísdasda; you…, swísdasda; we…, hi nwísdasdawi; they…, wísdasdañe). The aréchi miŋgréthra nánpo hi ntéwe warúbrabra hódaxe ke. n n n girls made snowballs and threw them at the boys at school, Chi mi iñe soap n. widóya (LWR) ; wíwa ya; wirúya. I have soap in my eyes. Wirúya n n n wísdasdañena wógu dhe chída chi dói iñe wáábohiñena. [wa + abé + uhi + išdá uhápaki nje ke (literally, “I wiped soap in my eyes.”) . n ñe + na]. snowdrifts; snowpiles n. bógwá (lit.: “snow pile”). snowdrifts soar; flying high; glide adj/v.i. maší máñi. ** SEE : eagle. Soaring Eagle n (blown by wind”) n. bógwá gibrú. snow drifts (very fine) into a house, (a personal Eagle~Thunder Clan name ) Ma nshí Máñi (lit.: “high continuously”) . lodge; snow blows under garments v.i. bá ubóbru; (^pa ópopru (DOR) ). Soaring Eagle (a personal Eagle Thunder Clan name) Ma ngrída Amáñi. Yes, I remember at my grandma’s old house, the wind would blow in fine Soaring Eagle Woman (a personal Eagle Thunder Clan name) Kúⁿzayami snow drifts under the doors and some windows, ge as it really smells , (?) (SKN) . (?) Hú nje héthuna hi nkúñi chí th^íwareda tájé chíôge chúha nwe héda n bá Soaring ; Have Own One Come Arrive Standing ubóbru dáhge ke. snow falling; snowing n/v.i. báhu. snow shoes n. From Below (a personal Wolf Clan name ) KugráJída Híre (lit.: “below one’s n own arrive here standing”) (SKN) . báguta . snowstorm (a fine driving) n. bérišoje [bá + iríšoje] (DOR) . big ~ sober; sobriety n/adj. išdá brédhe (lit.: “eyes clear”) . A lot of them seat got great snowstorm n. báhu dána (DOR) . sober in the AA prom and attending Native American Church, Wá n^shíge ** snow hiding; snow lying (said of rabbits lying under the snow ) v.i. n n n n n (mishchíñe) wikóge yá n. blow snow on top of other snow v.i. bá róha wóšgá agrí núwe nahá ^ú na išdá brédhe iwáhuŋeñena máha rújeñe ke. sober; wake up ~ woke up; be clearminded adj/v.i. ikí; agíbru. ** SEE : abóbru. clear off snow by wind blowing v.i. bá githóje. ikíre (LWR) : (I , iháki; , you , iráki; we , hi nkiwi; they , ikíñe) . That clear off snow leaving ice bare and slippery (said of wind ) v.i. núxe morning, My uncle said to my son: “Are you awake now, Hérodada gáê gišdóje ~ gistóje. sweep, push off snow (with broom, brush, shovel) v.i. bá n n wajíge. As my uncle sweeped the snow off the walkway, he push it into hi jega hi yiñe: “Gašú iráki je.” snow piles, Hí njéga náwu n bá wájíge da bógwa n wašda nahé ke. society; club; union n. wókigo. **SEE : dances; bundles . Bear ~ Grizzly Bear Doctors n. MatógeWashí. [NOTE : The Society was founded by youngman snub. ** SEE : ignor. fasting when a Bear Spirit came to him and gave him the ritual of this Society. The so; in like manner; likewise adv. arékuû (HAM) . so; likewise adv/conj. n Bear Doctors function was directed to curing the sick. The Society is not to be ihgé; ihgá; ithké (old) ; aregú (LWR) ; (ike ~ kuû (HAM) ); gasú igú (LWR) ; (gasún confused with a separate bear dance for hunting the bear. In this Doctors Society, there igú (DOR) . so; in vain adv/conj. ihgé škúñi. So it’s in vain . I cann’t do were five leaders who were instructed by the originator who witnessed exactly how the it. It’s impossible. No! It is not impossible for you to do it. God is able to Bear Spirit danced. The Doctors would demonstrate their powers by stabbing do it. What did he do? Ho Ihgé škúñi ke. Ha^ ú n hadúâge ke; ^ú n chéxi themselves, allow the blood to flow and then heal those wounds. Also, they devoured ke. Hiñégo ^ú n chéxi škúñina raûnšdu n hñe ke. Waká nda ^ú nnu ke. live coals. It is somewhat similar to the Pawnee Doctor Dance Societies. In the spring, n n n the Society appointed someone to bring a cedar tree to set up in the middle of their T^ú tû ^ú je. do so to s.o. the same as he did to s.o. else v.t. n n n n n dance grounds. Then they entered a new sweat lodge sitting on a cushion new sage. ikúgiû : (I…, ikúhéû ; you…, ikúréû ; we…, ikúhí û wi; they…, ikúgi^úⁿñe) . Inside they growled like bears and crushed the hot stones with bare hands, and all If someone chooses to do something mean to another, you do not have to do would sing their Sacred Bear Prayer songs. n n n it to somebody else, Éšwena wayére^šu géhnáha wayi ágigre irúgra šge Immediately upon leaving the sweat purification, they entered their Society chákirutha ríre ikú reû n škúñi hñe ho. somewhat so; be a little so adv./v.i. ihgéda n. or tipi, seated themselves, and painted in yellow, green, brown, and other colors to Is it so? Is that right? Aréhga? [aré + ihgá + je] resemble the bear. Then when they danced, they would imitate the movements of the It is somewhat so, Ihgéda n ke. bear, and perform incredible feats. Only meat was cooked as it is the preference of I said so. Ihé ke. bears. Skinner, “Iowa Societies”, APAM. p.712 ]. ** Buffalo Doctors Society n. Ché Xowákigo; Ché Xowé Aswehi. [NOTE : You said so. Išé ke. The most important medicine Society was founded by IsdáMàñi (Lone Walker) who They did so ~ likewise . Igú ^ú nñe ke. n was befriended by the Buffalo People as a small boy as he went along with his father on Do it to me (as I did so to you) . Ikú mi^ú ne. a buffalo hunt. In the distance, he saw the hunters shoot a small buffalo bull. He went So! It is! Ho: aré! to the bull lying there. In turn, the bull instructed him how to use him (his spirit that is) ** so; true; be true; tell the truth n/adv/v.i. mí nke; aré ihgé. for doctoring others. He showed that the various parts of his body, horns, fat, tail, hoofs It is so ? He tells the truth , Aré ihgá je, Mínke ke. were to be utilized in ceremonial prayer and healing. Then the buffalo taught him the I think so. Aré ihgé náje ke. roots and herbs they used in order to effect healing of the sick and injured. They showed him how to the herbs have potency to heal broken bones and mend ** so; therefore; that being the case adv/conj. aréchi. It’s cold, so we n n wounds. He was taught powerful buffalo prayer healing songs, and appropriate ways to made a fire, . Róthri ke. Aréchi péje dakôhi hi ke. so as (to ); in order pray. Then, he was admonished that since he was so young, he should have his father n n n to : He worked hard so as to get done. Šgá wexa ke uxré wa^ú rušdá . assist him in all these teachings and new knowledge of the healing arts. Together they n n so far (end ) adv/intj. gahéda ; kahéta (HAM) . I have come so far to here, would make a Sacred Buffalo Bundle Ché Warúxawe and include with its contents, a but I have a long way to go before I am finished, Gahéda jégi hahú ke; piece of dry dung to burn sacred incense to smudge the buffalo medicines administered Núâ torígun haríwexa hamáñi hñe udáñigi hadúšda n mináhe ke. so while the Buffalo Spirit would ever be with him and his patients. He was to gather some earth from a mole hill which is associated with earth powers, as the mole without many; great many; a lot adv/v.i. dáhnahe; dáhnaha. I have never seen n n eyes can make its way under the ground, much like a doctor seeks out the medical so many Native Indians in one place, Wán^ši kôkeñi dánaha úweya ki problem to eliminate it. wáta škúñi ke.

114 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

The Society had six to seven leaders, each with their own Sacred Buffalo Bundles and ** War Bundles Society (included both Wanúthuŋe and Wathé Bundles ) n. followers. They treated all manner of wounds and injuries, including arrow and gunshot Waróxawe Kígo. ** SEE : war bundles. War Dance Society (benevolent ) n. wounds, broken bones, difficult child birth and illnesses. They only met together to Iróška; Heróška (SKN) . ** SEE : Iróška Wokigo. Wind ~ Whirlwind Society treat a patient as a team or to admit a new member. The doctors went along war n n x expeditions with their healing bundles in the event someone was wounded. They first n. Ta tá je Washí; Tatáte ! Wachí (SKN) . [NOTE: This dance society was long smudged the wounded person with the sweet smelling incense of sage and sweet grass. discontinued by the early 1900s. It was thought to have its origin from the Sauk & Fox Then, they stopped the flow of blood with a swab of shed buffalo felt wool. They or the Prairie Band Potawatomi. It was told that only unmarried men were eligible for sprayed medicine tea over the wounded in imitation of a rain shower. Bird wings, membership, since any male who knew a woman would likely die when shot by the buffalo brushes and tail were dipped into medicine and similarly showered over the supernatural bones, as only the “pure” could endure the shock. As such, the Lodge was person. When the doctors danced, they imitated the manner and movements of the composed mostly of youths. buffalo people, while sounding their cane whistles. In treating a patient, they may do During a performance, the members wore only their breechcloths. They divided into an incising and cupping (sucking out the object causing the condition). Chief Tohee two groups, which would dance up to one another. They blew on their clenched hands stated that unlike his experience with white doctors, the Buffalo Doctors remained with after striking their left breasts, and thrust them at the opposing group, at the same time the patient, talking to him, and continue sporadic treatments until cured. flinging their palms open. The bones were said to be plucked from the flesh of their A dance followed a cure and at a set three times a year – spring, summer and fall. breasts, were “shot” into the flesh of their opponents. Both groups whooped and sang. The men and women dressed in their special regalia, some wore buffalo horn caps, If bystanders ridiculed the performance, they too were likely to be shot with the bones, others wore buffalo robes, tails and painted or clayed themselves with sacred earth which could be very painful. Further, in such a case, the bone could only be removed paints. Certain women had rattles made of buffalo hoofs. Each man had his songs for by the shooter, and had to be “feed” for doing so. The shooter removed the bone by painting himself, and a set of his own Buffalo songs. Often, others would sing along rubbing one hand over the wound. It was said that at times the dancers would shoot with him. they mysterious bone into the drum and knock the sound out of it, rendering it useless. There was another Buffalo Doctors Society that was connected with the power from Sleightofhand performances were also common after the dance. One nonmember the Bear People. It was founded by Íwajeinge (Little Rock) who fasted for this expressed disbelief in the powers of the society. A member then shot two bones from his hand into the blanket, and a third bone into the cheek of the nonbeliever, who cried knowledge. ** SEE : Íwajeinge. [From: Skinner, “Ethnology of the Ioway Indians”; “Iowa Societies”; Whitman, out in pain. Two holes were found in the blanket and the two bones lying in the center “The Otoe”.]. of the folds. The member had proved his power, and thus, he drew the bones back into his breast. From: A. Skinner, “Iowa Societies.” APAMH: XI. pp.717718. ]. ** SEE : ** Ghost Doctors Society n. Dubrie (?) ; Swéhi (SKN) . doctor; Medicine Dance. ** KitFox Society n. Tukára; Tukála (SKN) . [NOTE: The Tukára were the n well known rivals of the Mawádañi. In war they did their best to outdo the other in sock(s) n. thúxwe; thú xwe (lit.: “ foot follow along”) ; thúki (FM) ; thirónaxwe bravery and exploits and similarly in social gatherings. They chose opposite styles of (LWR) . dress, paint and regalia. They played against each other in games, which culminated in socket joint n. ^úgre (LzH) . n a Spring lacrosse tournament. They had similar customs such as never fleeing in the sofa; couch; bed n. uyá ; amína thréje (lit.: “ seat long”) ; (oyán (DOR) ). midst of war and vowed to fight to the death. They paid a brave to retrieve anything soft; be soft (grass, sand, carpet ) (GM) ; soften (leather, bread ); fluffy adj/v.i. they dropped; if thrown or fall from their horse, they waited for a brave to raise them up, pôp^óye. In the Spring I like to walk in the soft green grass, Béhuda giving for the assistance, a horse or other great reward. xajéto p^ópôye uháwe hamáñi hégrahi ke. And they tied a fluffy white Anyone could join them who were willing to live up to the obligations. Initiation feather to my niece’s hair, Héda n mašú n hgá p^ópôye hi ntóšgemi nadó consisted in adopting their characteristic haircut, regalia and joining their dances. n n Unique to them and not to the Mawádañi was they enabled a grieving person to cease iréšgeñe ke. soft; step on soft obj. (thick carpet ) v.t. p^í pî xe. We will mourning. When a community member died, it was customary for all organizations to buy a new house and install thick soft carpets like you have, Iríthge ch í pause in their activities. If the general depressed mood prevailed, they held council to iróka n chége hi nrúmi hñe ke; nómiye umíye p^í npî nxe idá hingré hñe ke. end the sadness. They prepared a feast and sent for the mourners to be brought to them. soft, spongy (rubbery ) adj/v.i. p^á npâ nje. It is because of the tires; that is Then one of the leaders address them: n n n why they call the car a “spongy wagon, Áhu nahá aréchi dagúraû na “We want to dance. “Híne hi wáší hi gúnawi ke. n n n n námáñi p^á pâ je igá ñe ke. soft; cooked till done adj/v.i. šwána; It is true we stopped out of Mínke ke; hi nigraxobewina n n respect to you, but Aréchi, hi nnásda n wi ke. šwa na; šwa ra. You will want to cook the rice until it is soft but do not n now we have let you have Há nwe dáhnahe hókû nwina overcook it, Thínhkaiñe šwánara uráha hñe ke. Núâ dášwa škúñi re. so many day, and gášun šíge ** soft; soften; make pliant by punching; punch, push softly at (soft obj. ) n n n we should like to begin again. hi wójire hi gúnawi ke. v.t. wašú na (DOR) : (I…, hapášu nna; you…, swášu nna; we…, hi nwášu nnawi; they…, n May we begin?” Hójirešgewi hdaô.” wašú nnañe). ** SEE : wašú nna. (flesh, leather, stale bread ) v.t. : n soften šwá hi If they said “Yes” and they always did, Áre wóšga añíñe: “Húje,” áñešge (I…, swá nha; you…, swá nra; we two…, swá nhi [swá n + hi n (you & I; we two) + hi the Tukára leader continued: Tukára dotá nha n ga^é â… (cause)]; we all…, swá nhiwi; they two…, swá nhiwi; they…, swá nhiñe) . By dipping “Well, we will not do it right away as “Hú n úxredana hi n^ú n škúñi ke. we are going to make it Itú n pí hi nnígiû n táhñe ke.” it in hot coffee, we would soften the hard donuts, my grandmother and me, n n n n n n right with you first.” Máka thewe dáxra ^ú na hi wísgedana wabúhge šdášda xége šwa hi hi ke, n n Then they would give him many Éda wókû n róha n wógikû nñe ke; éda hí kúñi míne héda . soften; make pliant on with the handle; tie up presents and feed them in order to kigóñe wagíû nñena aréchi shigé loosely; make large bundle of; take hold of softly ~ easily v.t. arúšjaŋe : make all well with them again. chúyu gírohiñe hñe ke. (I…, áádusjaŋe; you…, asdúsjaŋe; we…, ahínrúsjaŋewi; they…, arusjaŋeñe) . We [From: Skinner, “Iowa Societies”] . find a field growing wild sage, then cut and tie it into loose bundles , ** Mandan ( ~ Hidatsa) Society n. Mawádañi; Mawatani (SKN) . [NOTE: Ta ndare háxoje nuna hójewi ke; hi nbáwaxewi ahí nrúsjaŋe wi ke. soften The Mawádañi was a rival association with the Tukára KitFox Society. These obj. by pressing on it; pound v.t. awíbrupê (DOR) : (I…, áápibrupê; you…, societies were present among the all the Siouan tribes of both the southern and northern aswíbrupê; we…, ahí nwibrupêwi; they…, awíbrupêñe). When we find red plains. They varied in organization and activities somewhat one from another, but all n n were said to have a shared origin with the Mandan ~ Hidatsa Tribes of the far northern earth paint, it is like a rock so we soften it by pounding , Kíku dhe máya da n n plains. They each had distinctive dress, and attended the dances of both societies. In hójewida í no ihgé ke; éda ahí wibrupê wi ke. soften obj. by pressure; April, the Mawádañi challenged the Túkara at lacrosse, which after the month of games bear on s.t.; soft by pressure v.t/v.i. wištúŋe; wišdúŋe; wištú nštuŋe. If were completed, they often went on war separate expeditions. They followed the no the red rock is really hard, we will soften by bearing down on it, Íno šuje flight rule and never picked up dropped articles themselves, as it still is in the Iroshka thíthešge ahí nwišduŋe tahñi ke. Society today. They strived to outdo the Tukára in everything, both in warfare and in ** softly; slow(ly); easily adj/adv/v.i. thríje. Hit the ball easily (or) social life. [From: Skinner, “Iowa Societies”] . Ioway Society n. Baxóje softly , Táwe thríje ují n ne. softly sit on blanket ~ horseback v.i éšjaŋe Wokígo. n (not bareback ) (DOR) . lie on soft bed v.t. wip^óge : (I…, hapípôge; you…, ** Medicine Dance Society n. Má ka Washí. ** SEE : Má nka Washí. swípôge; we…, hi nwípôgewi; they…, wípôgeñe). In the powwow parade, the Night Lodge n. Wathé Wachí; Wathé Waší (Lucky Lodge) (SKN) . Spirit ~ girls sat softly on a blanket horseback, Wóya nwe washí wa n^síge náwu n Spiritual Doctors Society n. Wanáxi Swéhi. ** SEE : doctor. uwámañida chi nmíŋe suŋé ešjáŋé ñe amínañe ke.

