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Phytoplankton of Tampa Bay - a Review

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Phytoplankton of Tampa Bay - a Review PHYTOPLANKTON OF TAMPA BAY - A REVIEW Karen A. Steidinger Florida Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Marine Research 100 Eighth Avenue S.E. St. Petersburg, FL 33701 William E. Gardiner Department of Biology University of South Florida Tampa, FL 33620 INTRODUCTION (Fogg 1965; Loftus et al. 1972; Tundisi Phytoplankton in brackish and 197 1, Herbiand and KuGiller 198 1, and marine habitats, such as estuaries, others). Photosynthetic microorganisms consists of dour principal microalgal less than 20 urn, even Iess than 2 urn, can groups: phytomicroflagellates (7 or more account for 20-90% of the planktonic classes), diatoms, dinoflagellates, and inorganic C uptake, but at the same time blue-green algae. These groups are they can have high respiration rates and representative of several size classes: function in remineralization cycles, thus picoplank ton (0.2 to 2 urn), ul traplank ton being important in detrital food webs (less than 5 urn), nannoplankton (3 to 20 because of their dissolved organic uptake urn or less than 20 urn), and capabilities (Porneroy 1974, Li et g. microplankton (20 to 200 urn). 1983). Number of species and assoxated Occasionally, there are larger species abundance trends in estuaries usually such as Noctituca, which can be 1-2 mm reveal an inverse relationship in'diameter. These algal groups can be horizontally with increasing salinity from found in both the water column and the head to the mouth (Hulburt 1965; sediments of estuaries, yet specific Kinne 1963, and. others). DefeIice and species are usually planktonic or benthic Lynts (1978) also noted an increase in in the prevailing vegetative stage. benthic diatom diversity from terrestriai Benthic microalgal communities (epi- influences to open waters in upper and endolithic, episarnmic, epiphytic) can Florida Bay. Many phytoptankters are be significant components of an estuary cosmopolitan and endemic populations in diversity and biomass. Hustedt (1955) are rare, particularly in estuaries described 89 new species out of 329 (Lackey 1967; Wood 1965; Steidinger species identified in just two mud 1973); however, brackish or marine samples from North Carolina. Dadkr and microaIga1 assemblages (plank tonic and Roessler (1971) gave a biomass figure of benthic) may be distinct areaiiy and 50-630 rng~/rn2for a Florida bay (based seasonally. Most species are "neritic" on chiorophyll conversions) and' Round and represent an estuarinelneritic (1971), in a bent 9.c diatom review, gave grouping although there are periodic 420 mg Chl a/rn . Benthic microalgae invasions of limnetic or oceaniclneritic can serve as food sources for a variety of species due to freshwater discharge or heterotrophs, act as sediment stabilizers, oceanic intrusions respectively (Wood and often become tychoplanktonic in 1965). turbuIent events. Estuaries are dynamic because of Phytoplankton less than 20 urn physical, chemical, and biological often dominate the water column, interactions. The system is a particularly in temperate and subtropical fluctuating, and at times unstable, waters; dominance can be both numerical environment. This affects which species and by biomass, and/or productivity are present as we11 as total production, temporally and spatially. Such a system intensities because of efficient accessory tends to limit planktonic and benthic pigments. populations to those that have wide Temperature has always been used ranges in physioIogica1 and reproductive as a primary factor in distribution and strategies, e.g, most are euryhaline and seasonal occurrence (Braar ud 196 1; eurytherrnal and have "regenerative" or Eppley 1972; Raymont 1980). Many "resting stage" cycles. Additionally, pelagic marine plants and animals are many species have varied nutritional classified geographically by temperature requirements with adaptive assimilation regimes, e.g. boreal, polar, temperate, rates, particularly nannoplankters. and tropical, yet most estuarine Environmental factors limiting phytopiankters appear to be phytoplankton occurrence, diversity, and cosmopolitan. Temperature extremes abundance interact synergistically and and daily differentials can affect d'v principally involve light (water clarity), rates (doublings per day =. 0.8% o. b3?: temperature (metabolic processes, a Q10 of 1-83; Eppley 19721, nutrient division rates), salinity (osmoregulation), availability and uptake, photosynthetic micro- and macronutrients or growth rates, respiration, as imila ion numbers factors, and circulation patterns.' The (mg C mg chl A- I I h the influence of light intensity on primary relationship being An = 1.43ehi ) O.