DOCSLIB.ORG

National Interreligious Consultation on Soviet Jewry

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Interreligious Consultation on Soviet Jewry National Interreligious Consultation on Soviet Jewry A Project of the National Interreligious Task Force on Soviet Jewry 1307 SOUTH WABASH, CHICAC YOUR INFORMATION Honorary National Chairman October 20, 1972 HON. R. SARGENT SHRIVER jSAIAH TERMAN National Co-Chairmen TO: Participants in the National Interreligious SISTER MARGARET ELLEN TRAXLER Consultation on Soviet Jewry PROFESSOR ANDRE LaCOCQUE REV. ROBERT G. STEPHANAPOLOUS RABBI MARC H. TANENBAUM FROM: Task Force Co-Chairmen Honorary Sponsors REV. RALPH D. ABERNATHY HON. HERMAN BADILLO SUBJECT: Soviet Ransom Exit Fees LEONARD BERNSTEIN HON. JULIAN BOND HON. EDWARD BROOKE WILLIAM F. BUCKLEY, JR. MISS DOROTHY DAY By now you have all read of the shocking news of HON. CHARLES EVERS HON. GERALD FORD the imposition by the Soviet government of "ransom" ARTHUR GODFREY HON. ARTHUR GOLDBERG fees for exit permits to emigrate from the U.S.S.R. HON. JOHN A. GRONOUSKI GEN. ALFRED M. GRUENTHER HON. FRED HARRIS So that you will more fully understand the problem, MRS. LA DONNA HARRIS HON. PHILIP HART we are enclosing a fact sheet prepared by the W. RANDOLPH HEARST, JR. REV. THEODORE HESBURGH National Conference on Soviet Jewry and copies of RABBI ABRAHAM J. HESCHEL RT. REV. JOHN HINES newsclips from the New York Times. HON. HAROLD HUGHES HIS EMINENCE IAKOVOS HON. DANIEL INOUYE MISS MAHALIA JACKSON* We ask that all participants take the following DR. CLARK KERR actions: TOM LANDRY WILLIE MAYS PROF. HANS J. MORGENTHAU HON. WAYNE MORSE 1. Send firm letters to local newspapers. The HON. RICHARD OGILVIE HON. CHARLES PERCY material from the NCSJ can serve as back- A. PHILIP RANDOLPH JACKIE ROBINSON ground. BAYARD RUSTIN HON. HUGH SCOTT HON. ADLAI STEVENSON III 2. Send telegrams and letters to the White House, ED SULLIVAN THEODORE H. WHITE to the Secretary of State and other U. S. ROY WILKINS officials urging their intercession. Please Task Force note that the targets are the decision makers REV. EDWARD FLANNERY DR. JERALD BRAUER in the Soviet Union, rather than in Washington. MSGR. JOHN GORMAN However, we believe that the administration SR. ADRIAN MARIE HOFSTETTER RICHARD H. LEVIN has a significant role to play. DR. CLYDE MANSCHRECK SR. SUZANNE NOFFKE REV. JOHN PAWLIKOWSKI J. COERT RYLAARSDAM 3. Send letters, etc., to the Soviet authorities DR. JOSEPH SITTLER ELMER WINTER in Washington. DAVID GELLER Chairman, Coordinating Committee 4. Write to U. N. Secretary Kurt Waldheim urging (*) Deceased the use of his office with Soviet U. N. officials in N. Y. 5. Useful addresses: - 2 - President Richard M. Nixon The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue Washington, D. C. 20500 Secretary of State William P. Rogers 2201 "C" Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20520 Ambassador Jacob Malik Soviet Mission to the U. N. 136 East 67th Street New York, N. Y. 10021 Elliott P. Richardson Secretary of Health, Education & Welfare 330 Independence Avenue, S. W. Washington, D. C. Secretary General Kurt Waldheim United Nations New York, N. Y. Ambassador George Bush U. S. Mission to the U. N. 799 U. N. Plaza New York, N. Y. 10017 Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin Soviet Embassy 1125 16th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 We hope that you will take an active part in these activities. It is important that a cam- paign of conscience be launched against the Soviet government's policy of extortion. Please send us copies of your communications and replies, if any, and keep us informed of your ac- tivities. Our sincerest thanks for your cooperation. PoS. Enclosed is a belated report of the March 1972 consultation. The recommendations for follow-up action on many levels - on pages 15 through 19 - are still very much in order. NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOVIET JEWRY 11 WEST 42nd STREET NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10036 "SOVIET EXIT FEES - THE RANSOM OF JEWS" On August 3rd of this year the Soviet Union took a dramatic and, in the eyes of many, a crass and materialistic step, to halt the in- creasing demands of Jews to emigrate to Israel or elsewhere. These demands reflected the frustration of many Soviet Jews who have re- peatedly expressed their desire to leave--to be reunited with families, or to emigrate--in order to live as Jews. A new law, num- ber 572, was