115 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n soil; dirt; earth n. má; má ; máha. soil ~ dirty s.t.; make secondhand something; things prf. wa…. . [NOTE : The use of this prefix “wa“ can change a (after short use ) v.t. théware; théwara; théwehi. I soiled a clean shirt, verb into a noun. As in: uk^ú n (give to s.o.) > wa + uk^ ú n > wók^ ún (gift; Wónayi n thúgra théwa ha ke. soil; dirty up; deface s.t. by writing on, present)]. ** SEE : wa something; things; whatever (is) prn. dagúre; n punching at v.t. wathéwe; (washéwe (DOR) ). At saddle rock by Pawnee, a dagúrešu . n lot of young people defaced it writing their names on it, Nákâgre íno ída Whoever does something for elders does well, Wayére š^áge wa gíû da chína Páñi áškida ichí nchi niŋe róha n ráye agwagaxeweñena wathéwe ñe warúpi. n n anáheñe ke. soil; wear (book from handling ) v.t. iwáthewára. The book Something the matter? Dagúrešu ^ú na. n of stories was soiled and worn as it had been read by many school students, It is indeed something, . Dagúre nahé^šu . n Wógu ndhe ichí nchi niŋe róha n wórage wawágaxe rájeñe ke; gašu n What??? Dagúre nahé^šu . iwáthewara ke. ** SEE : dirty . ** something good n adj. wapí. sold. ** SEE : sell. So then, their father arrived back home. n soldier n. wáŋ^wašoše (O.) ; wá ^kwašoše (“lit.: “man brave”) . ** SEE : police “Our Father, we have put away something good for you,” (traditional ). soldier; camp police n. wa nî nákida ; wa n^yi nákida (“lit.: “s.t. the two said, it seems. n watches over”); (waiákida (SKN) ; wanáhje; wanache (?) (DOR) ). Ídaré á je grígi: n n n sole of foot, shoe n. thírogu. You wore off ~ pulled off the sole , Thírogu “Hí ko wapí hi rígigrewi ke,” áwašgu . ranáxreje ke. [W, sííroku]. solid; hard v.rt. =kara. solid frozen adj/v.i. dákara. An old man told me “What is it?” he said, it seems, n that in winter when everything is frozen solid it is easier to chop wood, “Dagúre je,” éâšgu . n n Wá nsha iyá nki: “Táñida bróge dákara ke; náxa wómanke aráješdu n ke,” [Julia Small: Wéka “úweda Xóñita ” (Twin Holy Boys)]. únrage ke. solid; firm; strong; hardened by heat v.i. dátheka. solid; ** put away something good v.i. wapíyu; wapígraŋe. You can put hard adj/v.i. thíthê. Some rocks are soft, like sand stone, but other are something away in one’s pocket for awhile or you can put something away n n n n in a closet for a long(er) time, Ríre wópiyu ritáwe th^íyiŋe hard , Í no ithgé pî pî xeñe ke; núâ géhûda nahá búša i no ithgé n n thíthê ñe ke. solid; be in a solid; lot (?) ; sticking in s.t. ( nails) n/v.i. wapí rayu šdu šge; wópigreda th^íwexa wapí ragráŋe šdu šge; tahéna áre ragú nšda je. something inserted v.rt …=šôge. sometime; someday arášôge. The nails in the old boards are in solid , Madhéyiŋe nóbrahge n n n n th^íwarera arášôge wóji nñe ke. in reference to solids only (?) adj/v.i. adv. há we iyešu ; há weya šu jigáre. Sometime we will have to have lunch together at Pawnee Grill, Hánweyašu n jígáre Páñi Grillda bímaši péshêshêke (?) (DOR). n n n n n warúje gratógre hi û hñešge ke. sometimes adv. tatá ^šo (LWR) ; some adj. tó; he; iyá . [NOTE : tó, hé, iyá = All refer to a certain amount] ; n n tatagkšu (HAM) . If it were not for you grandchildren, I wouldn’t feel like I dagúre^šu (DOR). [NOTE : dagúre^šu refers to any amount] . n Pour, give yourself some water . Ñí ukíkû n ne. ( “some” is implied ) want to go on, is what sometimes my grandpa would say, “Rírešda hi ntágwa riwá^ú nna aréchi hamáñi hamína hagú nta ke,” áre hi ntúga nyiñe Take some ! Tó rudhe re! n n He took some tobacco. Ráñi tó rúdhe ki . tatá ^šu ga^é nahé ke. (NOTE : The dire negative tone of the English statement is n n n n rendered in a positive tone in IOM ). somewhat; somewhat like; similar; be Leader, Give me some water, Dotá ha ñi tó ú kû ne. n n like (thus) adj/prep/v.i. ihgé; ithké; ihgéda ; jehé. It is somewhat like Do you want some cake? Wabúgegu hé ragú sda je. n n that, . Še árehgedá . It is somewhat lighter (not very ), Háhathge ke. We He saw some keep coming, Iyá gúheda. n n n feel ~ look somewhat like that, Še áre wíwahgedá wi ke. ** SEE : resemble Some were going, Iyá aráñena^àšgu . n n n n n (look like). somewhere; someplace adv. tá da; tá ^šu . He went to Fry some potatoes. Dóxañe iyá rókî ne. n n n n (SY) (DOR) some land, country, Máya tá da uwáre . I know I put it someplace , I want some money. Dagúre^šu mathéthka hagú da ke . n n Tá ^šú uhápíyu ihápahuŋe ke. ** SEE : anywhere. (any amount of money would be nice ) n n n n n son; his ~ her son n. iyí ñe (I.); iyíŋe (O.). my son, hi yí ñe ~ hi iyíŋe. ** some [SEE: p.87]. adj. iyá ge (one in addition ); ihgé (some like ); udá. n n n [NOTE : iyá ki = one]. your son, riyí ñe ~ riyíŋe. their sons, iyí ñe híñe ~ iyíŋe híñe. We had our hopes upon our sons , Hinyí nñe hi ntéwi há nñiwi naháê wáákida bróge I have some like that, Ihgé háñi ke. n Eat some (meat), Ihgé rúje re. [Wéka n: Maya n Wadáhé] . wíde hi jéwi ke. n n n n Then he gave him some water, Edá ñi udá uk^ú n ke (Udwá nge). ** the firstborn son; eldest son Hí gru; Hí gru ; (nú náha; nú náha (DOR) ). (Wéka n: Day and Sons] . the secondborn son Héna; (inúwe náha (arch.) (DOR) ). I have some like that, Udá wáñi ke. the thirdborn son Hága ; (Hága wanú (arch.) (GM) ). ** some; the rest; the others; first some then the others n/adj. útâ the fourthborn son Hágaiñe (I.) ; Hágaiŋe (O.); nahá; udá nahá; útâ; úta; udá; (ota (HAM) ). Bring some (sweat lodge ) stones to (Hága iróxre (GM) “next following thirdborn” ). me, I nno úta wáñigúwi re.. the youngest son (fifth and beyond ) Shíñe náha ~ shíŋe náha (DOR) . n n n n n n ** some (person ); someone; somebody; anybody, anyone; who; ** soninlaw n. wa dóha ; wa tóha (LWR) ; ma dóha (?) (LWR) . sonin n n n whosoever; someone else prn. éê; wayé; wayére; wayére^šu n; law n. udwá chi; udwái chi; udwá je (?) (LWR) (lit.: “cat in the house”) . n n waryére^šo (LWR) ; wa ^ší; wayéreî; udá; (wayéreksun ~ tánaha aréksun (HAM) . [NOTE: This is an informal, familiar “nickname” term] . n n Somebody is coming back, Úda agútaŋe ki. [J.Small: “Hi nkúñi (My ** Son of God; Jesus; Jesus Christ, Waká deíñe (I.) ; Waká deyiŋe (O.) . n n Grandmother)”] . Someone can do it, Wayére^šu ^ú nu ke.. ** SEE : ** grandson; his ~ her ~ their grandson n. itágwa. my grandson, n n everyone; úda. someday; in the future; at the front adv. dórigi; tórida; hi tágwa. your grandson, ritágwa. great grandson n. wakíha dáñi n n n n tórigu ; dóriki (LWR) ; torída. You stand in front of me, Tórida i náraginayi ke. itágwa. great great grandson n. wakíha dówi itágwa. n n n n I will see you later (in the future ), Tórigu da aríta hñe ke. somehow. ** SEE : song; sing about n/v.t. uyá we : (I sing about…, uháya we; you…, uráya we; we…, n n n how. hóya wewi; they all…, uyá we ñe). I made a new song for you, Uyá we chégerígiha ke. Those two like to sing about Jesus, Áre Waká ndeyiŋe n uyá we wi grahíwi ke. ** SEE : sing.

116 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

soon; just (barely ); soon as, as soon as adv/conj. géda n; wóxañe (DOR) ; sound of gourd rattle shásha (SKN) . wóhañe (HAM) . sound of grass wix^óxê (DOR) . I have just come back home. Aré géda n hagrí ke. [NOTE : A sound made by bearing down crawling through to stalk game). They just (as soon as) woke up and… Géda n ikíwina… sound of hacking; rasping gitáye; kitáye. As soon as you show up… Géda n ritá nî n… sound of ice (as it breaks up on the river and floats off ) wathóxe (DOR) . As soon as day came, they ate. Há nwe grí wóxañe warújeñe ke. sound of loose boards, planks ** soon; close; near (in space, time ); perhaps; maybe (simple posibility ) adv. (walking on them ) nagráke; nagrágrake (DOR) . éšwena. Soon it will be spring, Éšwena béhu jí ke. If (maybe ) he sound of metal, bone (hit by s.t.) ; strike and glance off gixá^he (DOR) . comes, (then ) we will go, Éšwena jída hiné hñe ki. Maybe he will go to sound of person walking outside tent, lodge Cushing tomorrow, Éšwena héroda Cushing waré ke. soon; easily adv. (unseen by hearer inside ) nadódope (DOR) . wómanke. Easily pour the eggs into the bowl, Wómanke íhje wahgóyu sound of stick thrust into water washáxe (DOR) . uswáxu n ho. sound of stick thrust into mud hole having water “They will be easy (to overcome ),” Rabbit said, they say. (which flies out with a “swish” ) wajáxê (DOR) . And again, he cryed out, sound of tearing cloth, scrapping wood “Wómanke ñe ke,” Mišji nñe é áñe ke. (by pushing, saw ) waxóxe (DOR) . Shigé ^ šu n hótu n ke. slurp (noise with the mouth in eating soup ); sip; suck up n/adj/v.i. rahówe ~ [Wéka n: "Mishjíñe na áthraje” (Rabbit and Grasshoppers)] raxówe. You two boys can stop making slurping (sounds ) when you eat, ** soon; hurry; catch up; follow; quickly; as soon as adv/v.t/v.i. uxré; Ríre warújewida gena sdáxowe wi ra^ú nšdu n ke. slurp, sip (liquids, water ) n n n (oxré (DOR) ; ohre (HAM) ). We will be back soon , Uxré hi gríwi hñe ke. I v.t. rahówe ~ raxówe ratá ; rahówe ráhda . [NOTE : Straw (used when drinking am teaching patterns to my grandson – like KLMN follows GHIJ, from container, glass) = wírahowe wíraxowe (lit.: “with it by mouth sipped up Wíthge hi ntagwa hegrú ndhe ke; éšwena KLMN aré jírena GHIJ uxré ñe along~through”)]. ke. very soon adv. uxré dána; (oxré tsá nna (WT) (DOR) ). And so, very smacking sound with mouth (when eating ) n/v.i. rajáxe: (I…, hajájaxe; n soon we began to see the buds on the trees and flowers, Héda uxré dana you…, sdájaxe; we. , hi jaxewi;áthey…, rajáxeñe). It is poor manners to n bútuiŋe há ndawi ke. soon; immediately; in near future adv. go^óchî; smack one’s mouth when eating, Wóšga pí škúñi áre nahá warújena go^óji (GM) . Soon , perhaps in two weeks, we will attend the Iroshka rájaxe ke. Society Dance at Ponca, Go^óji éšwena há nwe waxóñida n núwe tóridaha n soup; broth; stew n. táñi (lit.: “deer meat water”) ; cháñi (LWR) . Pá nka Iróška Wókigo iwáhi nne tahñe ke. sour; be sour; stink badly; putrid adj/v.i. náxda. There was a great stench sore; upset; angered; run; ooze; fester; be sore, blistered n/v.i. xrí : (I have over land from dead animals and plants after the flood, Ñí wawáyuî n ~ I’m..., hi nxrí; you..., ríxrí; we..., wawáxríwi; they..., xríñe). His knee was sore , it náxda xá je nahéchi wanúhšje xámi bróge t^áñe anáhe ke. seems, Šášge etáwe xrí âšgú n. My back is sore , Ná nke hi nxrí ke. sore; source ~ head of a stream n. udwáxe. Lewis and Clark wanted to find the hurt v.i. ñíchê. My leg hurts (me), Hú hi nñíchê ke. Does your feet source of the Missouri River, ÑíShúje udwáxe dáhe MáhiXáñeGìhi n still hurt you? Kóô thí rigráñichê je. sore; chafe v.i. widáye. The air NathúŠùje ya da irógrewi gúnawi ke. n n n is dry and very soon your face will be sore , Táje búdhe ke; uxré dana ínhje south n. máya mášje(da) (lit.: “summer land”) ; mášje máya (gu ) (I.) . south; há riwídaye hñe ke. be sore; whine; cry for s.t. v.t. axrí : (I..., ááxrí; downcountry; downstream; south side of handgame players n/adv. you..., aráxrí; we..., há nxríwi; they..., axríñe). Because you whine all the time, urékuri(da) (O.) (LWR) (GM) . And that is what they called it: “Find the Hand n you get nothing, Aríxri ramínachi dagúñiŋe hórikû škúñiwi ke. [NOTE : (Hand Game) .” The South side trys to find the little bone from the North side n xrٌíge (cry baby)] . make sore; make lump on horse (by sitting on it too long ) and win all the scouring sticks, Náwe ujé áre igá ñe ke. Urékurida nahá n n n v.t. wišóge (DOR) . sore foot (as a lame foot of horse caused by sore splinter umáha da wógijeñe ki ^í ñe ke; wahúyiŋe núwe igúñena náthuîŋe bróge n under skin that oozes matter when stepping on it ) v.i. waxrí (DOR) . ** SEE : hurt; wóhiñe ke. towards the south adv. urékurígu . The Towards the n n blister(ed). South in Mexico are many more Indian tribes, Urékurígu Máya n n n ** little sore head; screech owl n. póxriiŋe [pá + uxrí + iŋe] . Chašpánorada Wa ^ší kôkeñi róha ñe ke. south wind (direction) n. n sorrowful; have a bad heart v.i. náhje gipíškúñi. I’m very sorry ~ urékurigu túhi. He’s going southward ~ downstream , n remorseful, Náhje hi ngípiškuñi ke. sorry; humbled; remorseful; pitiful Urékudagu t^úwa re ke. south side. ** SEE : sides. intj. he:ha n (masc.) ; e:îna (fem.) . He fasted and cryed on top of a hill, sow; female pig n. go^gótha míŋe; gohgótha míŋe. saying: I’m pitiful and without any recourse, resource but you, Wakanda. spade; shovel n. máha wagáje (FM) ; má ik^é. You are the only one who can help me, Áre takía ahé ahádada xágena: Spanish; Mexican n. chašpánora; chašpánona. “He:ha n Hi ntúga n Waká nda. Rírešda n únregragešdú n ke,” se éâ ke. spank; whip; smack; paddle n/v.t. gixdáxe; ixdaxe (LWR) : (I spanked him, n soul; spirit (of person ) n. unáxire. The soul is the spirit of a person after the hexdáxe; you… her, rexdáxe; we… him, hí gixdáxewi; they…, gixdáxeñe) . She did body dies, Unáxire nahá íro ch^égi wá n^shige wanáxi etáwe ix^á n mína wrong so I spank ed her, Warúthaŋena hexdáxe ki. [W. gipsinch; OmP. ke. gathápi; K. wégazhin] . spank; make cry (by hand) n/v.t. ruxáge: (I..., sound; a noise v.rt =grage. Sound words: hadúxage; you..., sdúxage; we..., hi nrúxagewi; they..., rúxageñe) . whip n. sound like one crying (or) wigíxdaxe (l it.: “something with it whip”) . ** SEE : whip. an old horse, cow eating rakóke (DOR) . spare; save; be left; the rest n/v.t. udá; udáhi : (I…, udáha; you…, udára; we sound made by thrusting at ground; two…, udáhi; we all…, udáhiwi; they two…, udáhiwi; they…, udáhiñe) . She spared n n stab s.o. (or an animal running to the hilt, making a thud ) wabóge (DOR) . me, Udá mi ke. You can have the rest , Udá nahá wasrúdhešdu . ** SEE : sound made in the throat (almost hacking, rasping ) widáye (DOR) . save. n sound of boards (heard as one sits on loose pile of boards ) widóbe (DOR) . spark; sparkle n/adj/v.i. dášti . spark; poke, stir fire sending sparks v.t. n n n n n sound of corn pile (when sitting down on ) witháxe. waxrí ^ye: (I..., hapáxri ^ye; you..., swáxri ^ye; we..., hi wáxri ^yewi; they..., n n sound of crackling (by, from pulling ) rit^úye (DOR) . wáxri ^yeñe) spark; blow at fire and cause sparks v.t. wixrí ^ye: (I..., n n n n n sound of crunching wixráñe. hapíxri ^ye; you..., swíxri ^ye; we..., hi wíxri ^yewi; they..., wíxri ^yeñe) . sparkle; n n [NOTE : A sound made sitting on firm snow (or) bearing down on s.t., e.g. egg shell ]. flash v.i. dášdi šdi . We like to sit by the camp fire and watch it spark n n n n n sound of crying; boohoo intj. há^ha (O.) . and sparkle , Péje aškída hi minamina hi gipiwina dášdi šdi hi wáwadawi sound of cutting through bone ~ metal bax^ége (DOR) . ke. sound of door, plank (from pushing it ) wagráke (DOR) . sound of file, filing wax^áhe; wa^áxe; awáxâhe; wax^áxâhe; wax^ághe (DOR) .