%T at a production is simply demonstrated by the QiO of 2.23 (srnayda 19761, and existence of productivity formulae consequent 1y successional patterns involving solar radiation, extinction because of in terspecific competitive factors, and chlorophyll (Ryther and adaptations. Yentsch 1957; Small g g. 1972; Phytoplankton dynamics, whether Bannister 1974, and others) which are it be in the estuary or in neritic or still used today with some reservations. oceanic waters, have historicaihy been A1 though Ught is required, high levels equated to avaiiabilt y of can cause photoinhi bition and bleaching rnacronutrients. If nitrates, phosphates, of surface restricted organisms. High silicates and the like are in insufficient light intensities can also cause organisms amounts they are considered limiting, to seek a lower level in the water yet growth is a function of cellular column. Diatoms are light saturated at nutrient pools and enzymatic capabilities lower light intensities than and not necessarily external levels dinoflagellates (Riley and Chester 197 11, (Healey 1973). Also, ambient levels of while blue-greens do best at highest light basic nutrients such as NH3-N, N03-N, intensities. Theref ore, adaptations to and PO4-P at specific times do not j light intensity and wavelengths can rates and by reflect turnover cycling j effect competitive advantages. In bacteria, nannopian kters, and animals. addition, photosynthetic organisms have Theoreticaily, macronutrients could be phased uptake and metabolic functions in growth limiting, particularly during both light and dark cycles (see Eppley seasonal bloom periods, with nitrogen 1981). Light also acts to concentrate being considered the. limiting I positively phototactic flagellates in the macronutrient in temperate North euphotic zone so .that there are diurnal Atlantic estuaries (Smayda 1976). or die1 vertical migration patterns However, phytoplankton have varied associated with time of day, light nutritional strategies and adaptations in intensity and water clarity. Benthic relation to availability and uptake, microalgal communities are likewise stored resources, organic N and P affected by light, although the utilization, and growth factor association may be indirect due to requirements, e.g., vitamins, trace substrate preference and its cyclic metals, and chelators. Laws and availability, or circadian rhythms. Most Bannister (I980) stated 'I... phytoplankton photosynthetic benthic microflora can have mechanisms for regulating uptake chromatically adapt to varying light of each element and ... these mechanisms are used to maintain studies, the macrocomponents do not composition and achieve balanced regulate the fine structure of planktonic growth." Even in oiigotrophic oceanic systems. As an example, Provasoli waters, nutrients appear to be (147 1) considered vitamin requirements nonlimiting (see Platt 198 1; Hulburt an important regulatory agent in 1970; McCarthy and Goldman 1979) with occurrence and succession of species. growth rates up to three or more Since the 1960s it has been shown that doublings per day. In constrast, eu- and various phytoplankters, besides bacteria, mesotrophic areas (e.g., Koblentz-Mishke produce vitamins, e.g, BI2, thiamin and and Vedernikos 1976; Redalje and Laws biotin, as well as vitamin inhibitors or 198 1) would appear to have lower growth binders. Recently, Messina and Baker (doublings per day), suggesting (1982). using- axenic cultures of physiological saturation inefficiencies in ~keletbnerna costaturn, Gonyauiax relation to higher nutrient availability tamarensis and Cyclotella cryptica and and "thresh01d'~ growth, or other their - filtrates, showed that & factors. Smayda (1976), in discussing tamarensis and C. cryptica in the Narragansett Bay data, stated exponentiaJ ~rowth..- phase produced high molecular weight - ectdcrines that In 1974, 42% of the annual production inhibited S. costaturn growth responses, of 310 g rn-2 occurred during July and thus effecting a competitive advantage. August when nitrogen remained at The growth response could be very low concentrations. Rapid q'norrnalized'T by addition of excess nutrient recycling was necessary to vitamin or by autociaving the active sustain this production. That it must filtrate prior to testing. Others, have ocurred is consistent with the eating 1978, for freshwater; Freeberg elevated assimilation numbers found --et al. 1979 and Kayser 1981, for marine during the summer despite very low waters) also have used culture filtrates ambient nutrient concentrations ... to demonstrate species succession phytoplankton dynamics during the patterns and that they were mediated by summer in this bay, however, are not competitive inhibition. Provasoii (1979) clearly limited physiologically by pointed out that laboratory experiments nutrient limitation or grazing. While with axenic cultures may produce biased nutrition levels and the recycling
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