considered by the powerful Council of Ministers on that date and put into force on August 14th. • • The most notorious aspect of the decree is that a schedule of fees was set up for "reimbursement for education" from Soviet citizens who leave the USSR, especially those who, as in the case of Jews, have been forced to renounce their citizenship. While the new decree has not yet been widely publicized in the Soviet Union, local OVIR (Office of Visas and Registration) officials now have a printed schedule of the fees. In addition to a fee of 5400R for high school, the lowest single fee is 4500 rubles (5400) for a teacher's degree. The highest is 12,200R for a doctorate. The fees are incremental. Thus, a holder of the first degree (equivalent of Baccalaureate) would have to pay 5500R for that degree, plus the 5500R for high school. A candidate of Sciences, such as Dr. Benyamin Levich, would have to pay 12,200R plus 5500R (first degree) plus another 5500R (for high school) equalling 23,200R or approximately $25,000. There is also evidence that a fee of 72OOR is to be charged for anyone who defended his thesis, making the total about 33,000 dollars for Levich. It remains unclear how thorough the application of the law will be. What is apparent at the moment is that the section on high school education applies to all types of secondary education: technical, vocational and academic. There is even the possibility that the fees will be pro-rated, which would mean that a 15 year old child would be charged for the two years or so of high school that he had already completed. The inclusion of a fee for high school thus means that the new tax is applicable to virtually every Jewish family who ap- plied to emigrate. There are few people in the Soviet Union who are without a high school education. First rumors of the decision, which went into effect on August 14, reached the NCSJ on that same day. But the world was appraised of the actual situation when ten Jewish scientists called a press con- ference on August 15. Decrying the levying of the fees, Prof. Benyamin Levich, a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and the only person of that rank known to have applied to emigrate, - 2 - called them a form of "twentieth century slavery." Among the others commenting at the highly ususual news conference was Vladimir Zaslavsky who said that with this new tactic Soviet authorities were oppressing intellectual Jews and that it would deeply affect general movement. It must be recognized that the average Soviet Jew does not have the required money which in reality represents more than several times his yearly salary. For example, a teacher would probably earn 80-100 rubles per month. An engineer might begin working at 120-140R per month and then go to 200R, with seniority, while an MD would start at 120-130R per month and then increase with seniority. Only in the case of the scientists is there the beginning of a truly decent sal- ary of 200-250R per month as a base. A few in the highest echelons of research could earn as much as 500R, but this is rare. To inten- sify the severity of the decree, the applicant cannot, under the regulations of the law, offer personal property in lieu of money. Only money will be accepted. It is our understanding at this time that the new law is to be ap- plied primarily, but not only, to those who renounce Soviet citizen- ship upon leaving the Soviet Union. For some time, Soviet author- ities have been forcing Jews who emigrate to Israel to go through this process. Until last week, the practice made Soviet Jews liable for a 500R fee under a 1942 law, in addition to "costs" of 400R, for a total 900 ruble exit fee. Originally, it was applicable to persons residing in the Soviet Union who intended afterwards to go to a "capitalist country." As conceived during the war period, this tax was not directed at Soviet citizens. At the moment it is unclear as to whether the new law applies only to those who apply to go to Israel or whether it extends to Jews going to other countries as well. However, there is at least one known case of a woman who had a visa for the United States who was billed for her educational degrees this past week. The apparent reasons for the move are several. It reflects in many ways the sense of despair on the part of Soviet authorities. To this date, no matter how they have tried to intimidate Jews, the movement has grown and flourished and the number who apply to emi- grate continues to increase. Moreover, the number of highly skilled scientists who apply has also grown. Some observers be- lieve that the Soviet move may well represent an attempt to stem this trend. In very subtle ways it may be an attempt to limit the number of Jews who seek higher education. Knowing that he may be charged exorbitant fees if he ever decides to leave, a Soviet Jew might opt not to continue his education at all. Finally, this tactic may be a deliberate effort on the part of the Soviet Union - 3 - to obtain much needed hard currency--if they assume that the American Jewish community will pay "ransom" for their brethren.