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(Dinophyceae) Del Orden Gymnodiniales En Aguas De Las Islas Canarias

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(Dinophyceae) Del Orden Gymnodiniales En Aguas De Las Islas Canarias Rev. Acad. Canar. Ciena, XII (Nums. 3-4), 21-44 (2000) (publicado en julio de 2001) APORTACION AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS DINOFLAGELADOS (DINOPHYCEAE) DEL ORDEN GYMNODINIALES EN AGUAS DE LAS ISLAS CANARIAS A. Ojeda Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas. Ctra. de Taliarte s/n. Apdo. 56. 35200 Telde, Gran Canada, Islas Canarias. ABSTRACT Contribution to the knowledge on dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) of the orden Gymnodiniales in the Canary Islands waters. Thirty five taxa of marine dinoflagellates belonging to two families of the order Gymnodiniales are studied here: the Gymnodiniaceae represented by 29 taxa belong to the genus Gymnodinium Stein, Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy, Amphydinium Claparede & Lachmann, Cochlodinium Schiitt, Katodinium Fott and Torodinium Kofoid & Swezy, and the Warnowiaceae represented by four taxa belong to the genus Warnowia Lindemann, Nematodinium Kofoid & Swezy, Nematopsides Greuet and Eritropsidinium Silva. Twenty one species are new records in the Canary Islands, and for twelve its distribution is broadened in the Canarian archipelago. Descriptions of the species are supplemented with selected references, illustrations, biometric data and information on its regional distribution. The samples were collected with oceanographic bottles in several depths of the neritic and oceanic area. Key words: Dinophyceae, Gymnodiniales, dinoflagellates, Canary Islands, habitat, distribution. RESUMEN Se estudian 35 taxones de dinoflagelados marinos pertenecientes a dos familias del orden Gymnodiniales: Gymnodiniaceae representada por 29 taxones pertenecientes a los generos Gymnodinium Stein, Gyrodinium Kofoid y Swezy, Amphidinium Claparede y Lachmann, Cochlodinium Schiitt, Katodinium Fott y Torodinium Kofoid y Swezy y la fami- lia Warnowiaceae, representada por cuatro taxones pertenecientes a los generos Warnowia Lindemann, Nematodinium Kofoid y Swezy, Nematopsides Greuet y Eritropsidinium Silva. Se senalan 21 nuevos registros para las Islas Canarias y para 12 se amplia su distribucion en la region. Cada una de las especies se acompaha de referencias bibliograficas, ilustraciones, datos biometricos e information sobre su distribucion en el archipielago Canario. Las mues- tras fueron recolectadas con botellas oceanograficas en diversos puntos de la zona neritica y oceanica. Palabras clave: Dinophyceae, Gymnodiniales, dinoflagelados, islas Canarias, habi- tat, distribucion. 21 1. INTRODUCTION Los dinoflagelados del orden Gymnodiniales constituyen un componente importan- te del fitoplancton marino de las Islas Canarias. El genero Gymnodinium Stein es uno de los mas frecuentes y agrupa la mayor parte de las especies nanoplanctonicas, mayores de 10 um, presentes en las muestras estudiadas, constituyendo entre el 16% y el 47% del numero total de organismos identificados tanto en aguas neriticas como oceanicas. El genero Amphidinium Claparede y Lachmann le sigue en importancia, representando entre el 12% y el 25% del total de celulas determinadas. El estudio es fundamentalmente taxonomico y se ha cuidado, en especial, que estu- viese acompanado de una abundante iconografia. Se analizan treinta y cinco unidades taxonomicas, describiendose aquellas formas que no han podido ser determinadas hasta el nivel de especie. 2. MATERIAL Y METODOS El material estudiado se ha obtenido en diversas campafias oceanograficas realizadas en los ultimos diez anos en distintas areas del archipielago Canario, contandose ademas con muestras esporadicas correspondientes a los anos 1986-1988. Se han analizado 325 mues- tras obtenidas con botellas oceanograficas, desde la superficie hasta una profundidad maxi- ma de 150 m. La temperatura se midio con termometros invertidos dispuestos sobre las botellas o con sondas XBT. Las muestras fueron fijadas con solution de Lugol y concentra- das, por sedimentation, en cubetas de fondo movil de 100 ml de capacidad durante 48 horas. Las observaciones fueron llevadas a cabo utilizando un Microscopio Invertido (MI) Zeiss, provisto con contraste de fase y un micrometro ocular que permitio la obtencion de los datos biometricos. Las preparaciones fueron estudiadas a 200 y 400 aumentos, en oca- siones, los organismos mas pequenos fueron observados a 800 aumentos utilizando ocula- resde20X. El ordenamiento sistematico empleado y los sinonimos a los que se hace referenda son, en su mayorfa, los reconocidos por DODGE [12], SOURNIA [47-49] y STEIDINGER y TANGEN [50]. 3. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION Orden Gymnodiniales Lemmermann [26] Familia Gymnodiniaceae Lankester [22] Genero Gymnodinium Stein [51] Clave para las especies de Gymnodinium observadas en Canarias 1.- Cloroplastos ausentes 2 Cloroplastos presentes 5 2.