117 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

sparse woods; forest of large, small trees, bushes n. uxráwe; xráwe (MAX) ; ** speak saucily to s.o.; insist upon v.t. ahóšege; ahóshege : (I…, ááhóšege; péje (FM) ; táje (JY) . sparse or barren of undergrowth in forest, woods; you…, aráhóšege; we…, hánhóšegewi; they…, ahóšegeñe). Are you going to let n n trees (no tall grass, sun flowers, brush ) n/adj. úgrihšji; ugríxji; (ukrikhchi (DOR) ). your children talk saucily to you? Richi chi iñe aríhošege hi je. speak to; [NOTE : The trees may stand together or apart without any indergrowth of grass, brush, address oneself to; talk with; court a woman v.i. ugíchê; ukíchê: nor other plants]. ** SEE : uxráwe . (I…, uhágichê; you…., urágichê; we…., hógitâwi; they…, ugítâñe). speak; talk; language n/v.i. ich^é; it^á : (I..., iháchê; you..., iráchê; we two…, I talk ed to you all, Urígitâ wi ke. híchê; we all..., hí ntâwi; you all…, irátâwi; they two…, ich^éwi ~ it^áwi; they all..., You talk ed to us two, Wówaragichê ke. ít^áñe) . When you speak , say something good, Iráchê šge dagúre pí wíge We all talk ed to you, Hórigitâ wi ke. ho. I didn’t speak , as he was talking , Iháchê skúñichi aré it^á jígre ke. They talk ed to me, Úngitâñe ke. n ** SEE : say; talk. speak, talk, tell about; mention; promise v.t. íxâ hi : Those two talk ed to each other, Ukíkitâ wi ke. n n n n n (I..., ix^á ha; you..., ix^á ra; we..., ix^á hi wi; they..., ix^á hiñe). It’s the man we We two talk ed to each other, Hókíkichê ke. n n n n n were just talking about , Wa ^šige ix^ í hi nahé aré go^ó [ix^á + hi + hi You all talk ed to each other, Urákíkitâ wi ke. n n n n (we, you & I)]. finish, stop speaking v.i. rášta ; rášda ; rašdá ; rašrá ; speaker; the one speaking n. éwanaha. That is the tribal chairman who is n n n n ray^áge; ras^áge (DOR) : (I…, hadásda ; you…, sdásda ; we…, hi rásda wi; they…, speaking , Áre Chína dotá nha n éwanaha (ichêna) ke. n n n rásda ñe) . When they finish talking , we will eat, It^áñe rášda ñeda hi rúje spear; stick; pierce; stab n/v.t. yáwe : (I…, hayáwe; you…., rayáwe; we…., tahñe ke. speak about together; talk over; council v.t. ukíkitâ; hi nyáwewi; they…, yáweñe). fish spear n. hóiya; hó iyáwe; hoikuje (SKN) . n ukíkitâwi. They spoke together it seems, Ukíkitâw ašgu . We put in spear throw n. mahdúthrudada; matúthrudada (LWR) . [NOTE : This was for the Otoe Housing Program, so they’ll talk it over , Jiwére Chí played with a spear that had a “U” point and was limber at the butt end. It was thrown n n n Wógiša ñe nahá wagáxe hi ^ú wina aréchi ukíkitâ ñe hñe ke. speak at a mark. W.William, “The Otoe,” CUCA: 28; p.13 ]. ** SEE : games. war spear; bad, evil of v.t. ich^é píškúñe (DOR) . There are some people who like to lance n. wayáwe (MAX) ; mítugre (CUR) . spear s.t. and miss it v.t. speak bad of others . We will pray for them, Wá n^šige dahé géhnaha ich^é wašnána; wašrána. n pí škúñi grahiñe ke. Hi wágiroxi táhñe ke. speak bad of one’s own v.t. speckled; spotted adj/v.i. gréiñe. speckled fawn n. tá^gréiñe. blue grápiškuñi; wegrápiškúñi. We have even our own relatives who will speckled adj/v.i. tóto. n n n speak something bad about us, Hi wóre héda hi wáñiwina wewágrapí speculate. ** SEE : bet. škúñi ich^é ñe ke. speech; language; word; speak n/v.i. ich^é. word n. wíchê. letter n n ** speak differently; have accent v.t. ich^é idá da ê. There are some (character; font ) n. wíchêyiñe (I.) ; wíchêyiŋe (O.) . tribal people who have a Native accent when they speak English, spew. ** SEE : sprinkle. n n n n^ Wa ^sínkôkeñi dahé Maû ke ich^é idá da áñe ke. speak in low tone spider; spider web n. wagrí xáxaje (lit.: “web insect) ; wakríhahaje (LWR) . at first, then louder, faster till shouting v.i. ragéthe; rakedhe (DOR) : (I…, spill by sitting, leaning on and tipping v.t. wirúye (DOR) : (I…, hapíruye; n hadágethe; you…., sdágethe; we…., hi rágethewi; they…, ragétheñe). She tries to you…, swíruye; we…, hínwíruyewi; they…, wíruyeñe) . spill out; flow; run be calm, not be angry, but always she begins to get louder , faster and begins (water ). v.t/v.i. xúna; xú nna. He broke in his head ( Turtle ) and the brains n n to shout , Apí je ithgé ^ú na giríxroge škúñi iré ke; núâ ragéthe jiré hñe spilled out , Pá gixúgeda wanáthruxri xúna ke. [Wéka n: “Mišhjíñe Udwánge ke. speak loud, very loud v.i. rahége škúñi: (I…, hadáhege škúñi; you…., (Rabbit and Muskrat")]. spill s.t.; pour out v.t. waxú n; egwáxu n (one’s own ): n sdáhege škúñi; we…., hi ráhege škúñiwi; they…, rahége škúnañe). The children (I…, hapáxu n; you…, swáxu n; we…, hí nwáxu nwi; they…, waxú nñe) . Now you get to be really playing and they are very loud , Chi nchí niŋe šgaje dánanana pour the shelled corn into the boiling water, Gašú wadúje ñí abúxe ašwaxu n rahége škúna ñe ki. speak in low whispering voice; have a rattling in ke. I spill ed the water, Ñí hapáxu n ke. spill over; pour on (on one’s own ) the throat v.i. raxíwe. My little mother, aunt Vestina, lay dying in the v.t. egwáxu n: (I…, hegráwaxu n; you…, regráwáxu n; we…, hí ngráwaxu nwi; they…, Cushing hospital, and as she breathed, I could hear a rattling in her throat , gráwaxu nñe) . I spill ed my ( own ) milk, Chebáhñí hegwáxu n ke. Pour the Hinaîñe Vestina Cushing wahíre chí ída t^ána haŋena níha nda raxíwe warm water over your head to rinse out the soap, Ñí dášdake nadú hanáxû nšdu n ke. speak of one’s own as great; praise; honor v.t. regráwaxu n ne; arégu wírúya swíthu ke. spill s.t. by pressing, leaning n gradáŋe; gratáŋe (DOR) : (I…, hegrádaŋe; you…, regrádaŋe; we…, hi grádaŋewi; against v.t. wixú n: (I…, hapíxu n; you…, swíxu n; we…, hí nwíxu nwi; they…, they…, grádaŋeñe). I know you have heard them brag on their own family wixú nñe) . spill s.t. with the foot v.t. naxú n: (I…, hanáxu n; you…, ranáxu n; n members. They speak of them their own as so great , Waránax^ú na iháre we…, hí nnáxu nwi; they…, náxú nñe) . ke; wóhre wáñiñe ke wagrádaŋeñe ke. speak of s.t. as better than spin. ** SEE : spiral; twirl; wind up. n n really is; exaggerate v.t. radá na (lit.: “by mouth make great”) ; rata na (DOR) : spine; backbone n. náxatu. n n (I…, hadádana; you…, sdádana; we…, hi rádanawi; they…, radánañe) . The real spiral n. wóbri (lit.: “s.t wound up; spiral”) . ** SEE : wind up. truth is that they exaggerate them (about their person, character, etc. ), spirit; ghost n. wanáxi; wanáxe (I.) (LWR) ; wanáxira (LWR) . [W. waxopí nni n n Mí kehšji nahá warádana ñe ke. (spirit; white person); OmP. nída]. Makes You Open Eyes ~ Wink (name n n ** speak of s.t. as distant v.t. rahárida na : (I…, hadáharidana; you…, of a Tree Spirit connected with lightning ) Dá werihi. ** SEE : Twin Holy Boys. n n sdáharidana; we…, hi ráharidanawi; they…, raháridanañe) . You talk like spirit (human ); soul n. unáxire; wá ^shige unáhire (CUR) . spirit; tree Hiawatha is really far from White Cloud, Chína Hiawatha MaxúThgagi spirit; elf; fairy n. waká nda nóchiiñe [ná + uchí + íñe] (lit.: “Holy Spirit trees n sdáharida na ke. speak of s.t. as near (when distant ) v.t. ra^ášgi; ra^ášge: livein little) . bad spirit; devil; Satan n. waká nda píškuñi. be n (I…, hadáâsgi; you…, radáâsgi; we…, hi ráâsgiwi; they…, ra^ásgiñe). I would connected in spirit with a spiritual guardian (and have associated blessings not say that Falls City (ebraska ) is near White Cloud either, but you say it with/ from it) v.t. ixówe. My grandfather was Bear Clan. They told me n is near Kickapoo (Reservation ). Isn’t that right? No! Héda Chína ÑíXwáñi how he visited the zoo, and connected in spirit with the Black Bears there n Chína MaxúThka hadáâšgi škuñi núâ ríre Kikapu máya sdáâšgi isé ke. when he talked to them in Otoe, addressing them as his brothers, Hi ntúga n Aréhga ( je ). Hiñégo. speak of s.t. as wonderful, surprising, T^ú nnapi aré ke. Há nwe iyá nki wanúhšje uchí ída ikíware áñe ke; Mú nje n extraordinary v.t. raxíxe: (I…, hadáxixe; you…, sdáxixe; we…, hi ráxixewi; ga^ída wíxowe ^àšgu n. “Hi nnúñi” wógichêna Jiwére ich^é ú nrageñe ke. they…, raxixeñe). Those tourist from Europe said it was so wonderful to attend the powwow, Ma^ú nke háê jéta n arúche wáájiñe ke; Aré wóya nwe washí náŋe raxíxe ñe ke. speak of s.t. one’s own as wonderful, surprising, etc.; brag; boast v.t. graxíxe: (I…, hegráxixe; you…, regráxixe; we…, hi ngráxixewi; they…, gráxixeñe).

118 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

n n n n ** Great Spirit; God n. Waká da; Hi túga . ** SEE : waká n; Waká nda. splash; wave(s); make waves n/v.i. tášda . The wind was strong today and Holy Spirit n. Wanáxi Xóñita n; Hi ntúga n. spirit animal n. wanúhšje the waves are big on the Arkansas River, Há nwegi táje brí nxe ke; ÑíHgada n n unáhire (CUR) . [W. wanúbe wanáxire] . ** SEE : wanúhšji; wanáxi; unáxire (spirit; tášda xá jeñe ke. splash; hit (by striking ) water making it “swish, soul). spirit dinner (memorial) feast n. wanáxi kigóñe. [NOTE: A splash” v.i. ñí gijáxe; (ñí epáha (HAM) ): (I…, ñí hejáxe; you…, ñí rejáxe; we…, ñí memorial dinner (Spirit Feast) is regularly held a year after the death of a family hejáxe hi ngíjáxewi; they…, ñí gijáxeñe). Striking Water Woman, member. The family usually asks the cooks from the funeral feast to coordinate the ÑíGijaxeMi (Nukikra mi) . [NOTE: #72/ 19.3 on Ioway Census Lists #1 & #2, preparations, cooking and clean up afterwards. When all is ready, an elder walks a full 1880: “Nukikra mi B(ádha) Stricking Water Woman (No other name ultilized). circle around were the foods are placed in the center, takes some water, and a bit of Neice in HH of (19.1) Hy Lee KáhigeIñe (Kahikeiñe) R(úje) Clan (MBK) ]. each of the prepared foods into a wooden spoon (at minimum, water, meat, corn, fruit, spleen prep. pithréje (LzH) . bread), he prays with it, then takes it out to the Sacred Fire and pours it onto the live coals for the purpose to feed the spirit of the deceased. There are variations of this splinter (in the flesh ); run, push splinter into flesh n/v.t. watháwe; witháwe: n ceremonial which may also be conducted for honoring, adoptions or other appropriate (I…, hapáthawe; you…, sdáthawe; we…, hí wáthawewi; they…, watháweñe) . ceremonial occasions]. spirit rock; iron rock. ** SEE : ghost bundle . Because we didn’t use gloves we got many splinters in our hands, Náwe n n n n ** spirits; guardians n. wanáxi. [NOTE: According to Ioway Otoe concepts, ugúta níŋe ^ú nachi náwe róha ñe hi wáthawe wi ke. get out a splinter all which is considered supernatural has existed from the beginning of time and a v.t wašgéwe: (I…, hapásgewe; you…, sdásgewe; we…, hí nwásgewewi; they…, number of these supernatural aspects have been revealed to them throughout their tribal wasgéweñe) . Then I use a needle to get them out , Madháîŋe ^úna history. Some spiritual beings or presence were said to be benevolent towards mankind hapášgewe ke. run splinter into flesh by sitting, leaning, pressing, while others were known to be disruptive and even wicked in their encounters with lying on wood v.t witháwe. Almost every time I bring in fire wood, I run people. There were those spirits with particular names, and were known to effect the n fortunes of men, the weather and natural phenomena. a splinter into my hand, Gaswáre thî náhge péje ná ródada áñi hajína New revelations were revealed in visions to blessed individuals. These visions, or náwe hegwíthawe ke. splinter under skin (causing horse to have sore foot ) spiritual encounters were the usual inspiration and justification for most tribal n. waxrí. ** SEE : sore . institutions (benevolent, healing societies, etc.) and behavior in addition to natural split; cracked v.rt. =threge. split v.t/v.i. thrége; srége (?) ; withréthrege. environment. All these were explained and justified by means of origin legends. And split (clothing ) by rubbing, wearing, weight, pressure v.t. withréthrege. the continued existence of any society or ceremonial continued only as long as the Her pants were so tight that she spilt them up the seam, Unáthu n etáwe younger generation was given appropriate visions to continue the various rites. ugrádage dána ke; éda kigwíthrethrege ke. split; burst open; flatten; The Omaha term for the Little People is: niashinga nushiaha “little short people.” n Northern Ponca, Peter LeClaire: “Ma ndha nuha ndhe ega n (Like beautifully made arrow tear v.t. wibrádhe: (I..., hapíbradhe; you..., swíbradhe; we..., hi wíbradhewi; they..., n heads) the dwarves (elfs) if found, they were dreaded as they lead one away at night and wíbradheñe) . I split open the grocery bag as I came back, Wóša ú ê lost until morning time.” Jms Howard, “The Ponca Tribe.” ]. ** SEE: fairy; little hapíbradhe hagre mináhe ke. split by lying on, sitting on, by weight, people . spirits with long flat heads, sharp at top (that live in buttes of pressure v.t. uwáthrege; uwíthrege; (owáseke (DOR) ). He splits the board Missouri and Mississippi Rivers ) n. humpáthroxje; ho npathróji; hompathróji by standing on it, Nábrahge náyi nna uwáthrege ke. split by shooting, (WW) . spiritual guardian; s.t. consecrated for ceremonial use; burst v.t. ubóthrege. The ice has split ! Núxe ubóthrege ke. (arch.). talisman n. waxóbe. A lot of us tie an eagle tail feather in the car [NOTE : This is said when ice splits on the frozen river, on a very cold night, giving off windshield because it is blessed guardian against danger; it protects us, it a sharp sound]. split, crack open v.t/v.i. ^šákara. is said, Wa n^šíge róha n namáñi chúha nwe xrá šinje mašún hi nrúšgewichi It was the end of the earth, it seems. waxóbe ke. Dagúre^šu n nágwewahišge wáwagída áñe ke. spiritually The earth cracked, split open and the ten men had to jump across, blessed; consecrated v.rt. …xówe. spiritually blessed adj/v.i. ixówe : it seems. n n n n n (I’m..., híí nxowe; you..., iríxowe; we..., wéwaxowewi; they..., ixóweñe). “My uncle Máya ihángida nahášgu . Máyá ^šákarana wa ^šíge grébra n n threw me away (sacrificed ) and then the Eagle People pitied me and now I’m at^á weñašgu . blessed ,” the boy said upon his return to the village, Chí ndoîŋe: “Hi njéga They all jumped across, but one, he fell in, it seems. hi nbéna Xrá Wa n^šíge nat^ú nhi ngitu nna gašú n híínxowe ke,” wíge^ášgu n, The earth opened and closed, so he fell in, they say. n n n chína ída hí. [Wéka n: “Wa n^sígé Chi ndóiŋe Abé (The Man who (sacrificed ) Threw Bróge at^á weña; Iyá ki ugwá gigràšgu . n Away His Child)]. ** SEE : fairy; little people; tree sprites. Ruháye máya ugwágigràñe ke. spit v.i. raxíge; ra^íge (FM) ; daxíge; witháje: (I…, hadáxige; you…, sdáxige; (The Leader) he went on with his nine men. n n n n we…, hí nráxigewi; they…, raxígeñe) . Shell Spitter (Wékaⁿ character) n. (Dóta ha ) ^šà ke kinúwegrarášgu . Washúsge Ísho (SKN) . ** SEE : Shell Spitter. spit out; throw up; vomit v.i. [Julia Small: “Warúka” (The Giants")] gréwe: (I…, hagréwe; you…, ragréwe; we…, hí ngréwewi; they…, gréweñe) . spit ** split up s.t.; split up land (division into allotments ); allotment(s) n/v.t. (saliva, tobacco ) v.t. (I…, hapíthaje; you…, swíthaje; wathrége (GM). When the whiteman came, the land was divided up , and out in a spray witháje: n n n we…, hi nwíthajewi; they…, withajeñe). indeed, we have nothing. Ma^ú ke ajíñena máya wathrége aré^šu spit out; blow out mouthful of water n n (as Waswéhi does in treating sick ); sprinkle clothes v.t. wiwíxa. When I was hi ^ú wigi dagúre bróge wawáñiŋe ke. split with knife v.t bathrége. a boy and the folks would iron clothes on a board, they would sprinkle split up big pieces v.rt. =xrege. water on the clothes to iron out wrinkles and make the shirts smooth, ** Splitting the Pipestem (Arrow) (a personal Bear Clan name ) n Mádhe dáxra n ^ú nna wónayi n nóbrahge awáthrathradañe dáhke míê Má Gruje; Mangrudge (SKN) (?) . [NOTE : In the Bear Clan Origin Legend, the Chí ndoîŋeda. Wónayi n ñí awíwixa ñeda x^í nxî n wadášdušdujeñe ke. name was composed at the time “Beaver was present when the Bear Brothers quarreled with one another. The oldest, Hí ngru , brought out the Sacred Pipe and offered it to his spit up blood v.i. íwabage raxíge. At first, those who became ill had brothers. They accepted it and made peace among themselves; however, Hága chewed nose bleeds, they say. Then, they spit up blood , so then the people knew n on the pipestem. Má Grádage: Splitting the Pipestem (Literally: “Biting Off His that they had to find a doctor, Pagrá nahada wahíre naháê páge Arrow.” [má + gra (his own) + radage (bite) OR rúje (eat)]. So then, a new pipestem n n n iwábageñena; héda iwábage raxíge ñena aréchi wa ^šíge irúgra ñeda had to be made. And for that purpose, Beaver brought in a branch from an ash tree, and n wašhwehi iyá irúgrañe hñe ke. gave it to Bear for the new pipestem.]. ** SEE : Bear Clan Origen Legend; pipestem. n n n n ** spit; roast (on stick ) n/v.t. wathrú ; wáthru ; wawáthru na; wathnú spoil; ruin; smash; mash (pills, candy in pocket ) v.t wiwéje; (piškuñehi (HAM) ): n (DOR) . Different kinds of roasted meat were stuck around the fire, Wañí (I…, hapíweje; you…, swíweje; we…, hí wíwejewi; they…, wíwejeñe) . I told them kirára wawáthruna péje ugíxasgu n. that if they keep their chocolate bar in their pocket, they would mash it, spite of prep. šéhešge. We will win in spite of delay, Hú nhi tahñe ke Gawíge ihéna: “Náñi wébri n šéwe wárapiyuwišge swíweje wi ke. šéhešge . In spite of delay, the Spring Season will arrive, Há nwe Béhu jí spokes (of a wheels ) n. hú kínádhe (lit.: “leg(s) in the middle”) . hñe ke šéhešge . spongy; rubbery; soft adj/v.i p^á npâ nje. car; automobile n. námañi p^á npâ nje (old) (lit.: “spongy wagon”) . press s.t. spongy v.t p^á nje (?) . spoon; horn spoon n. túge. buffalo horn spoon (ceremonial ) n. ché túge; chéhe túge. metal spoon n. ma ndhé túge.