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 9 What a Ticket Carpet
    g . 'V ■■ THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 196S TWENTY-POUR Weather iSlaturbratrr Ettrahtg Hifralii A v i i t g i H tU r Nat Prass Run __ /mild tooigbt. Low K to ■Pet The- WSsli M M 60> '^’Pwnonww again surniy, ztonn. IB«h 80 to 86. 6 ^ r Nina Walker, South St., Cov­ Comment Session Band Gets Besson Cornet ■eiaiartkr 14, im s < Scholardluip entry; Mrs. Beverly Russell, Trotter. Passes lEupnins llT ra llii probaMlRy neer eero Oirouth ►ut Town 104 W. Middle Tpke.; Mra. An­ A 6:80 to 8:80 p.m. com­ Saturday. Memorial to ita Roberta, Eaat Hartford; Landing Tests 14,895 ment session la b e^ con­ As Mentorial to Boh Lyons Mmtekeetpr -A City of Vttiage Charm •coot Pack 1 « of Nathan Mrs. Zella Oliver, 28 Duval St.; ducted tonight by the Board Aboard Carrier PRICE TEN CENTS School will have Ita flrat Town Teacher Mrs. Jean Hansen, East Hart­ of Directors. It Is ki Ihe An English Besson cornet ^ ^ (Clrmlflsd AdvertMag « i Page M) MANCHESTER, CONN., HUDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1968 of the year tomorrow ford; Erwin Koneani, Pomfret; town counsel’s office in the dedicated last Sunday at the “ L “ --------- ,, VOL. LXXXVn, NO. 299 (TWBNTY-BIQHt PAGES—TWO SECTIONS) The co-teachera and frlenda of Naval Reserve Ena. Richard * ** * The dedication prayer written iilS7:U p.m. at the achool audt- M rs. D orothy C lancy, 187 H igh­ Municipal BuUding. the late Mra. Ada A. Petersen, L. Trotter, son of Mr. and Mrs. Salvation Army to thw memory Lyons-McMahon la set All hoya Intereated In land St.; Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • 1750-1937 (Bulk Dates 1800-1860)
    HOPEWELL FURNACE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE ELVERSON, PENNSYLVANIA FINDING AID FOR THE BUCKLEY AND BROOKE COMPANY RECORDS AND THE CLINGAN AND BUCKLEY COMPANY RECORDS 1750-1937 (BULK DATES 1800-1860) CATALOG NUMBER: HOFU 35503 INDIVIDUAL NUMBERS: 7645, 7737, 8169, 8178, 8180, 34079, 34080, 35366 PREPARED BY TERI DEYOUNG Northeast MUSEUM SERVICES CENTER AUGUST 2007 Cover illustration: Account sheet, 29 December 1808 From Buckley and Brooke Company and Clingan and Buckley Company Records, 8081229 (box 2, folder 2). Buckley and Brooke Company and Clingan and Buckley Company Records - i CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................................................... iii Restrictions .................................................................................................................................v Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Part 1: Collection Description .....................................................................................................5 Scope and Content Note .........................................................................................................7 Series Descriptions ............................................................................................................... 11 Part 2: Corporate History .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2011/2012 Black History Trivia Bowl Study Questions # CATEGORY
    2011/2012 Black History Trivia Bowl Study Questions # CATEGORY QUESTION ANSWER Along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, what type of music is played 1 Arts with the accordion? Zydeco 2 Arts Who wrote "Their Eyes Were Watching God" ? Zora Neale Hurston Which one of composer/pianist Anthony Davis' operas premiered in Philadelphia in 1985 and was performed by the X: The Life and Times of 3 Arts New York City Opera in 1986? Malcolm X Since 1987, who has held the position of director of jazz at 4 Arts Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City? Wynton Marsalis Of what profession were Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen, major contributors to the Harlem 5 Arts