- Nucleo situado en el centro de la celula 3 Nucleo situado en el hipocono 4 3.- Mediana, epicono redondeado, periplasto con estriaciones longitudinales G heterostriatum Grande, citoplasma vesiculoso, con tentaculo G pseudonoctiluca 4.- Mediana, mucho mas larga que ancha, extremo posterior puntiagudo G fdum Grande, casi tan larga como ancha, extremo posterior redondeado ....G abbreviatum 22 5.- Pequena 6 Mediana 7 6.- Normalmente menor de 10 jam, epicono e hipocono casi de la misma altura, extremo anterior redondeado G simplex Entre 12 y 25 urn, epicono generalmente mas corto que el hipocono Gymnodinium sp. (pequeno) 7.- Cloroplastos elipticos que irradian del centro de la celula G. splendens Cloroplastos dispersos 8 8.- Pequena, mas o menos ovoide, epicono e hipocono casi de la misma altura G veneficum Mediana 9 9.- Aislada o formando cadenas, generalmente elipsoidal achatada G catenatum Distintas formas, generalmente mas larga que ancha Gymnodinium sp. (mediano) Gymnodinium abbreviatum Kofoid y Swezy [211 Figura 1 (1) Referencias: [12, 14, 50]. Dimensiones: Longitud total 85-120 urn. En uno de los ejemplares medidos longitud total 106 urn; ancho maximo hipocono 58 urn. Habitat: Ocho determinaciones al sudoeste de Gran Canaria en cuatro estaciones clara- mente oceanicas, en junio. No ha sido determinado en muestreos proximos a la costa. Temperatura 16,5-20,4° C. Distribution: Oceanica. Citada para el Canal de Inglaterra, Holanda y La Jolla, California. Islas Canarias: Gran Canaria. Primera cita para el archipielago Canario. Gymnodinium filum Lebour [241 Figura 1 (2) Referencia: [12]. Dimensiones: Longitud total 50-55 urn; ancho maximo hipocono en uno de los ejemplares medidos 13 urn. Habitat: Observada en treinta y siete estaciones al sudeste de Gran Canaria desde los 25 a los 130 m de profundidad, en junio. Oceanica. Temperatura 16,5-20,6° C. Distribucion: Citada al sur de Plymouth, Inglaterra. Islas Canarias: Gran Canaria. Primera cita para el archipielago Canario. Gymnodinium heterostriatum Kofoid y Swezy [211 Figura 1 (3) Sinonimos: Gymnodinium spirale var. obtusum Dogiel [13]; G rhomboides Lebour [25]; ? G lucidum Ballantine [3] (= G hyalinum lebour). Referencias: [12, 14, 50]. Discusion sistematica: Drebes y Elbrachter [15], incluyen como la misma especie a G luci- dum (= G hyalinum Lebour) y G rhomboides Lebour. Dimensiones: Longitud total 45-80 urn. Uno de los ejemplares observados presentaba las siguientes medidas: longitud total 79 urn, longitud epicono 31 urn; longitud hipocono 48 urn; ancho mayor epicono 35 urn; ancho mayor hipocono 45 um. Habitat: Poco abundante en las muestras, aunque observada con cierta frecuencia al sur y sudeste de Gran Canaria en junio y diciembre. Recolectada desde la superficie a 150 m de profundidad en aguas neriticas y oceanicas. Temperatura 16,5- 21,5° C. Distribucion: De aguas templadas. Citada para Napoles, La Jolla, Holanda, Canal de Inglaterra, NE de la costa britanica, islas Hebridas y mar Baltico. 23 Islas Canarias: El Hierro, La Palma, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura y Lanzarote 5- 36-37. Se amplia su distribucion en el archipielago Canario: La Palma y Lanzarote. Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca Pouchet T391 Figura 1 (4) Sinonimo: Kofoidinium pavillardi Cachon y Cachon [7]. Referencias: [2, 12]. Discusion sistematica: Existen algunas discrepancias respecto a la position sistematica de este dinoflagelado, como pone en evidencia BALECH [2]. Por la altura del epicono deberia ubicarse en el genero Amphidinium', por otra parte, como demostraron CACHON y CACHON [7], en realidad se trata de estados evolutivos de Kofoidinium, los cuales sufren una gran variabilidad tanto en el tamano como en la forma. Sin embargo, estos estados se diferencian de los verdaderos Gymnodinium por tener el protoplasma muy vesiculoso, sien- do designados por Pouchet como Gymnodinium pseudonoctiluca. Los Cachon, reservan el nombre de Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca al ejemplar adulto de forma casi esferica y con un tentaculo largo bien desarrollado. Description que corresponde a los dos ejemplares observados en este trabajo. Dimensiones: Longitud cuerpo celular 100-130 urn; ancho 89-120 urn. Habitat: Especie rara en los muestreos. Dos ejemplares obtenidos a 10 y 20 m de profun- didad en aguas proximas a la costa, en noviembre. Temperatura 20,3° C. Distribucion: Citada para el NE y NW de las costas de Inglaterra y Escocia, mar Mediterraneo y Atlantico sudoccidental como especie rara. Islas Canarias: Gran Canaria. Primera cita para el archipielago Canario. Gymnodinium simplex (Lohmann) Kofoid y Swezy [21] Figura 1 (5) Sinonimo: Protodinium simplex Lohmann [29]. Referencias: [12, 48]. Discusion sistematica: Existen ciertas divergencias de opiniones a la hora de clasificar genericamente esta especie. Dodge [12] situa este dinoflagelado dentro del genero Gymno- dinium, siendo conocida esta especie como
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