119 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n n n spot; dot n/ adj. péthkida; gréxe; wagréxe. [NOTE : Also said to denote the spy; stalk; lie on hill and peek over v.i. uth^í ; ahéri uth^í ; óthî (DOR) . shape, image of a dot, spot]. ** SEE : shapes. spot; blue, round tattoo spot on They say that the government sent people to spy on the activities of the forehead (on a women or a girl signifying a beloved child ) n. péthigida théwe; AIM people (American Indian Movement ), Híñe Itúga n AIM wá n^shige ^únnañe n n n n pexítaje (séwe) (DOR) ; pekitace (SKN) . spot; spots; patches of different nahá wá ^shidà da woth^í réwahiñe áñe ke. colors n/adj. grédhe. spot, strips tattoo (on man’s arm signifying war square n. rógri dówe (lit.: “side(s) four”) . [W. paraparach (be square; have exploits ) n. agráhje gréxe. spots; spotted; strips; dotted n/ adj. corners]. n n n péthkithkida; wagréxexe. ** SEE : tattoo. squash n. wádwa toiñe (I.) (lit.: “pumpkin green little”) ; wádwa toi je (O.) (LWR) . n n ** be black in spots adj/v.i. théthewe. be dry in spots adj/v.i. búbudhe. squash bottoms n. wádwa reje; wadwaneche (SKN) . ** SEE : wadwá . n be red in spots ~ here and there adj/v.i. šúšuje. be white in spots adj. crookedneck squash wadwá guye (FM) ; n hgáhga; thgáthga. spots on mirror (preventing view ) n. urúbrubru. (wádwa pagweye (SKN) ) n ** spotted adj/v.i. gréye; wigrédhe. spotted; striped; patches of color crookednosed squash wadwá pastóye (GM) n adj/v.i. grégredhe. make spotted, striped (by weight, pressure, sitting, lying ) flat round white squash wadwá brathge (FM) n v.t. wigrédhe. make spotted, striped (said of whatever is printed in black little speckled squash wádwa iñe; watwáiñe n strips ) v.t. waxréhe; waxreghe (DOR) . spotted eagle n. xrá gréye; xrá little round squash wádwa kúye n gréiñe. spotted sand turtle n. kégrèdheíñe. longneck squash wádwa hašoga; (watwáhasoka (SKN) ) n sprain; twist (ankle) ; bend, double s.t. v.t. ki^síyeki (LWR) . When I was long sharp squash wádwa rejethure; small I sprained by ankle and it has been eeek ever since then, Thíka n (wádwa ndechethure (SKN) ) n n hakí^siyeki ke shúweda; kóô hi ngibrínara ke. white squash wádwa hgáhi ; (wata nkahi n (SKN) ) n n spread; bed spread; covers n. umíye. spread; butter; spread on n/v.t. yellow squash wádwa dhí; wádwa dhé (LWR) awáxruje; awášduje ~ awástuje (I.) (MDI) : (I…, áápasduje; you…, aswásduje; ** squash s.t.; mash v.t withgáwe: (I…, hapíthgáwe; you…, swíthgáwe; we…, we…, há nwasdujewi; they…, awásdujeñe) . Do you like to spread strawberry hí nwíthgáwewi; they…, wíthgáweñe) . We will mash the potatoes for dinner, jam on your toast? It’s good (delicious ), Hášje wathgú wabúhge rókî n ^Šú n doxá nje hí nráxigena bikúyi warújeda hí nwáruje táhñe ke. squash; aswáduje je. Ádhe ke. spread, level s.t. v.t. rubrá. spread; open out mash; ruin; spoil by mashing v.t wiwéje. ** SEE : spoil; stomp. on (blanket on horse ) v.t. ébrahe; ébraxe; ébrahe ^ú n. spread on (salve, squeak; creak; tree spirit (?) n/v.i. gí nxe; rugí nxe; wix^áxe; wixáhe. The plaster ); stick on; glue; press sore squeezing out pus v.t. awáxri; awíxri tree creaked again, and Old Man Ishjinki became really annoyed, Šigé ná n n n (DOR) : (I…, áápaxri; you…, aswáxri; we…, há nwaxriwi; they…, awáxriñe) . Where gí xe na Wásha Ishjí ki urúšana ke. you hurt yourself there, spread some salve on it and you bandage it squeeze; squeezy; queechy v.rt =šgiŋe. squeeze, hold, take hold of; afterwards, Urákixregena xrí máka n aswáxri ke; arédare asdúdage ke. grasp v.t unáŋe: (I…, uhánaŋe; you…, uránaŋe; we…, hónaŋewi; they…, spread out; level adj. brára (DOR) . spread out to dry; put on, into v.t. unáŋeñe) . You do not squeeze the puppies, Shúnkeñi shúwe wóranaŋe ayú: (I…, ááyu; you…, aráyu; we…, há nyuwi; they…, ayúñe). They would škúñi ke. ** SEE : hold. squeeze, press out sore and force out pus v.t spread out the green corn to dry , Waháma dúje wáyu ñena. awíthruje; awíthru nje (?) : (I…, áápithruje ~ ahápithruje; you…, aswíthruje; we…, ** spreader (for a ative hair roach) n. ugrá (lit.: “in place holder”) ; táthi nje há nwithrujewi; they…, awíthrujeñe) . After we press out the matter (pus ) clean ugrá (lit.: “deer tail holder”) . the sore with rubbing alcohol, Xri hánwíthruje wigi péhñihgaiñe ^ú nna xrí n n spray (by mouth ) v.t. wiwíxa. ** SEE : sprinkle. swáki jewi ki. squeeze; wring; wrung v.t/v.i. rubrú : (I…, hadúbru n; you…, spew. ** SEE : spill. sdúbru n; we…, hi nrúbru nwi; they…, rubrú nñe) . Your clothes are wet so you spring; spring water; outlet n. ñíthri nhšji (lit.: “water really cold”) . [Om. ni squeeze (wring out ) the water, Wónayi n ritéwi rigídokewi ki; ñí sdúbru nwi hanga; Os. nihní; nisni; L. wiwíla]. spring (in hill, rock ) n. ñúwagu (lit.: “water ki. squeeze, wring out on; squeeze (by hand, clothing ) v.t. arúšgige; come from it”) . (GM) ; ni haŋe (MAX) . (arúshkike (DOR) ): (I…, áádusgige ~ ahádusgige; you…, asdúsgige; we…, n ** spring (season ); May (arch.); (March (DOR) ) n. béhu; bé [BEH + hoo] (lit.: há rusgigewi; they…, arúsgigeñe) . Yes, the pants too, you will squeeze (wring n n n “snow leaving (?) (DOR) ”) ; (pehu (SKN) ; peke (MAX) ); xájeto hú (lit.: “grass green out ) by hand , Hú je héda unáthu wáásdušgige táhñe ki. coming”) (FM) ; xrájeto hú (?) . [Om. me pahanga; Os. be; L/D. wétu]. spring ** squeeze out; mash; pinch hand; push down; bear down on; press n n n n before last n/adv. bérida étagi (DOR) . during next spring adv. béda against v.t awáthu je; awátho je: (I…, áápathu je ~ ahápathu je; you…, n n n n (DOR) . last spring n/adv. bégi (DOR) . this spring n/adv. béhu jéê. aswáthu je; we…, há wapathu jewi; they…, awáthu jeñe) . After you bake the during future springs; after next spring adv. tóribeda. during last crooked neck squash for the ceremonial, you will mash it and and add (stir n n n adv. (DOR) (a personal Elk Clan in ) some brown sugar to it, Waróxi wadwa guye wasdókî gi aswáthu je spring bérida . Last Flower of Spring n name ) Wítaê (?). hñe; héda náñi séwe iráhi ki. squeeze out all moisture (by weight, etc. ) v.t n ** bed spring n. ayá n madhé. car spring n. námañi madhé p^ápâje. wiwúdhe: (I..., hapíwudhe; you..., swíwudhe; we..., hi wíwudhewi; they..., n. n [Om/P. sisige ~ gisisige (springy); L. názhin hiyáya wíwudheñe) . And then we squeeze out out the extra moisture in the pottery spring forth náyi réhi. n (stand ~ spring up quickly; kiktá hiyáya (abruptly get up)]. ** SEE : spongy. clay, Héda réxe máha ñí hi píwudhe wina. squeeze out liquid from sprinkle by blowing water out of mouth v.t wiwíxa : (I…, hapíwixa; you…, receptacle v.t withrúje (DOR) . squeeze tight v.t ket^é unáŋe (FM) . ** SEE : swíwixa; we…, hi nwíwixawi; they…, wíwixañe). sprinkle by hand (clothes, etc. ) tight; géxe; wíkexe. I squeeze the ball bat tight because I don’t want to drop n v.t urúbrege; orúprege (DOR) ; arúbrege; arúbrebrege : (I…, uhádubrege ~ it, Míê táwe náiŋe ket^é uhánaŋe chi hadúšdanašge hagú ta škúñi ke. áádubrege; you…, usdúbrege; we…, hórubregewi; they…, urúbregeñe). sprinkle squeeze to death v.t onoŋá (?) (MAX) . wring out (with the mouth ); chew n on (once ); cut meat off bone v.t éxê. sprinkle on (repeatedly ); drip v.t/v.i rašgige (DOR) : (I..., hadásgige; you..., sdásgige; we..., hi rásgigeewi; they..., drops v.t éxêxê. [W. horush^éshê]. sprinkle on; bless (?) with water rasgigeñe) . The old men liked to chew tobacco (i.e. they did nothing but chew n n n n (from feather, sage ) v.t éja ja (?) ; (ézha nzha n (DOR) ). ** SEE : bless. it ), Wá sha ráñi rašgíge ñešda . [W. rasgínk (wring moisture out by mouth)]. (eggs ) v.t (I…, hájíxoge; you…., sdíxoge; sprout n. bútuiñe (I.) ; bútuiŋe (O.) . ** SEE : tree; plants; wood. Two Corn ** crush by squeezing rixóge: we…., hi nríxogewi; they…, rixogeñe). The sugar had become hardened so I Sprouts (a personal Buffalo Clan name ) NúweJí . [NOTE : Two Corn Blades have to crush it, Náñi dáthake jíwena hajíxoge hñe ke. (DOR) ; Forked corn sprout (SKN) ]. n squirrel; tail; butt n. thíñe; thíñe (I.) ; thí je; thíŋe (O.) ; šíŋe (SKN) ; šíñe (I.) spur horse making it leap v.t wit^á nwe. (LWR) (GM) . squirt water (from mouth ); ooze pus v.t. awíthruge; awíthruche: (I..., áápithruje ~ ahápithruje; you..., aswíthruje; we..., há nwithrujewi; they..., awíthrujeñe) .

120 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

My grandmother bought the children water guns and so they played stakes; tent pegs, pins n. chíûrúta n; chíôrúta n. Put down ~ Drive in the n n n n n squirting each other, Hi kúñi chi chiŋe ñí iyóchi wagírumina áre tent stakes, Chíôrúta otá re (DOR) . wíšgajena akíkiwithruge ñe ke. stalk; stem v.t. húgre. [W. wahú; Om. hi; Os. hábaná n]. stalk ~ plant (of corn ) squish (sound word ) v.i. wajáxê. squish, spoil, etc., by mashing (as candy n. húgre. [OmP. wata nzi]. stalk; creap up (on animals ) v.t. anáthraje : in pocket ) v.t. wiwéje: (I..., hapíweje; you..., swíweje; we..., hi nwíwejewi; they..., (I…, áánáthraje; you…., aránathraje; we…., há nnathrajewi; they…, anathrajeñe). He wíwejeñe) . ** SEE : spoil. creeped up on his niece scared her, Itágwami anáthraje na granáxihi ke. stab; jab; get stabbed; stick; spear v.t. yáwe : (I…, hayáwe; you…, rayáwe; stalk game, scout foe by peeping over hilltop at approaching game, foe n n n we…, hi yáwewi; they…, yáweñe). Buh! I stabbed my own finger with the v.t. uth^í ; ahéri óthî (DOR) . Do you think that you could stalk buffalo, awl, Bâ nánpo wahúge hegráyawe ke. stab; stick each other v.t. antelope, deer by looking over a hill like in the old days? Th^íwarerada kiyáyawe; kíyayawe (?) . ithgáre ché tató tá héda n ahéri ú rathinšdún irára je. Wahredwa came to life and spewed the boiling water over stallion; male horse n. šu n^dóge; šú ndoge (I.) ; šúñe dóge (I.) ; šúŋe dóge (O.) . the awlelbow monsters. stamp n. ugré. [NOTE : A gourd stamp for face painting in Medicine Dance] . In their agony they began to fight among themselves, stamp (for postage to mail letters) n. injé aráha(hi) (lit.: “ face adhere cause it”) . stabbing each other with their sharp boned elbows. stamp; stomp; crush; squash; pound v.t. nakóge : (I…, hanákoge; you…., ranákoge; we…., hi nnákogewi; they…, nákógeñe). Stamps the Earth and Wahrédwa bothámikana ñí abúxe bróge (a personal Bear Clan name ) Unáda ndha; (Unádo ndha n Makes Rumbling IhdóPahi wáwixu ke. (SKN) ) v.t. (make a ) v.rt. n . stamp the ground má nakóge. stamping noise Bódadañena ihdóge pahin ^ú na =kâ. ki gráyayawe ñe áñe ke. swáxri; arédare asdúdage ke. stand; be standing v.i. náyi n; dahé; nahé; náyi nnayi n; náñi n (?) ; nási n (?) (O.) n n n n n n n [Robert Small: Wéka “úweda Xóbri (Twin Holy Boys")] . (LWR) : (I…, hanáyi ; you…, ranáyi ; we…, hi náyi wi; they…, náyi ñe). “They ** inflict pain by stabbing, punching v.t. gidáñiye; kidáñiye (LWR) ; say there were some weeds which grow rapidly which were on this hilltop xidáŋiye (DOR) . Sometimes the soldiers would inflict pain on the captives n n n where he was standing , and he saw those and he knew that there would be by punching and stabbing them, they say, Tatá ^šu mahíxa je kidháge many people there not of our Nation,” (Joann Comer), “Áñe ahéri wagídáñiye ñe áñe ke. kill by stabbing, punching v.t. watháge. In the ahádada xámi iyá n núdàna áñe ki. Šedádaha áre náyi nna xámi jéê battle, after they used up their bullets, they would kill the enemy, by adá náhe ki. Héda iwáhuŋe, áñe ki; wá n^shige róha n ajíñe hñášgú n; núâ stabbing with their bayonets, Kidháñeda madhéma grabóniŋeñegi ukíhje Báxoje anáhe škúnañe hñe ki, áñe ki.” (ChéMi). [Film: “The Lost ation: n n wá áthage ñe máñiñe ke, iyóchi máhi ^ú na. stab and make cry out v.t. The Ioway”]. n n n n n wahóta (DOR) : (I…, hapáhota ; you…, swáhota ; we…, hi wáhota wi; they…, ** stand before. ** SEE : tórida. stand by;help each other v.t. kigrášige; n n wahóta ñe). [NOTE : By using the prefix “wa,” the term could mean “push s.o. making akíkida. [NOTE : ugíša (help)]. I have always stood by helping my n them cry out”]. stab and make furious with pain v.t. wadáñiŋe. stab granddson, Míre hi tágwa áma hakígrášige ke. ** SEE : help. stand by oneself; gore oneself; running against s.t. sharp v.i. kiyáwe : (I…, means of, on account of; depend on for protection, use v.t. ináyi n: (I..., n hakíyawe; you…, rakíyawe; we…, hi kíyawewi; they…, kiyáweñe). As I ran ihánayi n; you..., iránayi n; we..., hí nnayi nwi; they..., ináyi nñe). stand by s.o.; defend through the field I ran into an old fence and I gored myself , Máxe uwé one’s own v.t. egránayi n; wegránayi n: (I..., hegránayi n; you..., regránayi n; we..., n hanáŋeda nawáta th^íwarera ihákigroji na hakíyawe ke. stab s.o. to hilt, hi ngránayi nwi; they..., granáyi nñe). Indians ought to defend their own ones, making thud sound v.t. wabóge. stab with v.t. iyáwe : (I…, iháyawe; Wa n^shínkôkeñi we kíkigránayi nñe nú^pí áre ke. n you…, iráyawe; we…, hí yawewi; they…, iyáweñe). I stabbed the big spider in ** stand in; put on s.t.; wear v.t. unáyi n; jíje. We are going to put on n n the woods with my small pocket knife, Mahíyiñe ^ú na wagríxaxaje xá je our Iróshka regalia, Iróška wírakigranu hógránáyi n tahñe ke. stand in;