Renaissance? Writers Who wrote Clotel , or The President’s Daughter , the first 6 Arts published novel by a Black American in 1833? William Wells Brown Who published The Escape , the first play written by a Black 7 Arts American? William Wells Brown 8 Arts What is the given name of blues great W.C. Handy? William Christopher Handy What aspiring fiction writer, journalist, and Hopkinsville native, served as editor of three African American weeklies: the Indianapolis Recorder , the Freeman , and the Indianapolis William Alexander 9 Arts Ledger ? Chambers 10 Arts Nat Love wrote what kind of stories? Westerns Cartoonist Morrie Turner created what world famous syndicated 11 Arts comic strip? Wee Pals Who was born in Florence, Alabama in 1873 and is called 12 Arts “Father of the Blues”? WC Handy Georgia Douglas Johnson was a poet during the Harlem Renaissance era.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Description for the Historymakers® Video Oral History with the Honorable Edward Brooke
    Biographical Description for The HistoryMakers® Video Oral History with The Honorable Edward Brooke PERSON Brooke, Edward William, 1919- Alternative Names: The Honorable Edward Brooke; Life Dates: October 26, 1919-January 3, 2015 Place of Birth: Washington, District of Columbia, USA Residence: Miami, FL Occupations: U.S. Senator Biographical Note Edward Brooke, III was born in Washington, D.C., on October 26, 1919. His father, Edward Brooke, Jr., was an attorney for the Veterans Administration for more than fifty years, and his mother, Helen, later worked on all of Brooke’s political campaigns. Brooke entered all of Brooke’s political campaigns. Brooke entered Howard University at the age of sixteen, and earned his B.A. degree in sociology in 1941. After graduation, Brooke entered the U.S. Army and was sent overseas. A decorated captain in the all-black 366th Combat Infantry Regiment, Brooke defended men in military tribunals. During the Italian campaign, Brooke disguised himself as an Italian, crossing enemy lines to meet with the Italian Partisans and facing Nazi and Fascist troops. Returning from World War II and experienced in legal proceedings, Brooke enrolled in Boston University Law School, earning an LL.B. in 1948 and an LL.M. a year later, as well as serving as the editor of the school’s Law Review. While practicing law in Boston, Brooke began seeking political office. Despite good showings in several races between 1950 and 1960, he failed to win. However, in 1960, he was appointed chairman of the Boston Finance Commission, where he exposed corruption in many city departments.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Politics Reading List
    Department of Political Science Black Politics Comprehensive Examination Reading List (September 2014) This is a listing of important books in various areas of Black politics. A capable graduate student will be conversant with at least some of these books. The list should be considered to be exhaustive, though not definitive and will be updated biennially. A few words on textbooks and scholarly books. A textbook is a compilation of generally acknowledged facts compiled in essays used to explain various political science topics. While they may occasionally be used in selected graduate courses, they are generally geared to introductory undergraduate courses. Consequently, they are inappropriate for use in graduate level comprehensive examinations. Such examinations are designed to ascertain your knowledge of original research, which is found in scholarly books. General Perspectives Robert C. Smith and Richard Seltzer, Race, Class, and Culture: a Study in Afro-American Mass Opinion, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992). Derrick Bell, Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism, (New York: Basic Books, 1992). Adolph Reed, Jr., The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986). Hanes Walton, Black Politics: A Theoretical and Structural Analysis, (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1972). Hanes Walton, Jr. Invisible Politics: Black Political Behavior, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985). W.E.B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880, (New York: The Free Press, 1992). Dennis Nordin, From Edward Brooke to Barack Obama African American Political Success, 1966-2008, (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2012). Matthew Holden, The Politics of the Black “Nation” (Chandler Publishing, 1973).
