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201 Science of the Sea the Handfish Biology Lecture 2 -BBC Blue Planet

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201 Science of the Sea the Handfish Biology Lecture 2 -BBC Blue Planet Evolution and Diversification of Life OCN 201 Science of the Sea The Handfish Biology Lecture 2 -BBC Blue Planet Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution - Theodisius Dobzhansky I am a creationist and an evolutionist. Evolution is God's, or Nature's method of creation. Creation is not an event that happened in 4004 BC; it is a process that began some 10 billion years ago and is still under way. - Theodisius Dobzhansky Basis of Evolution by Natural Selection Heritability of traits from parent to offspring Variability among offspring (mutations, recombination) Over-production of offspring Selection by the environment: More individuals with favorable traits will survive and reproduce than those with unfavorable traits Evolution is not “just a theory” Incomplete Separations donkey horse 62 chromosomes 64 chromosomes mule Incomplete Separations False Killer Whale Pseudorca crassidens Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Wolphin Pohaikealoha Kawili Kai Missing Links Discovered 2006 Missing Links Discovered 2008 (Matt Friedman) The Old Five Animals Kingdom View of Life Fungi Plants Macroscopic organisms disproportionately represented Monera Protists The History of an Organism is Written in its DNA • But how do we interpret it? • Can use changes in DNA sequence over time as a “molecular clock” Sequence Comparisons Diversity and evolutionary relationships A B C Seq. A ATACGGTCAC.. 2 A 2 1 1 Seq. B ATTCGCTCAC.. B 2 2 2 Seq. C ATGCGGTCAC..G C 1 2 Distance matrix can then A be used to build a C phylogenetic tree B The Three Domains of Life The molecular view Eukaryota Prokaryotes Eukaryotes A Fundamental Division Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Bacteria DNA Archaea DNA Eukaryotes (with nucleus and other internal compartments) DNA Serial Endosymbiosis Theory Eukaryotes arose through the merger of multiple prokaryotic cells Photosynthetic Aerobic Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Photosynthetic Anaerobic Eukaryote Eukaryote Bacteria Animals Plants Origins of Animals Multicellular Colonial Unicellular Origins of Plants Multicellular marine alga terrestrial moss Colonial Unicellular Evolution Simple things came first Complexity is slowly added through trial and error via many mechanisms (mutation and symbiosis) The simple and the complex continue to co- exist The Traditional Five Kingdoms Fungi Multicellular Plantae Eukaryotes Animalia Single Cell Eukaryotes Protista Prokaryotes Prokaryotae First Evidence of Life Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago (bya) and crust solidified 4.1 bya Mineral deposits, thought to be produced only by biological activity, dated at 3.8 bya Fossils resembling present-day mats of marine microorganisms found at 3.5 bya Fossil Stromatolites Modern Stromatolites Timeline First appeared Organism (millions of years ago) First Prokaryotes >3500 Photosynthetic Prokaryotes 2500 Eukaryotes 1000 Invertebrates 700 Vertebrates 500 Land Plants 430 Mammals 190 Apes 7 Humans 2.5 You 0.00002 For much of the history of life on earth, life was microscopic Questions?.
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