páje dáhe iháyawe ke. put obj. into v.t. uhíjehi; aráhajije; aráhajida. ** SEE : put; place. n n stack; pile; heap n. úgwa; úgwa (I.) ; ugú (O.) (DOR) . hay stack n. xámi ** stand on top of; tread; stand by others v.t. anáyi n; wanáyi n: (I..., n n úgwa. wheat stack n. wabúhge úgwa . stack up v.t. úgwa hi (GM) ; áánayi n; you..., aránayi n; we..., há nnayi nwi; they..., anáyi nñe). I hope that you will n n n n n n úgwa ^ú (DOR) ; ugú ^ú (DOR) : (I…, úgwa ha; you…, úgwa ra; we all…, stand on a Good Hill in life, Éê ríre ix^á n náwu n arámañida ahé pí n n n n n n n úgwa hiwi; they…, úgwa hiñe) ; (I…, úgwa ha^ú ; you…, úgwa ra^ú ; we …, úgwa aránayin nñe hñe ki. Do you remember that song: “I’ll stand by my man?” n n n n hi ^ú wi; they…, úgwa ^ú ñe) . I want you stack up all the boards along the Uyá nwe iyá n: “Wáŋe íhégranayi n ke,” rethú je. stand on top of high obj. n n n side of the house, Nóbrahge bróge chí arágra da ída úgwa ra rígu da ke. (hill ) v.t. ahádada náyi n. There is a high hill by White Cloud where you n n snowdrifts; snowpiles n. bógwá (lit.: “snow pile”). woodpile n. nógwa can see far – three or four different states, Ahé máši iyá nki Chína n [ná + úgwa ]. MaxúThkada dáhe ke; máya n idá nda arásdašdu nwi ke, máya n dáñi dówe. staff; cane; walking stick n. ságre; (thágre; ithágre; (DOR) ). And when they stand suddenly; be placed [NOTE : Used after a verb for intr./pass.] v.t. ijé; went away with Old Man, he went walking possessing a staff , they say. (iché (DOR) ). And then the tipi poles are placed near the tall tree by the men n n The twelve men were afraid they say, Wá ^šha nahá aráñeda ithágre tu na who came to pray, Héda wá n^shige waróxiñe ahíñe naháê chísu ná thréje n n n ré ke, áñe ke. Edá Wa ^šhíge Agrí nùwe naxíreñena áñe ke. [Wéka ída ašgida wíje ñe ke. ** SEE : place. stand up s.t.; put down (bucket, “Hánwe Ichínchiiñe Hédan (Day & His Sons)]. ** SEE : hickory. vertical obj. ) v.t. hijéhi; ijéhi; amáha n náyi n (lean; be leaning, lean against ). stagger; walk to and fro adj/v.i. rújijire; rujírara; rúchichira (LWR) . I n The tipi roadman (the prayer leader ) directed me to put down my prayer suddently was feeling unsteady and I walked staggering , Mi gráhe n n n smoke at the end of the moon shaped alter, Waróxi dóta ha rapópo mitáwe hapíwaxwañi wómankešge hi jínathgena hadújirara hamáñi ke. stagger; n n bíûkíthre udwáxeda hijéha hñena áre éwa^ú na ú girage ke. [NOTE : When careen; go from side to side adj/v.i. géhjirara. stagger; walk to and the term “stand up” is applied to a person, as in “Stand you up,” it refers to healing s.o. and fro (like a drunk ) adj/v.i. gijíjira. make s.o. stagger after twisting or a resurrection]. ** SEE : place; put; get up. stand upon an obj. (that is high him around many times; turn around repeatedly as wheel v.t. and on s.t. else ) v.t. wathráje náyi n. I stood praying on a high mountain in n n rubrí bri ra. The children were playing “Catch me!” and the one who was the Black Hills of South Dakota, Máya n South Dakotada AhéThèwe ída “It” (the one who catches ) they first turn ed him around and around until he ahéri má nshi iyánkida wáádoxina wathráje hanáyi n ke. be standing there n n n n n n staggered , Chi chi iñe “Ú xre re” sgájeñena; Itú aré nahá rubri bri ra ñe v.i. šedádaha. A statue of the Ponca Chief Standing Bear is standing ke. make stagger by pushing v.t. watháthañige (DOR) : (I…, hapáthathañige; there on the south side of Ponca City, Pá nka Wáñegihi MatóNàyi n ínje íno you…, swáthathañige; we…, hi nwáthathañigewi; they…, watháthañigeñe). stagger etáwe šedádaha Chí nna Ponca City arékurigu nda. n n to and fro v.i. giwí wi xe. stain; spot n. máxre (MAX) . [Os. dhódho; wadhaxdhi (stains)]. stairs. ** SEE : steps. stake; bet v.t. gra^shú (I.) ; graxshú (O.) (DOR) . ** SEE : gamble; try.

121 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

** be standing all around v.i. dada. ** standing thick (grass ); be very close together; jammed; crowded You stand on the house (house being on the ground ),Chí wathráje ranáyi n. adj/v.i. gexéhšji; gexédana. There were a lot of people who went into the The burnt trees were standing all around , Ná weñígre dáda ñe. sweat purification lodge and all sat crowded together , Wan^síge róhan They were standing here and there , Hyádada ñe. yúgwe chi ugwéñe anáhena bróge gexéhšji mínaminañe ke. be standing They stand (or ) rise up here and there , Hiádada ñe ke. here and there v.i. jidáda; hídada; hiádada. The dance was ended and ~ Jiádada ñe. people were standing here and there , Washí rušda nñe na wá^shige jidáda ** cause to (or ) make stand up v.t. náyi nhi : (I…, náyi nha; you…, náyi nra; náyi nñe ke. arrive standing v.i. jída. The cat jumped down from the we…, náyi nhi nwi; they…, náyi nhiñe). We stood up (caused us to stand up ) as tree and arrived standing on its feet, Udwáiŋe ná mangrída tâ nwena they sang the national anthem (their Grandfather’s song), Itúga n híñe uyá nwe kuhá ndagu n thí jída hí ke. n n etáwe uyá wechi náyi wawáhi ñe ke. make hair stand out (by wind blowing star; mushroom (?) n. bíkaxê; bikáxê; (bikaê (DOR) ; pekaka (SKN) ; piká n n n n on it ) v.t. gixáta : (I…, hexáta ; you…, rexáta ; we…, hi ngíxáta wi; they…, (MAX) ). Evening Star n. bikúyi bikáxê. [NOTE : The Evening Star is usually n n gixáta ñe). make hair stand up and bristle (by pushing fingers through hair ) considered to be female]. Morning Star n. há we bikáxê. [NOTE : A n v.t. waháda ; (waghátan (DOR) ) : (I…, hapáhada n; you…, swáhada n; we…, tattooed fourpointed star is symbolic of help received through its spiritual power. The hi nwáhada nwi; they…, waháda nñe). Trying to Stand Up (a personal Bear Morning Star is said to belong to the older strata of traditional beliefs. He is a spirit n n n guardian, and occurs in many stories. Among the Winnebago (Hochank) he is Clan name ) Nayí I^ùje; Náyi I hu (SKN) . associated with war. In Ioway Otoe wekan of the Two Sisters, Morning Star married ** standing position (be in) v.i. dahé: ** SEE : dahé. the younger sister. Generally, it is a symbol of the light of knowledge in contrast to the Ñírada kógri ída dahé ke, A glass is standing there. darkness of ignorance. Sacred knowledge is in a constant strife between sacred and evil n Ída haná yadáhe ke, I was standing over there. influences, which is reflected in many ceremonials. It is through sacred ceremony that Ída ranáyi n radáse ke, You over there standing . harmony is achieved. The star usually is considered male]. North Star (Father of n n Idí anáyi dáhe ke, ke, You & I were over there standing there. Wékaⁿ Twin Holy Boys ) n. Bíkaxê MáñiŠkúñi; Mikathe Mañiškuñe (SKN) n n Ída hi náyi hádahe ke, We were over there standing there. (lit.: “Star Does Not Travel”) . [NOTE : The Omaha also called the constellation Ída náyi n ríhe ke, They were over there standing there. Pleiades by the ancient name “Tapá” (Deer Head). However, the name “Tapá” held a n Ihádahe ke, I was standing there saying it ( or ) spiritual significance, and as such, they preferred to call it “MixaSíZhi ga (Little Duck’s I was saying as I stood . Foot.”]. ** SEE : Pleiades; Big Dipper; Hand Star. After all the dust had settled, they said that then there was this man stare; look continuously v.t/v.i. adáda; ikíruhda; adá máñi. That woman likes to stare , Hináge gáê dahé adáda gráhi ki. I just kept starring into standing . So, that’s how we became people, (Joyce Big Soldier), Máha n šóje édoî wá n^shige iyá n tá nî n dahé ^àšgu n. Haréda híne wá n^shige the darkness, Uhádhe géda áta hamáñí ke. hi nkígriwi áñe ki. (HóTa nî nMi) [Film: “The Lost ation: The Ioway”]. start; begin (suddenly ) v.t. jiré. n I start to go, then you start, Hajé hajíje ke. Sté rajíste ke. ** Standing Ahead (First) (a personal Bear Clan name ) Pagrá Dahe. I will hit him suddenly , Uháji n hajíje hñe ke. Standing Ahead (a personal Bear Clan name) WéxaNáyi n. Standing n It starts in June, June ída wajíre ke. Bear (a personal Bear Clan name) MatóNáyi . Standing Buffalo (a From morning till night, Hérodada wajíra na há nhe irógre. personal Buffalo Clan name ) ChéDahe. Standing Buffalo Bull (a ** start; begin from v.t. wahú: (I…, wááhu [wa > (h)á + hu]; you…, n personal Buffalo Clan name ) ChédoNayi ; (chetonei (SKN) ). Standing on waráhu; we…, hi nwahuwi; they…, wahuñe). Earth (a personal Eagle or Owl Clan name) Máya nda Náyi n; Máha Náyi n. I start from there, Idáwaahu ke. Standing Wolf (a personal Wolf Clan name) Shú ntaNáyi n. You start from there, Idáwaráhu ke. n ** Arrow Arrives Standing (a personal Pigeon Clan name ) MáJije. You and I start from there, Idí wahu ke. n [NOTE : Also it has been rendered as: Alights On The Arrow Ground ~ Flying We all start from there, Idáhí wahuwi ke. Arrow ]. Buffalo Standing in Bottom (a personal Buffalo Clan name) You all start from there, Idáwaráhuwi ke. n n n ChéKu Nayi ; AbraKuNayi ; (Abrakonei (SKN) ). Cloudy (Misty) Day Those two start from there, Idáwahuwi ke. They all start from there, Idáwahuñe ke. Woman (a personal Bear Clan name ) MaxúDaheMi (lit.: “clouds standing”). start; come from n/v.t. wahú. Are you coming from St. Joseph? Chína St. It is Him Standing (a personal Bear Clan name ) AréDahe. Come n Joseph wa ráhu ramáñi je. start to come here (to this place ) v.i. hú: Standing (a personal Buffalo Clan name) Náyi Hú. Visibly Standing n (I…hahú; you…, rahú; we all…, hi húwi; they all…, ahúñe) . ** SEE : come. start n n Ahead (In View Standing) (a personal Beaver Clan name ) Tá î Dahe. to come back; start out v.i. gú: (I…hagú; you…, ragú; we all…, hi ngúwi; they [NOTE : Seeing a person standing there]. all…, agúñe) . ** SEE : come. Starts to Return Back (a personal Bear Clan ** standing position (be in) v.i. nahé: ** SEE : nahé; be. n name ) HahdáGú; (Hartico (MAG) ). start going; be going; go v.i. ré: Wáŋe íya nahé ke, There is a man (or) There stands a man. n (I…(ha)jé; you…, (ra) sdé ~ sré; we all…, hi náwi; they all…, aráñe) . ** SEE : go. Há nweya n wáñegíhi n íya n nahá ñe ke, One time, there was a chief, they say. start out v.i. gú. ** SEE : come. Then she packed up food and started out , Hi nwáû n hánahe î arágra n uwére, While we were working , he went by. it seems, Aréda warúje wak^í nna gú âšgu n. point of starting n/v.i. Chí ndóiñe idénahé î hahí ke, The boys were there when I arrived there. aréidá. Wááû nnahé hñe ke rajída, I’ll be working when you come. n startle. ** SEE : wayíje. ** standing for some time v.i. th^íhšje gasú dáhe (DOR) . I don’t like starve; starvation; die of hunger v.i. xráñi ch^é. There were many (ative powwow parade in because we have to be standing for some time , Th^íhšje People ) who starved to death after they killed all the buffalo, Wá^shige gasú n ha ndáhe chi Wóya nwe washí kiwáhañe máñiñeda hi ngípi škúñi ke. róha ní anáhe xráñi t^á ñegi ché bróge tâñe áñe ke. standing position (reach a ) v.i. hijé; hidá; jidá; jijé. He awoke, put his stash under the belt; place between waist and belt v.t. udáyu (DOR) . feet on the floor and came to be standing up , they say, Áre ikína thí Why do you stash your money under your belt? Dagúraû nna urádayu nómiyeda idéjena hijé áñe ke. come to divide in upright position v.i. madhéhga. aráha jijé; jidá (?) . standing position (be in ) v.i. dahé; dáda. They stave, break in one’s (kettle, barrel; ribs ) v.t. gixóge; gigráxoge. arrived there where a tree was standing , they say it seems , Náya n idá straw (dried grass ) n. xáme ~ xáje xége (lit.: “grass dried”) . straw (for soft dahášge idá híwi áñašgu n. [Julia Small: “Warúka” (The Giants")] . That was drink ) n. wíraxóje (lit.: “s.t. with to suck it up”) . my grandpa’s name “It Is He Standing ,” “Áre Dáhe ” hi ntúga n ráye igá nñe ke. standing position, in a v.rt. =da; =ja.

122 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

stay; stop; stand up; get up v.i. náyi n: (I..., hanáyi n; you..., ranáyi n; we..., ** step on ~ kick and cause to swell v.t. nawú: (I…, hanáwu; you…, ranáwu; hi nnáyi nwi; they..., náyi nñe). we…, hi nnáwuwi; they…, náwuñe). My horse stepped on my foot yesterday n n n (During ) her stay there, she taught children, Nayí da áre chi chi iŋe and made it swell , Dánañida shúñe mitáwe thí hi ngínawu anáyi n ke. step n n wagigú dhe ki. on obj. lying on ground, floor v.t. anáthu je (DOR) . We’ll step on your During my stay here ~ while I stayed here, I have learned a lot, toys if you don’t put them away, Wíšgaje wópigrewi re; nañida shúñe n Ígi ahánayi géda wapíha dána. mitáwe thí ha nwánathu nje táhñe ki. step on s.o. making cry v.t. naxáge; n n You can stay with me, Ríre inúmi regránayi šdu ke. naxáge anáyin. Be careful! Because you may step on the dog and make it n n steal s.t. v.t. múnu; mú nu ; wamúnu; wamóno (LWR) ; gramunu (from one’s cry out , Adá nwewi re; Shunkéñi ranáxage šge aránayi nwi ke. step over; n relations ): (I…hamúnu; you…, ramúnu; we all…, hi múnuwi; they all…, amúnuñe). jump over v.t. at^á nwe. Can you step over this creek? X^ówe jénáŋe n It is no good if you steal from anyone, but if you steal from your family arátâ we je. ** SEE : jump. then you have error against yourself, Pí škúñi wayérehšu warágimunu šge ** Footstep Seen (a personal Beaver Clan name ) ThigréT^á nî n; (Thigreétani núâ chúyu wóre warégigramunu šge Hú:wa warágiruthaŋe ke. (SKN) ). Surprise at the Tracks (a personal Beaver Clan name ) steam: make steam escape with the mouth (as in breathing cold air ) v.t. n ThigréXixéñe. Track at the Fireplace (a personal Bear Clan name ) rap^ó (LWR) ; rápo (DOR) : (I…hadápô; you…, sdápô; we all…, hi rápôwi; they all…, rap^óñe) . When it is really cold we make steam with our mouths , Ut^wáThígre. Tracks in the Snow (a personal Bear Clan name ) Úthrín dánada hi nráp^ó wi ke. BádaThígre. Die in One’s Tracks ~ Die with Boots On (a personal steamboat n. bajédakô (lit,: “boat burning”) ; (péje tuka ~ toka (MAG) ). name ) Ut^áThigré. Stepping on the Ground (a personal Bear Clan n steep hill n/v.i. ahúñiwexa; ahóñiwexa (lit,: “going up difficult”) ; atúgra n; atúgra n name ) MaháNayi ; Mohánaiyi (SKN) . n n dána (lit,: “down hill very”) . Life is not fair. Sometimes we have to travel up steps; stairway; ladder n. thigré wáánayi ; mangrída wáánayi . n steep hills , Ix^á n wókatho škúñi ke; Tatá n^šu n ahúñiwexa hi nmáñi táhñe sternum; breast; solar plexis n. ma k^óbrašge; maŋ^óbrašge. n n ke. stick; pole v.rt. =šu ; =thu . stick; club n. ná; nathú; thú; šú (DOR) . steering wheel n. namáñi urútana (JY) . digging stick n. mek^áñe (lit.: “earth with it they dig”) . stick game n. stem. ** SEE : pipe stem; stalk; stick. nathúîñe šgáje (I.) ; nathúîŋe šgáje (O.) . little stick; stick of wood n. step; footstep; track; foot print n. thígre; thigré. My grandma really likes nathúiñe; náiñe; náiŋe. walking stick; preying mantis (?)(insect ) n. the poem “Footsteps In The Sand,” Hi nkúñi wórage “Thigré Búšada” náthuyíŋe máñi. [W. náá nnikjá ngi^ú n]. ** SEE : staff. stickers; thorns n. gráhidàna ke. ** SEE : tracks. wíyawe; iyáwe. [NOTE : yáwe (stick in; stab)]. ** step: her ~ his stepfather n. ánje uyá nje. his ~ her stepmother n. ** stick; pierce; spear; stab v.i. yáwe: (I…, hayáwe; you…, rayáwe; we…, n ihú n uyá nje. my stepdaughter n. hi nyúŋe uyá nje. my stepson n. hí yáwewi; they…, yáweñe) . Dang! You stabbed your own finger, Buh n n hi yíŋe uyá je. [NOTE : uyánje (borrow)]. námpo regráyawe ke. stick, stab each other v.t. kiyáyawe; kíyayawe (?) . I myself have not heard anyone (among the Ioway Otoe ) Wahrédwa upset the kettle and spilled the boiling water say that somebody is my “stepson ” or “my stepfather .” all over the Sharp Elbows monsters, they say. There was one family that used the word “step ” In their pain, they fought one another, it seems. and it sounded peculiar when they spoke to each other Then they stabbed each other to death (as in prayer service ): with their awlpointed elbows, it seems. “Thank You my step father ,” the young man would say. And then the twins went back, cut all the awlbones from the elbows of their It was the old people that say a person is “my son,” “my daughter,” “dad,” slain enemies, saying: “Now our father will be glad,” they said. “mom.” Otherwise, they would just call the person by name. I think the “He can use these awls to patch up his clothes.” term “step relative” was borrowed from the white people (Anglo European the two said. cultures ), I think. Wahrédwa réxe ñí abúxe Today more people use the term Ihdópàhi n wááwaxu n réhi áñe ke. as the Indians continue to adopt the nonIndian ways of living. Áre gidániŋeñena kikíhjeñàšgu n. (A discussion on kinship among several older people ) Ihdóge wahú ^ú nna kikíyayawe ñàšgu n. n n n n n n n Mírešda “hi yíŋe uyá je ” “á je uyá je ” wíga ñena hanáxû škúñi ke. Héda núweda gréwina ukíhje t^áhaŋe ihdóge wahúge wabášwewina n n Chúyu iyá naháê wí^cheyíŋe “uyá je ” gá^áñe ke; gáîgàwi: “Gašú n hi nka išjíŋe hñe ke,” áwi ke. “Wahúge jéê ^ú nna n n n n n ikíkitâñeda wída da na: “Ho “Hi ka uyá je ,” ichi doiíŋe éâ ke. wónayi n egwádagešdu n ke,” áwi^àšgu n. n n n n Š^áge éwa^ù na: “hi yíŋe,” “hi yúŋe,” “hi ko,” “hina,” áñe hñe ke. [Julia Small: Wéka n “úweda Xóbri n (Twin Holy Boys")] . n n n n Šíge géda ráye wígrajeñe hñe ke. Wí^cheyíŋe “hi wóre uyá je ” Ma^ú ke [A.Skinner, “Traditions of the Iowa,” JAFL:38. p.436. 1925] . ich^é etéwi wógiyá njeñe ke, iháre. ** stick (by pushing, punching against ) v.t. waâgíwadage. stick in; be n n n n n Há wegi wa ^síge róha ñena wí^cheyíŋe járe áñe âchi Ma^ú ke wóšga stuck in s.t. v.t/v.i. uxráje; aráje (?): (I…, uháxraje; you…, uráxraje; we…, n wíthge û ñe mínañe ke. hóxrajewi; they…, uxrajeñe). I have the front wheels of the car stuck in the (Wétatañe, Ich^éPi, ahjeiŋeYiñe, et.al. ) sand, Búšada namañí ahú tórida uháxraje ke. n Stuck ~ Mired in Mud ** step, tread on others; stand by others v.t. wanáyi (DOR) . step in, (a personal Buffalo Clan name) n n n n Máya Eáje; Má Ûxráje; Mayá xraje; walk in one’s own tracks v.t. thigré akínayi . On the way back, I (Maoxradje ~ Maoneadje (SKN) ) v.t. : (I…, n . stick in and take out wathgáwe walked in my own tracks , Hahdá hagúda thigré áákinayi ke. step in hapáthgawe; you…, swáthgawe; we…, hi nwáthgawewi; they…, wathgaweñe). n same tracks v.t. thigré egranayi . [NOTE: The term refers to an animal putting Boiled potatoes are done when you can stick a fork in them and take it out the hind feet in the tracks of the forefeet]. step lightly on v.t. anáshchuñe. and they’re soft, Dóxáñe abúxe dújeñeda wíyawe ^únna našwánañe n ** SEE : ináwañe; light (weight). step on; stand on top of v.t. anáyi : (I..., waswáthgawe ke. stick on; adhere; leech n/v.t/v.i. brú nhge; brú nke; n n n n n n áánayi ; you..., aránayi ; we..., há nayi wi; they..., anáyi ñe). And they say that aráha. ** SEE : adhere; cling. [NOTE : leech = ché brú hge (lit.: “buffalo stick Cheif White Cloud stood on a hill to pray, Héda Wáñigihi MaxúThka ahé on”)]. stick on; catch hold; cling to surface v.t. aráha : (I…, áátaha; you…, n aháda waróxína anáyi na áñe ke. step on breaking things and make asdáraha; we…, há nráhawi; they…, aráhañe): crackling sound (going through brush ) v.t. nadódoxe; nadódoxe ré. Gee! Burrs covered him, Mi nxáge aráha ke. You children sound like cows going through the brush , Hináá: I jumped upon and clung to it (moving vehicle ), Átaha hajíhu ke. richinchiniŋe chéhga uxráwe iríhgewi nadódoxe aráñe ki. Still she sat sticking to him (Wékaⁿ) , Gašwáraha mínašgu.

123 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

** stick ~ stuck on; adhere; be fast; adhere to (glue; log on sandbar ) v.i. stingy; selfish; keep back; retain adj. šíroge; išroge; wóchexi (JY) (be aráhgawe; aráthgawe. The old red paint really stuck on to the shed, difficult ). You are selfish , so you have no friends, Rišíroge chi itádo níŋe Wógredhe šúje th^íwarewa wópigré chí aráthgawe hšjí ke. stick on; glue; regráñi škúñi ke. They say someone is selfish , mean too if they have food n n put on; spread, rub on v.t. awáxri (LWR) ; awíxri (DOR) : (I..., ááwaxri; you..., and do not offer it to a visitor, Wayére^šu šíroge wóchexí héda warúje aswáxri; we..., há nwáxriwi; they..., awáxriñe). The children drew pictures to añíñena wan^šígeya n wikíwarana wókû n škúñi ke. n n stick in (glue in) school albums, Chi cíiŋe í je wagáxe wówañena stink; smell bad; stinky; bad odor n/adj/v.i. xúmi; xúme; xóme (LWR) ; n n wógu dhe wawágaxe etéwi wáwixri ñe ke. stick splinter in s.o. making xobrá (DOR) . stink; be stinky; putrid; acrid adj. náxda; náxta; náxe; him cry; cause s.o. to cry by thrusting at v.t. waxáge : (I…, hapáxage; (náthta (DOR) ). Something may smell bad, but if it smells really really bad you…, swáxage; we…, hi nwáxagewi; they…, waxageñe). stick s.t. on s.t. else to then it stinks , Dagúre xúmi hñešge núâ dagúre xúmi wéxada náxda hñe n serve as base v.t. agré : (I..., áágre; you..., arágre; we..., há ngrawi; they..., agréñe). ke. stink; stench (of a dead carcass or body ) n/adj/v.i. wat^ábra (DOR) (lit.: “ n I stick a feather ( upright in my hair ), Mašú ahágre ke. s.t. dead smells”) . ** SEE : smell; Dead Smell. stink breath (from onions, etc. ) ** stick to opinions; follow will of other v.t. wirúgra n; wirúgtha n; adj. rabrá n: (I..., hadábra n; you..., sdábra n; we..., hi nrábra nwi; they..., rabrá nñe) . n wirúgtha uyú (DOR) : (I…, wáádugra n; you…, wasrúgra n; we…, hi nwírugra nwi; stink bug n. wagrínáxe. they…, wirúgra nñe) . I’ll stick to my opinion that the Indian nations were stir; mix up v.t. ihí: (I…, iháhi; you…, iráhi; we…, hí nhiwi; they…, ihiñe). stir superior to the European civilization before disease set in and treachery up (fire ); punch, poke fire sending up sparks v.t. waxrí n^ye: (I..., overpowered them, Dórigi wókišigu jináŋena wagítohgeñe wirúgra nñegi hapáxrí n^ye; you..., swáxrí n^ye; we..., hi nwáxrí n^yewi; they..., waxrí n^yeñe) . stir up Wa n^sínkôkeñi wóšga n grápiiŋe wéxa ke; Ma^ú nke wóšga n udwáñiñe coals (by punching at ) v.t. wathíge: (I..., hapáthige; you..., swáthige; we..., n n naháre wáádugra ke. You are so opinionated , Wirúgra uráyu dàna ke. hi nwáthigewi; they..., wathigeñe) . ** SEE : coals. stir with stick and mix up v.t. stick together v.t. akírahgawe. The pages are stuck together , waíkirubra n: (I..., hapáikirubra n; you..., swáikirubra n; we..., hi nwáikirubra nwi; they..., Warúbrabra akírahgawe wi ke. stick together (several things ) v.t. waikirubra nñe) . wiákiwadage; wi^ákirathgawe. stick together (two obj.by biting ) v.t. stockade; fort; French people n. náwata; áwata (DOR) . n aráthu je; raâkirahgawe. ** SEE : bite. stick together (two obj. caused by stocky. ** SEE : stunted . pushing, punching against them ) v.t. waâgíwadage (?) . [NOTE : It would more stoke fire. ** SEE : blaze. likely be: waâkíwadage (?)]. stick with v.t. iyáwe: (I…, iháyawe; you…, stomach; belly; abdomen n. ñíxa; moŋe (MAX) . stomach; trunk; torso n. iráyawe; we…, hí nyawewi; they…, iyáweñe). We stuck some flies with our ñixósda nsda n; ñixósta nsta n. pencil points, Wíwagaxe udwáxe ^ú nna babruxe hínwayawe ke. stick stomp the ground v.t. má nakóge. with needle (to get out splinter ); open wound (by pushing, scraping ) v.t. At the beginning of the Tatoo Ceremony, the old man stood wašgéwe : (I…, hapášgéwe; you…, swášgéwe; we…, hi nwášgewewi; they…, outside the tipi facing the door. He prayed for the child, wašgéweñe). You can use this needle to stick it and get it out (the splinter ), the family and the community as a whole, it seems. Madhéiñe jéê swášgéwe šdu n. When he finished, he stomped the ground four times ** be sticking in; be in s.t. (as nails ) v.i. arášôge. They have been and he sang a ceremonial prayer song pulling nails. The old boards, had a lot of nails sticking in (them). before he entered the tipi, Madhéiñe ristójeñe ke. Nóbrahge th^ídawère madhéiñe arášôge ñe ke. they say. [Robert Small: “Ioway Community Hall”]. sticky; gooey adj. thríthri. You Pagrá nnahada Péthkida Waróxi nahá wá nsha tagrída must wipe off your sticky hands, Náwe thríthri regwákô táhñe ke. (be) chíbothraje túwagu n dáhe ke. Chi nchí niñe waroxina stuck in around v.t. ugíxe. The meat was stuck around the fire, Wáñi chúyu chína bróge héda n wagíroxi^àšgu n. wawáthru nna péje ugíxa šgu n. Tahéda n rašdánda má nakóge dóweha n stickers; thorns n. wíyawe; iyáwe. Éda chíbothraje ugwégi n stiff; rigid; rigor mortis (as dead animal stretched out) ; make rigid by raising Péthkida waróxi giyá we ke, (umbrella) ; finger through hair and cause to bristle and stand up v.t. áñe ke. n n n n n waháda (wahátaⁿ (DOR) ): (I..., hapáhada ; you..., swáhada ; we..., hi wáhada wi; [From the Tattoo Ceremony of the Buffalo Clan Sacred Legend n n they..., waháda nñe) . stone; rock n. í no; íno; í ro; índhu (DOR) . little stone; pebble; gravel n. n still; yet adv/v.i. kóô (JY) ; mína (continues ); nú kâ (but ) (old form) ; šigé (again ). ínoiñe. They’re still eating, Kóô warújeñe ke. The clock is still running, stoop; lean forward; bow head (in prayer) v.i. wax^íge. n n Bígu ndhe náŋe mína ke. And he went still further, Shigé éta waré ke. stop; drop v.rt. =šda . stop; cease; leave off v.t. šda . [ NOTE : The verb is n Still I will be going, Núâ hajé hñe ke. ** SEE : but; yet; mina. still; now; usually preceded by an instrumental prefix, i.e., rašdá (stop talking [an action of the n n even still; enough; anyway; nevertheless adv. gašú n; gášware; ^šu n: mouth]); rušdá (stop taking [an action done by mouth]) ; gišda (stop blowing [an n Still she sat sticking to him (Wékaⁿ), Gašwár aha mínašgu n. action of the wind]); ; nášda (stop blowing [an action of the wind]); etc.]. n Still they said it again, ^Shú n šigé aráñe. ** stop; cut off; turn off; impede advance v.t. nádhe; na dhé; anádhe; Still (just as it is ), give it to me, Gasú nsu n únkû n ne. nanthé (DOR) . Turn off the water, Ñí anádhe re. We stopped the wagon, n It is still sticking on her, Gašwá raha mína sgu n. Námañi hi nádhe ke. stop; make refrain, desist v.t. šúhi. You all can n n Well, still I, for my part, I’ll prepare food, Hau, shú n mírehšji warúje leave the dog alone (stop, refrain from bothering it ), Shú keîŋe šúhi šdú wi re. ááñiû n hñe ke. stop; quit; leave off doing adv. géna. It was after five o’clock so we n n n n n Even though it was long ago, I still remember as if it was yesterday, stopped working on the house, Bigú dhe dháda étage wa^ú géna hi û wi n ^Shú n th^ídaware ^ú nna ^shu n dánañida hethu n ke. ke. stop; stay; stand (up) ; get up v.i. náyi . n n ** still; quiet adj. xápâ; xá pâ; hapa (HAM) ; éxa škúñe (MAX) . Be still ! Xápâ re. You all sit still! Xá npâ mínawi re. We quietly walked through the woods and we heard the owls, Híne páje xápâna hówe hi nmáñiwi ke; mákoke hótu nna hi nwanax^ú nwi ke. Sit still without working! Wa^ú n škúñina ix^á n škúñi mína re. Stillwater, Okla. (Payne Co. ) Ñápi nje (lit.: n n n “water quiet”) (FM) (LWR) ; ÑíApi je; Ñíâpí je; Níapí je (DOR) .

124 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

** be stopped in contact with v.i. ikórage (DOR) . He said that his stove; wood stove n. madhépéje (lit.: “iron fire”) ; madhédakô(hi) (FM) (lit.: children became angry and so he has stopped all contact with them , “iron burning (cause)”) ; odákûgre (old) (arch.) (DOR) . put wood in stove v.t. n n n n n n n Ichí chi íŋe etáwe rigíxogena arédare wí gikorage náhe ga^é náhe ke. ná utú (DOR) : (I…, uhá tú ; you…, urá tú ; we…, hó tú wi; they…, uk tú ñe). stove n n n stop (and visit) ; halt; come to a stop v.i. nášda ; nášra ; nastá . We want pipe n. šot^úwe (lit.: “smoke goes along it”) (JY) . n n n to stop and visit you, Hí nínašda wi hi gúnawi kí. straddle s.t. v.t. ebráye (MDI) (LWR) . ** SEE : motorcycle. n Stop! Šúhi re! Náyi ne! straight; true course adj. róta n; wókatho (fair; just ). Red Rock is straight Stop ~ turn off the water! Ñí nadhé re. ahead, Chína Íno Súje tóri róta n rá re. I want to hear it quite straight . n I stopped it, Géna ha^ú ke. Wókatho xchi hanáû n hagú nta ke. [From Letters. Big Elk] . I want to know a n I run my foot into a noose, string, Thí í korage ke. fair, just man, Wa n^síge wókatho ihápahuŋe hagúntašge ke. straight; n n Now and then he keeps stopping , Píhi k^í na násta máñi ke. upright; straight up and down; lengthwise; be long, tall adj/v.i. thráje n Stop and see us before you go back, Násta na wáwadawi ho. (I.) ; thréche (LWR) ; bóthraje (O.) . press out straight (hide) v.t. with́áda n n n n ** stop (doing ); finish v.t. rusdá ; rustá : (I…, hadúsda ; you…., sdúsda ; (DOR) . n n n we…., hi rúsda wi; they…, rusdá ñe). We have fínished the work for now, but ** shape, plane wood straight v.t. waréda. straight and patched in n n n n n we did not completely finish the job, Gášu gi wa^ú na hi rúšda wi ke; various colors adj/v.i. rotá gredhe (GM) . straight (as arrow ) by bearing n n n n núâ wa^ú na hi rúâgewi ke. ** SEE : fail. stop bearing down on, down on; straighten adj/v.t/v.i. wiréta (DOR) ; wiróta (?) . n n pressing, rubbing, sitting, lying, blowing on v.t. wisdá ; wistá : (I..., ** Straight Dance; Iroska Society n. Iróška. ** SEE : Iróshka. n n n n hapísda ; you..., swísda ; we..., hi nwísda wi; they..., wísda ñe) . Will you stop ** straighten by pushing; draw, write straight (again ) and correct v.t. n n sitting on me? Á minamìna swíšda hna je. stop on a person (chill, fever ); wawókatho (DOR) . My Grandson is still learning to write straight , Kóô n n n n let an obj. drop on s.t. v.t. arúsda ; iródaxra arústa (na): (I…, áádúsda ; hintagwa wawókatho píhi hñe ke. straighten out (arms, etc. ) v.t. watháda: n n n n you…., asdúsda ; we…., há rúsda wi; they…, arúsda ñe). When granddaughter (I..., hapáthada; you..., swáthada; we..., hi nwáthadawi; they..., wathadañe) . n had a fever, I gave her some store medicine to stop it (the fever ), straighten out; extend (arm being bent at elbow ) v.t. riróta ; (riróthan (DOR) ). n n n n n n Hi tágwami iródaxra da u ^é ma kašdašda uhágikû na áágidúsda ke. strain; tear (muscle ) v.t. náwaxe jígre (DOR) . We have fínished the work for now, but we did not completely finish the strange; odd; peculiar; wierd v.t. idá nda; ikírara. [W. waróóchgu nni; Om/P. n n n n n n job, Gášu gi wa^ú na hi rúšda wi ke; núâ wa^ú na hi rúâgewi ke. ázhi (egán) [strange (like)] . [NOTE : Lakota terms: tógecha (different; another); stop writing, pushing, punching v.t. wašdá n; wastá n: (I…, hapásda n; you…, tókecha (unwell; sick); toké(e)chacha (without purpose; at random); ox^á n tokécha (act swásda n; we…, hi nwásda nwi; they…, wasda nñe). Have you stopped writing ~ be queer ~ different in one’s way ~ manner) [oxân [ox^á n ~ oĥ^á n (do ~ work); óx^á n n n n letters because you use the PC email? PC wawágaxe ^ú nnachi wawágaxe (be slow in doing s.t.); ox^á ha ha (do odd things; play pranks)]; togyé (in a different n n ra^ú n swášdá nwišga je. manner; differently); wówixa (s.t. laudhable); wóiniha ya (fearfully)]. stranger; nonBáxoje Jíwere Ñútâchi; s.o. of another tribe; foreigners; storage pit; cellar n. wóxe; wóxeiñe. storage place; closet n. wópigre n (GM) (lit.: “place s.t. good within s.t.”). enemy (arch.) ; soldier (?) ; outsider n. wóruxe; wanáhje; wa ^náhje (?) ; store n. wóromi nchi (lit.: “s.t. inside to buy house”) ; wirúmi nchi store; put ukíhšje . ** SEE : kúje. away; pocket v.t. wapígra n; wapíyu; wópiyu; wapígraŋe: (I..., wapí hagrá n; stalk; stem v.t. húgre. ** SEE : stem. you..., wapí ragrá n; we..., wapí hi nhagrá nwi; they..., wapígrá nñe) . I store my strangle v.t. gidóje; (gitoje (MAX) ). pennies, nickels and dimes in my little coin purse, Mádhešuje bíkiyu strawberry n. hášje; (roehtoxreke; dehtoxreke (HAM) ). ** SEE : raspberry. šogáiñe héda n wóšaîñe mitáwe wó hegrapiyu ki. store; cache; put away stray; astray; wander v.i. watótoxe ré; wéñigre: (I..., watótoxe jé; you..., n to keep n/v.t. píyu; wapíyu: (I..., wapí hayú; you..., wapí rayú; we..., wapí watótoxe sdé; we..., watótoxe hi ráwi; they..., watótoxe aráñe) . ** SEE : astray. n hi nyúwi; they..., wapíyúñe) . I stored something away . Wapí hayú ke ~ Wapí stray away v.i. wéñigre: (I..., wé:ñigre; you..., weréñigre; we..., hi wéñigrewi; hagrá n ke. Spring has come; so now we can store away the blankets, they..., wéñigreñe) . My grandparents did not allow me to stray and wander , n n Béhu jí ke; umíye šogá hi wápiyu šdu ke. store bread. ** SEE : bread. so therefore latter in life I did not stray away from the Native teachings nor n n n n storm n/v.i. gibrú; wagíbru. [NOTE : The term refers to the wind blowing forcibly, God, Tórigu hanúda Wá ^šíkôkeñi wóšga Waká da tánaha wé:ñigre n n n n as a storm does]. severe storm ~ weather n/v.i. táje pí škúñi; há nwe pí škúñichi hi túga watótoxe jé gasú hi nahéhi škúñi ke. škúñi. rain storm n/v.i. ñíyu gibrú. snow blizzard n. bá hudana; stream; creek n. x^ówe; (nishnoŋe (MAX) ). stream (of many bends, turns ) n n n n n mašíhi. tornado n. t^á tâ we. ** SEE : blow; thunder; weather. [W. gipurú n/adj. wašú šu . downstream n/adv. irómaha (da) (arch.) . source ~ (rain storm); níi gipurú (blow up a rain storm); wa gipurú (blow up a snow storm); head of stream n. udwáxe (DOR) . ** SEE : avoid; go around. upstream máa nšigi (severe weather); mái ntajehi (wind, storm, air); uzhinú nba (very bad weather n/adv. umáha n(da). n with much thunder)]. strength; effort; attempt n/v.i. ibrí xe; ibríxe; bríxki (DOR) : (I’m..., hí nbrí nxe; story; news; ending; tell n/v.i. wórage; uráge. You told all the news, you..., iríbrí nxe; we..., wíwabrí nxewi; they..., ibrí nxeñe). have no strength; be n Bróge wóšdage ke. You told it to me (the news ), Ú gisdage ke. He tells a weak, weary adj/v.i. brínara; brinára : (I’m..., hi nbrí nnara; you..., ribrí nnara; we..., variety of warrior stories , Wáŋ^wašóše wórage i^ché ikírara ûragé mína wawabrí nnarawi; they..., brí nnarañe). (TWD) . stretch v.i. withíge : (I..., hi nwithige; you..., riwithige; we..., wawáwithigewi; they..., ** story (traditional ); tell sacred Indian stories; evening ~ bedtime story withígeñe). stretch animal skins v.t. wathróka, wathréje. stretch arms n n n n n/v.i. wéka ; weká ; wagíka . You tell a traditional story , We réka ke. behind one (as lying back) v.i. wixáwi n: (I..., hi nwixawi n; you..., riwixawi n; we..., n n n We may tell stories all night, Ha dhóši hi wéka hadô. story ending (for wawáwixawi nwi; they..., wixawi nñe). stretch by pulling (buffalo, deer, elk hide) n traditional story ) Aréda hagú ke ~ Aga héna jísta ki arédare hagú. (FM) v.t. (chéha, táha, húmaha) ruwí n. stretch hide with sticks v.t. waxáje n ** tell a story differently in narrating it; tell s.t. different v.t. raîdá da (O.) . stretch out; raise hand; present to view v.t. wahá: (I..., hapáha; n n n n (raitantan (DOR) ): (I…, hadáîda da; you…, sráîda da; we…, hi ráîda dawi; they…, you..., swáha; we..., hi nwáhawi; they..., waháñe) . He raised his hand. Náwe n raîda dañe). Yes, that is what happened, we didn’t tell you something gwáha ke . ** SEE : lie streached out; wahá. n n n n different , Hú je ithgé ^ú dáhge ke; hi ríra^ída da škúñiwi ke. true strewn; be scattered around adj/v.i. pópoge. The cattle had strewn their n n story n. míkâ (PMO) . storyteller n. wéka ge. story ending : (for hay around , Chéhga xáme xége pópoge ñe ke. sentence of a past event, action ) suf. …ašgu n; …sgu n ~ sku n. He arrived there, it seems, Híašgu n. He comes back, it seems, Gígriašgu n ~ Gígrâšgu n. He lay there, it seems, Yášgu n. stout. ** SEE : stunted .

125 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n n strike; hit; beat v.t. ují ; ojí ; (srije monna (MAX) ): (I…, uháji n; you…., uráji n; struggle; fight v.t. kidháñi; kídha : (I…, hakídha; you…., rakídha; we…., we…., hóji nwi; they…, uji nñe). The girls kept hitting each other in the snow hi nkídhawi; they…, kídhañe). Did you have a struggle with yourself in order n n n n n ball fight, Chi mi iŋe báhu kídhada ukíkiji ñe máñiñe ke. ** SEE : hit. to finish school, Wógú dhe nahé sdusda da rakíkihje je. strike and knock down; kill by striking; fall and be killed v.t/v.i. strut. ** SEE : piegeon. githáge; gigráthage (one’s relation) ; kitháge (onself ). I saw a hawk circle stuck. ** SEE : stick; teeth . above and suddently it swooped down and struck and knocked down a stud; big male; virile n. áxañe; dogáxañe. [NOTE : The term is applied to animal, white kitten, Grétu n mángrída urú^ša n máñida kuhá nda jína udwáyiñe hgá as cattle] . githáge áta ke. strike aside; knock away v.t. gišdáje; gistáje: (I…, studded with silver; silverstudded adj/v.i. má ndharáha (lit.: “metal on hešdáje; you…, rešdáje; we…, hi ngíšdájewi; they…, gišdájeñe). It is not fair to surface”). ** SEE : earring . knock someone aside only because you want to be the first one, Ríre study; read v.i. rajéhi; aráje. He made the children study each day, Há nwe pagrá nnaha ragú nsdašgechi wókatho áre škúñina wayére^^šú n k^írana chi nchí nŋe ráje wahi ke. We wanted to pass the exam, so we n n n n n n n waresdaje šda iháre ke. strike drum v.t/intj. réxôrushi ují . [NOTE : The studied our books all night, Wógú dhe warúbrabra hó hiñi grapíiŋe hi ^ú expression (or) action taken by the singers of many Siouan tribes when s.o. gives away hi ngúnawichi aréchi há nhédage hanraje wi ke. Let him study his books! a gift to another or acknowledge agreement to something announced. It is said at the Aré wawágaxe grájehi re! ** SEE : Let him ~ them! same time as they strike the drum, in approval]. strike each other, together v.t. stumble v.i. wiyúha: (I…, hapíyuha; you…, swíyuha; we…, hi nwíyuhawi; they…, n n n ukíkiji . They strike each other , Ukíkiji ñe. strike oneself v.t. ukíji : wíyuhañe). Be careful you do not stumble over the stones in the dark, (I…, uhákiji n; you…., urákiji n; we…., hórákiji nwi; they…, ukiji nñe). I struck Adáwewi re; háheda ínno waswíyuha šge. stumble and fall, nearly n myself with it (my own tool ). Ihákigroji ke . ** SEE : hit. strike with s.t. v.t. skinning oneself v.i. wišwéyiŋe (DOR) : (I…, hapíšweyiŋe; you…, swíšweyiŋe; n n n n n n n irúji ; iróji : (I…, iháduji ; you…., isdúji ; we…., hí ruji wi; they…, irúji ñe). we…, hi nwíšweyiŋewi; they…, wíšweyiŋeñe). I almost stumble d climing that ** SEE : hit. strike water making splash v.t. ñí epáha (HAM) . ** SEE : rocky mountain, steaj with our mouths, Ahéhi íno jénaŋeî hapíšweyiŋe n n rúšda ; nášda . náhšu n. stumble and fall, skinning onself v.i. wiyúha; wišwé: (I…, n n ** Big Strike (a personal Eagle Clan name) Wóji Xá je. hapíšwe; you…, swíšwe; we…, hi nwíšwawi; they…, wíšwañe). I need some string n/v.t. wíresge. string (fine ) n. chékwe thúyiñe (I.) ; chékwe thúyiŋe ointment because I just stumbled and fell skinning myself , Xrí máka n n (O.) . string; cord n. ká (GM) . string; cord; twine; short string of hagú ndachi gašú n hapišwe ke. stumbler; one who stumps foot and fell n n n leather n. chékwe. bow string n. máhdu iká hi (DOR) . buckskin n/v.i. wathí hire. n string, thong n. táka . cut string n. chékwe thó (DOR) . pack string stump; tree stump n. ná húje. tree snag in water n. nábadhe. fallen n. wik^í n. shoe, moccasin string n. agújeka nhi n. tree stump; stump raised up n. náhuchîruâ n. stumplegged; peg ** make string fine by twisting, rolling v.t. rithúiñe; rithúiŋe; legged; cutoff leg n/adj/v.i. hú grú nhje. stump toe and fall v.i. púkwe wíwathuiŋe. When they twist the buckskin fringe for a feather fan, they (DOR) . stump toe repeatedly (unable to regain equilibrium ) v.i. púkwakwa. n n rolled it on their leg, Mašú wíbru táha thátha wíwathuiŋe ñeda, náwe stumped foot faller (said of one who has stumped his foot, falling down head n n ^ú na rége ahádada wíwathuiŋe ñe dáhke ke. ** SEE : roll. string bow (when foremost ) n/v.i. wathí hge. [NOTE : See “stumbler” in above entry]. n n n ready to use ) n/v.i. máhdu iká hi gráû . tie string onto; tie together v.t. stunted (short stature ) adj. wína škúñi (old) ; túshke (DOR) . stunted one (short iréšge. Can you teach me to tie together my shoe strings, Agúje ká nhi n person who is large around the body ) n. nátushge. wihégrarešge hi ngírégu ndhe je. string s.t. v.t. githú nje; gidhú nje. Can stutter v.i. ich^éwara píškuñi; bréješkuñi. you string (thread ) my needle? Máthíka n mitáwe hi nnégithu nje je. String subtract; take away; minus v.t. rúdhe jírehi. (5 2 = 3) Five minus two n them up ! Wédhu je wi re! ** SEE : tie. equals three, Dháta nna ída núwe rúdhe jiréhi dáñi udá ke (lit.: “five and strip of dried meat; jerky n. wóthotho. there two take away three it is left”) . (10 5 = 5) Ten minus five equals five, ** strip s.o.’s clothes; strip s.o. down; undress s.o. v.t. kiríruka. strip Grebrá nna ída dháta n rúdhe jiréhi dháta n udá ke (lit.: “te n and there five oneself naked; strip off one’s clothes; strip down; undress v.t. take away five it is left ”) . Four minus four there is zero left, Dówe na ída kígriruka; kígridhuka: (I…, hakígridhuka; you…, rakígridhuka; we…, dówe rúdhe jiréhi níŋe udá ke. hi nkígridhukawi; they…, kigrídhukañe). strip off by rubbing (paper from wall, succeed in biting, drinking, singing v.t. ra^í n: (I…, hadáî n; you…, sdáî n; bark from tree, skin from hand ) v.t. wixróje: (I..., hapíxroje; you..., swíxroje; we..., we…, hi nrádáî nwi; they…, ra^í nñe) . Our puppy always succeeds in biting my hi nwíxrojewi; they..., wíxrojeñe) . fingers, Shú nkeñi shúwe hi ntewi áma námpo hi ngíradage raî n ke. n n ** stripe(s) n. wagréxexe. ** SEE : spot; tattoo. striped; spotted adj/v.i. succeed in pressing, bearing down on v.t. wi^í : (I…, hapíî ; you…, grégredhe. striped; straight and patched in various colors adj/v.i. swíî n; we…, hi nwíî nwi; they…, wí^í nñe) . succeed in pushing, writing, rotá ngredhe. make striped by weight, pressure, sitting, lying on v.t. punching, thrusting, etc. v.t. wa^í n: (I…, hawáî n; you…, swáî n; we…, wigrédhe. make striped, spotted (s.t. printed in black stripes ) v.t. waxréhe hi nwáî nwi; they…, wa^í nñe) . (be) successful adj/v.i. warúpi. His sons n (waxreghe (DOR) ): (I..., hapáxrehe; you..., swáxrehe; we..., hi nwáxrehewi; they..., were successful in hunting, Chí chiñe étawe kínagra warúpi . Did you waxreheñe) . cut into stripes by drawing knife v.t. rigrú ngru nje : (I..., have success in your school exam? Wógu ndhe warúbrabra wasrúpi je. n n n n n n n n n hajígru gru ; you..., sdígru gru ; we..., hi rígru gru wi; they..., rigru gru ñe). ** SEE : such a (one) suf. …hjehše; prokesku (HAM) . I have never seen such an cut. animal, Wanúnhjehjéhše hé áta škúñi ke. stroke; wipe v.rt. =xuge. suck; suck up; sip; slurp water v.t. rahóje; rahówe; (raghówe (DOR) ) : (I…, n strong (GM) ; hard (LWR) adj/v.i. bríxe; (priheke (HAM) ): (I…, hi bríxe; you…, hadáhoje; you…, sráhoje; we…, hi nráhojewi; they…, rahójeñe). suck; suckle, ribríxe; we two…, wáwabíxe; we all…, wáwabríxewi; they two…, bríxewi; they all…, nurse n/v.t. bádhehi : (I…, bádheha; you…, bádhera; we two…, bádhehi; we all…, bríxeñe). ** SEE : well. Wing Getting Stronger (a personal Eagle Clan bádhehiwi; they two…, bádhehiwi; they…, bádhehiñe) . [Os. badhéî n; wadháda n; n n name ) Ahú Thrú je;. (Ahúthocka (SKN) ). [NOTE : thrú je v.rt exert force; stick, uwígasha n (to health); L. ayágopa; ayázoka; azí n (child); azí nkiya (give to suckle)] . prick]. ** SEE : Oto Census #11. suck in v.t. uráhoje: (I…, uhádahoje; you…, usráhoje; we…, hó nrahojewi; they…, stub; stump; foot; base; bottom; lower part of s.t. n. húje. stublegged; uráhojeñe). . cutoff leg n/adj. hú grú nhje. struck: Lightning Struck (a personal Eagle Clan name ) Ñúda nwe (lit.: “waters lights upon”); Notowe (SKN) . ** SEE : strike.

126 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

sudden turn; make sudden turn; go around in circle (said when riding ~ ** summer harvest time (early fall ) n. Warúta n ~ Waróta n (old); (waruta n walking ); circle n/v.i. wawí xe. While I rode my horse I saw a snake in (DOR) ). [NOTE : This is the Early Harvest; The first of two seasons of the Fall; Season the path, the horse suddently caused us to turn a circle back so we returned of Green Corn]. ** SEE : Warúta n (for OTE ). Indian summer (late fall ) n. n n n home, Suŋé ahégraminàda nawú da waka há da ke. Suŋé Waháxi (old) . [NOTE : This is the Late Harvest; The second of two seasons of the wawí nxe wawáhi na háhdagu hi ngre ke. sudden; suddently; close; near, Fall, after the mature corn hardened, ready to be husked and shelled]. ** SEE : Warháxi nearby (in space ( or ) time) ; might; maybe possible; it is possible adv. (for OTE ). éšwena; ešwéna; ešwénagína (all at once ); na. He said suddently “Let’s sun; moon; month n. bí. In the story of the “Twin Holy Boys,” the n go!” Éšwena aré: “Hinné to,” áre ga^é ke. Maybe when he comes, we youngest at the end went into the sun , it seems, Wéka Núweda išúŋé nahá n will go ~ maybe he is coming & we'll go, Éšwena jída hiné hñe ki. He gáhéda bi ugwáràšgu . sunburn; heat of sun; be sunburn(ed) (LzH) ; dropped it suddenly , Rušdá nna . All at once I knew that I could do it, heat; warm near fire n/v.t. adáhgihi : (I…, adáhgiha; you…, adáhgira; we …, n n n n Éšwenagina ha^ú šdu ke, ihápahuŋe. ** SEE : éšwena. suddenly; become adáhgihi wi; they…, adáhgihiñe) . sunburned adj/v.i. adáhgi éta ; (odúje …er; be placed suddenly v.t. ináŋe; ijé; iché (?) ; jigré (become) . It's (DOR) ). sunburn; badly sunburned (LzH) adj/v.i. adáhgi; adáthki (LzH) ; n n n becoming lighter, Háha ináŋe ke. It suddenly became too big for him, adátki^éta ; adátkiyéta . sundial; sun measure; clock n. bígu dhe (lit.: Uxrášda ináŋe ke. It's becoming taller, Thréjeje ke (thréje + ije]. The “sun measures”) . ** SEE : clock; o’clock; time. sundown n. bikúyi; Indians are on the point of a great and sudden improvement, bíkúyidanaê (lit.: “sun low (when it is)”) . at sundown; in the evening adv. n n Wá ^shikôkéñi ášgihšji píjigre ^šda ^ú ke. ** SEE : become. suddenly; bíkúyirègi (lit.: “sun low goes before”) ; bikúyida (lit.: “sun low when”) . At n immediately; quickly v.t. migráhe; mi gráhe (GM) . So suddenly sundown , and again sunrise, they say are the two most holy times to pray, n n n n n (quickly ) today turns into yesterday, Migráhe dána há nwegi áre ke; aréda Bikúyirègi há wegugi héda núweha waxóñta wéxa wayére^šu n n uxré dánañida jíre ke. suddenly; abruptly; with force; cause to come; waróxiñešdu na áñe ke. every sundown adv. bíkúyi iráweha . send ~ sent v.t. réhi: (I sent it…, réha; you , réra; we , réhi nwi; we two , réhi n; sundown; sunset n. bíhirè (lit.: “sun arrived go” (i.e., gone)) ; bihiwé (DOR) . n they…, réhiñe; they two…, réhiwi) . He came out suddenly , Mi ngráhena sunlight; daylight n. há we. n n n axéwe hú réhi ke. Máya há we gú jí, Waká da, ** push against s.o. suddenly and make him/ her turn a little v.t. Ráye rígraje, (ha)náŋe ke. wakáka; wakáŋa; wagáŋa (DOR) . suddenly aim v.t. wakúye réhi : (I…, Héyana na na. hapákuye réha; you…, swáákuye réra; we…, hi nwákuye réhi nwi; they…, wakúyeñe Earth’s daylight starts to come, arrive here, réhiñe). [NOTE : Verb has double conjugtion]. suddenly push s.t. and turn it (So ) God, I’m calling you by your name, n bottomup (up sidedown ) v.t. wašú hiréhi (DOR) . Why did you suddenly (As ) I am sitting here. push and turn the sand bucket bottom up ? Dagúra^ù nna búša réxe swašú n (ative American Church Prayer Song ) n hiré ra je. suddenly push up high (with force ) v.t. wamáši réhi. If I can ** sunny; hot; warm adj/v.i. máhšje; mašjé; má je (LWR) . sunrise; dawn push high the canvas roof, I believe I can spill out the rain water, n. bí axéwe (lit.: “sun appears out ~ comes out”) ; (pi kri (MAX) ). sunset (at) Chéhgayiŋe hapámaši réha šge ñiyu ñí hapáxu nšdu n ke. suddenly turn a n/adv. bikúyida; (pí hí (MAX) ). n child downward head foremost v.t. wathí he réhi (DOR) . ** Water Shining ~ Glistening in Sunlight (a personal Bear Clan name ) n n suffer v.i. itháre. suffer exceedingly; in great pain, agony; made sick by Gistí Jígre (masc.) ; Gistí JígreMi (fem.) . n n n n n n food v.i. itháre dána; (xá njixwe owé (DOR) ). ** SEE : hurt. Sunday n. Há we Waxóñida; Há we Xóñita ; Há we Xuñita (LWR) ; Há we n n n suffice; be sufficient; be pleased, satisfied v.i. ibrá n; íbra n: (I… í nbra n; you…, Waxwáñida. Sunday before last adv. Há we Waxóñita na kérida; n n irí nbra n; we all…, wíwabra nwi; they all…, ibrá nñe). Are you all satisfied ? ~ Does Há we Waxóñida étagi. that suffice for you? Iríbra nwi je? Yes, it is enough, Hú nje Aré gašú n ke sunfish; sunperch n. hó bráhge; hó bráthge (lit.: “fish flat”) . (lit,: “it is now”) . ** SEE : enough. sunflower n. xámoxra áwedhiûxra; waxráthi (CUR) ; uxradhiê (MAG) . sugar; maple sugar, syrup; sap n. náñi (lit.: “tree water [sap]”) ; (ninee (MAG) ); [NOTE : Sunflowr = “xamóxra awadhe ûxra” (“flower shiftng bloom)” as in tipi flaps] . n náñithúthu (DOR) . [NOTE : The word for honey: wagríñi (lit.: “insect fluid”)]. [W. ** SEE : shift; awádhe. sunflower root n. waxráthihú shje. n n taanízhu; Om/P/Os. zha nni; L. cha nhá npi] . sugar bowl n. náñuyu (lit.: “sugar superintendant (BIA Agency ) n. á je hí ñe (lit.: “father theirs”) . n filled”) . supernatural powers n. waxóbri ; waxóbre. sulk; be sulky, offended; be in bad humor v.i. rixóhe (I.) ; dixóke (O.) ; supper; evening meal n. bikwí warúje; bikúyi warúje. (dhixóke (DOR) ): (I..., hajíxohe; you..., sdíxohe; we..., hi nríxohewi; they..., rixoheñe). supplied; have plenty; rich v.i. išé; ušé; iwáše. They always told us kids that noone likes someone who sulks , Áma híne sure; (be) sure. ** SEE : certain; uncertain.. n n n chi chí ŋe wówarageñe: “Wayére^šu rixóhe naháê wa^síge níŋe wagráhi surrender; give up; abandon v.t. bé. ** SEE : fail in; quit; stop; tired. [Om/P. škúñañe ke,” áñe ke. sulker n. wayí n píškuñi. sulking person (said of kigtháthe; L. íyakichu nni, kichu nni, ikichu nni (give up; be tired of trying to do s.t.; fail; n one scolded, who then sits sulking and “wayí píškúñe”) n. ratháŋehji kíne (DOR) . cease from; give up pursuit; quit trying)] . summer; summertime; warm, hot weather n. máhsje; mášje; má nsje. [W. surface; be on surface; covered with; stick, adhere on v.t. aráha. Burrs n tóók; tookgré (last summer); Om.nuge; Os.dogé; L. blokétu] . summer (season ) n. covered him. Mi xáge aráha ke. ** SEE : stick; aráha. punch at s.t. under n n dóge; (tóqe ~ tóke (DOR) ). There is an old word for “summer ,” that the surface of ground, water and make it appear v.t. watá î : (I…, n n n n n n n n n Winnebago, Ponca and Osage still use –“dóge,” but now a days, the Otoe hapáta î ; you…, swáta î ; we…, hi wáta î wi; they…, wata î ñe). use the word referring to summer’s heat, that is, hot weather, Wíchê iyá n surprise: speak of s.t. as surprising, extraordinary, wonderful v.t. n nahé “dóge ” th^íwarera áñe ke; Hótaŋe Pá nka Wášaše héda n kóô ^únna raxíxe : (I…, hadáxixe; you…, sdáxixe; we …, hi dáxixewi; they…, raxíxeñe). áñe hñe ke. Há nwegi Jiwére “mášje ” áñe ke. They came here on Surprised at the Track (a personal Beaver Clan name ) ThigréXíxeñe. n n Midsummer hunt, Dóge kinádhehšjida kínágra ajíñe. (From wékan ). surround; go around; collected v.t/v.i. esá ; exsá . ** SEE : collect; around. off and on during summer months šwáre kîrána mášjegi survey. ** SEE : look at; explore; scout. during summer before last dógerida étagi suspect, accuse one of v.t. iráraje: (I…, ihádaraje; you…, irádaraje; we…, in summer before last dógerida hí nrarajewi; they…, irárajeñe). suspicious; be suspicious adj/v.i. éwahi (?) . this summer dógeje swab; wipe; wiping towel n. wíwakô; iwákô. tattooing swab (of buffalo n next ~ future summer(s) tóridogeda hair ) n. iwákô (arch.) . tattooing swab (feather ) n. masú iwákô n n (ma saiwakô (SKN) ). ** SEE : tattoo. swab out gun, cannon v.t. iyóchi rithú.

127 BáxojeJiwéreÑút ˀachi ~ Ma ˀúŋke (Rev. 25 th April, 2010) [JGT:1992]

n n n swallow; devour v.t. náhi ; ná hi (LWR) (MAX) ; rarúje ( swallow ); raxédhi ** sweep out v.t. wawíxa; wawíha: (I..., hapástasta; you..., swástasta; we..., n (I.) ; dhaxéthi (O.) (DOR) : (I…, hanáhi n; you…., ranáhi n; we…., hi nnáhi nwi; they…, hi wástastawi; they..., wastastañe) . Will you sweep out the car? Námañi nahi nñe). swáwixa je. sweep one’s own (house ) with broom v.t. gigrájige; grajíge; “Hey! HillthatYou Swallow Them! You may swallow me!” he said. gijíge; chígejige; grachíge. Have you sweeped your own rooms, n “Hau! Ahéri Wará sruje , hi rá sruje re,” é ke . Chi štaîñe régrajige wi je. sweep, brush off snow v.t. bá wajíge: (I…, bá n [Wékan: “Mishjí iñe na Ahéri: (Rabbit and the Hill)] . hejíge; you…, bá rejíge; we…, bá hi ngíjígewi; they…, bá gijígéñe) . sweep s.t.; n swamp; swampy; marsh n/adj/v.i. ñísgi sgiŋe (GM) ; chérawe (MAX) . brush off litter v.t. wajíge: (I…, hapájige; you…, swájige; we…, hi nwájigewi; swan n. míxehga; míxethga. [NOTE : The white swan are said to have great strength they…, wajígeñe) . in their wings, and the use of their feathers provide arms of strength for the user. Also, sweet adj. hgú; thgú (old) ; sko (MAX) . sweet potato n. dó hgú; dó thgú they are a symbol of the four hills in life of man. They symbolize to the people that they n (old) . sweets; candy n. náñi wébri (lit.: “sugar hard”) . sweets; fruit n. will see old age as they travel the path of life]. wahgú (lit.: “something sweet”) . sweets breads n. wabúhge wahgú (lit.: swap, trade with each other v.recip. ikíruta nki; ikíruta nhikíwi. swap; “bread sweet”) . [NOTE : This can include cakes, and other bakery products; rolls, buns exchange things; trade (equal) v.recip. ikíruta n: (I…, ihákiruta n; you…, and such is: wabúhge šdášda (“bread rounded”)]. irákiruta n; we…, hí nkiruta nwi; they…, ikíruta nñe). Before we bought things with sweet corn (cooked ) n. wadásdi ~ wadásti. money, we would swap our things with one another, Tórigi madhéhga n n sweetgrass; sacred grass (purification ) n. xámi waxóñita ; xámi pyúbra (FM) ^ú nna hi nwarumiwina dagúrañi hi ntéwi hí nkikiruta nwi dáhge ke. swap; (lit.: “herb good smells”) ; xánami (SKN) . You can use sweetgrass the same as trade in; exchange (cause one to ) v.t. ikíruta nhi : (I..., ikírutaná nha; you..., n n n n cedar for prayers and blessings: I saw many intricate braids of sweetgrass in ikírutaná ra; we..., ikírutaná hi wi; they..., ikírutaná hiñe). n n n the Ioway Otoe Sacred Bundles (in the Museum of Milwaukee ), Xámi pyúbra swarm (with bugs, flies ) v.i. xá xa ji(ñe). ** SEE : fly; maggot; wasp. n sway hips walking from side to side (in manner of a proud man ) v.i. kigrúma badhí ikíkigawi ke; waróxina nat^úndañe ga^núwe ú ñe anáha. Báxoje Jiwére Warúxawe ródada háŋe xámi pyúbra n róhan warúxaxajeñe grapíiñe (DOR) . sway side to side adj/v.i. witháthañige. As the horses walked û nñe wáta ke. through the woods, their packs swayed side to side , Páje uwána shúñe n wak^í n witháthañige máñiñe ke. sweet flag; bitterroot; calamus n. shí xówe (lit.: “herb holy going along”) n n n n (“onion that stinks (?) (MBS) ”) . I know what the dry roots of bitterroot looks swear; curse v.i. grú ; k^ru ; ugrúŋe (DOR) : (I…, hagrú ; you…, ragrú ; we…, n n n like, but I’m not so sure I know the appearance of the growing plant, hi grú wi; they…, grú ñe). We do not swear at one another or use bad words, n n n n n n Híne hi nkíki gru n táhñe škúñiwina wíchê piškúñi tánaha hi nháwi škúñiwi ki. Shí xówe náhu xége ihápahuŋe núâ tahéda xáme nú tá î hí gíwata î n škúñi ke. sweat n/v.i. róje; róhje; dhóje: (I..., hi róje; you..., riróje; we..., wawárojewi; they..., rójeñe) . You do not sweat a lot in the summer, do you? Mašjéda riróje sweet meal n. tabótowe (FM) . n sweet potato n. dóhgu (I.) ; dóxgu (O.) . dána škú ñi, árehga (je). sweat (purification ) lodge n. yúgwe chí. n n swell v.i. wawú; wiwú; obra ; obra ré (MAX) : (I..., hi nwáwu; you..., riwáwu; we..., sweat purification prayer; take sweat n/v.i. yúgwe; iyúgwe (FM) ; íyugwe wawááwuwi; they..., wawúñe). My finger is swollen (It swells to me ), Nánpo (JY) ; y^úgwe. In all four seasons our family and relatives like to enter the n sweat (purification) lodge to pray, Há nwe dówe bróge chúyu hi ntéwi hi wáwu ke. swell (flesh ); cut (wood ) from dull knife v.t. báwu : (I..., n n habáwu; you..., rabáwu; we..., hi nbáwuwi; they..., bawúñe). swell from biting v.t. hí yugwe wina hi wároxiwi ke. [NOTE : In OmahaPonca: take a sweat n purification, i núpe: : (I…, inúwape; you…, inúdhape; we all…, inúdhape ha nwa npe); rawú : (I..., hadáwu; you..., sdáwu; we..., hi dáwuwi; they..., rawúñe). I bit and ihídha (bathe by means of hot rocks)]. sweat lodge rocks n. ínnosdásda (lit.: swell ed my lip, Ihá hegrúwu ke. swell (rice ) by cooking, soaking v.t. n “rocks rounded”) . dáwu : (I..., hadáwu; you..., sdáwu; we..., hi dáwuwi; they..., dawúñe). swell by sweep (floor, ground with broom ) v.t. gijíge: (I…, hejíge; you…, rejíge; we…, kicking, stepping on v.t. nawú; nawú : (I..., hanáwu; you..., ranáwu; we..., n hi ngíjígewi; they…, gijígéñe) . In the tipi (ative American Church ) at midnight, hi náwuwi; they..., nawúñe). You kick ed me swelling my knee, Šášge n the fire man sweeps the floor clean of debris, Há nhe ukíthregi chíbothraje hi néginawu ke. swell by pressing, lying on v.t. wiwú : (I..., hapíwu; you..., n ródada péje akída thúgra nhina chí gijíge náhe ke. sweep ~ drive off swíwu; we..., hi wíwuwi; they..., wiwúñe). swell by punching, thrusting at n (wind) ; sweep off dust; sweep off; brust off dust, litter (with bundle of sticks ) v.t. wawú : (I..., hapáwu; you..., swáwu; we..., hi wáwuwi; they..., wawúñe). swell n v.i/v.t. gixá n. sweep; dust (for s.o. ) by pushing motion v.t. wagíwajige: by scratching v.t. ríwu : (I..., hajíwu; you..., sdíwu; we..., hi ríwuwi; they..., (I..., hapágiwajige; you..., swágiwajige; we..., hinwágiwajigewi; they..., giwájigeñe) . riwúñe). The poison ivy was on my arm, so I scratch ed into swell ing, n Did you want me to sweep up for you? Ríre rípagiwajige ragú nšda je. Xáme rux^íxî agráhšje á rahana hajíwu ke. swell by shooting (flesh ) v.t. n sweep; dust for another; push off snow v.t. gíwajige : (I …, hagípajige; bówu : (I..., habówu; you..., rabówu; we..., hi bówuwi; they..., bówúñe). swell by n you…, ragíswajige; we …, hi ngíwajigewi; they …, giwájígeñe). The wind is striking, falling v.t. giwú: (I…, hewú; you…, rewú; we…, hi gíwúwi; they…, blowing so you’ll have to sweep off the snow for me again, Táje gištóje ke; giwúñe). swelling of stream (overflow from heavy rains (or) melted snow ) n/v.i. áreheda shigé bá hi nnagíswajige hñe ke. raise dust in sweeping, pushing (ñí) wawáyu. n v.i. wašóje: (I..., hapášoje; you..., swášoje; we..., hi nwášojewi; they..., wašójeñe) . swollen; inflated; distended (in pain ) adj/v.i. tá pe. swollen, painful n When you girls raise so much dust in sweeping , you cause the chairs and stomach n. ñíxa tá pe. swollen; distended; puffed up; inflated adj/v.i. tables to be dirty, they would tell us, Tahéda richí nmiŋe réjigewida, wap^óšge; wapóšge. Your hands are swollen , Náwe riwápôsge ke. n swášojewina amína wááruje théwarawárawi ra^ú nwi ki; wówarageñe núâre swollen and hard adj/v.i. watá pe. swollen eyes n. išdá wawáyu. n n ke. sweep floor clean v.t. wathú: (I..., hapáthu; you..., swáthu; we..., swifty; fast; quick adj/v.i. k^á tha; xá tha. Like a genuine runner , you go n n n hi nwáthuwi; they..., wathuñe) . When they sweep clean the floor in the tipi, really fast (swift ), K^á thage hšji iríhge sdí šge k^á tha ramáñi ke. ** SEE : n n they do not want anything to block your spiritual pathways, Chíbothrajeda really. swift (runner, horse ) n. k^á thage; xá thage (DOR) . n n n n n wathú ñechi bróge brédherigìhiwi, náwu n pí arámañi táhñewi ke. sweep swim; swam v.i. ñíwa ; ñí wa ; híra (LWR) : (I…, ñíhapa ; you…, ñíraswa ; we…, n n n n house n/v.i. chigíjige; chigéjige (LWR) . In the spring we like to sweep the ñíhí wa wi; they…, ñíwa ñe) . Let’s all go swimming , Ñí hi wa hdaho. I house really good, Béhuda chí grapíiŋe hi ngíjige hi ngípiwi ki. sweep wish he could swim , Éê híra warúpišge iháre ke. I can smim farther n n n litter into a round heap v.t. wasna; wasta; wasnasna; wastasta: (I..., than you can, Míre hári ñí hapa šdu ke; ríre urídwañi ke. [Om/P. níwa , ní n n n hapástasta; you..., swástasta; we..., hi nwástastawi; they..., wastastañe) . We sweep uwa .(we swam, nía wa )] . the dirt, papers, whatever into a round heap , Máha warúbrabra dagúra^šu n héda n hi nwáštašta wi ki.

128 IowayOtoeMissouria ~ English [JGT:1992] (Rev. 25 th April, 2010)

swing; swung; revolve; gyrate; sail round and round (buzzard ) v.i. n n n n n giwí xe ; hóšra (DOR) : (I…, héwi xe; you…, réwi xe; we…, hi gíwi xewi; they…, giwí nxeñe). We will swing the rope (a lasso ) around the colt, Chéxwe shúñe shúwe há ngíwi nxe táhñe ke. Let’s swing ! Hóšra hi n^ún to. [Wékan: “Há nwe Ichínchiniñe: (Day and His Sons)] . swish: hit water and make it swish, splash v.t. ñí gijáxe; ñí gijáx^e: (I…, ñí héjaxe; you…, ñí réjaxe; we…, ñí hi ngíjaxewi; they…, ñí gijáxeñe). When you boys take a bath, you will not splash the water, Ríre chi ndóiñe rakípídhawida ñi rejaxe táhñe ke. thrust stick into mudhole containing water which flies out with a “swish” v.t. wajáx^e. swollen: ** SEE : swell . swords; American(s) (arch.) n. mahí nxàñe (I.) ; mahí nxà nje (O.) (lit.: “ knives long”) . n n sycamore (tree, wood, leaves ) n. nágreyi (I.) ; nátho (O.) ; natho; natho (LWR) . sympathize (said of s.o. who sympathizes with s.o. without actually helping him/ her ); glad to see s.o. injured, one’s foes killed v.i. wayí n réhi (lit.: “thoughts make be sent”) . They watched the people’s house burning, and they sympathized for them, Wa n^šige chí dáxuna áre adáwina héda n wáyi n réhi wi ke.