    [Show full text]
  • “Two Voices:” an Oral History of Women Communicators from Mississippi Freedom Summer 1964 and a New Black Feminist Concept ______
    THE TALE OF “TWO VOICES:” AN ORAL HISTORY OF WOMEN COMMUNICATORS FROM MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER 1964 AND A NEW BLACK FEMINIST CONCEPT ____________________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia ________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ____________________________________________ by BRENDA JOYCE EDGERTON-WEBSTER Dr. Earnest L. Perry Jr., Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2007 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled: THE TALE OF “TWO VOICES:” AN ORAL HISTORY OF WOMEN COMMUNICATORS FROM MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER 1964 AND A NEW BLACK FEMINIST CONCEPT presented by Brenda Joyce Edgerton-Webster, a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Earnest L. Perry, Jr. Dr. C. Zoe Smith Dr. Carol Anderson Dr. Ibitola Pearce Dr. Bonnie Brennen Without you, dear Lord, I never would have had the strength, inclination, skill, or fortune to pursue this lofty task; I thank you for your steadfast and graceful covering in completing this dissertation. Of greatest importance, my entire family has my eternal gratitude; especially my children Lauren, Brandon, and Alexander – for whom I do this work. Special acknowledgements to Lauren who assisted with the audio and video recording of the oral interviews and often proved herself key to keeping our home life sound; to my fiancé Ernest Evans, Jr. who also assisted with recording interviews and has supported me in every way possible from beginning to end; to my late uncle, Reverend Calvin E.
    [Show full text]
  • January 31, 1984 WHITE HOUSE TRIBUTE to BLACK HISTORY
    THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON January 31, 1984 WHITE HOUSE TRIBUTE TO BLACK HISTORY MONTH (February 1-29) DATE: Thursday, February 2, 1984 TIME: 2:45 - 2:55 p.m. LOCATION: East Room FROM: Faith Whittlesey I. PURPOSE: Kickoff goverment-wide ceremonies and activities in recognition of Black History Month. II. BACKGROUND: During National Black History Month it has become traditional for federal agencies as well as local public and private institutions to pay tribute to significant contributions of Blacks to American history. The President has already signed the customary proclamation. However, this will be the first White House ceremony. Among other federal events the U.S. Postal Service has printed a commemorative stamp of Carter G. Woodson, the founder of Black History Month and the "Father of Negro History." The National Black History Month theme for 1984 is: "Black Americans and the Struggle for Excellence in Education." III. PARTICIPANTS: Officials of the Association for the Study of Afro- American Life and History: a. Or. William H. Banks, President b. Or. Robert L. Harris, Jr. Vice President c. Mr. Irven E. Washington, Secretary/Treasurer d. Ms. Sammie Ellis, Chairman, Observance Committee IV. SEQUENCE: The guests will assemble in the East Room. The President will enter, greet the participants on the podium, make remarks and depart. NOTE: Prior to the President's departure a representative of the Tuskegee Airmen will make a presentation to him. V. REMARKS: To be furnished by the speechwriter. THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON ---- 1/Bo/t<f THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON Janaury 30, 1984 MEMORANDUM FOR FAITH WHITTLESEY FROM: LEE L.
    [Show full text]
  • United Negro College Fund Campaign of '6 Impressions of Clark
    Vol. XXX. No. 3 CLARK COLLEGE - ATLANTA, GEORGIA January-February, 1968 UNITED NEGRO COLLEGE FUND CAMPAIGN OF '6 Start of Something Big Clark Gets 7 In Student Exchange Program by Jerry R. Allen by Jerry R. Allen of Indianapolis, Indiana, is a February 15th is the com­ The exchange program at sophomore with a major in Po­ mencement date of--the United Clark College has progressed litical Science. He is a member Negro College Fund Campaign. greatly since its beginning. This of Phi Gamma Delta Frater­ This year’s goal is to beat all nity known as “Fiji.” semester there are two students previous heighs which proves to leaving Clark on the exchange Western Maryland College be a tedious task. For, the latest has three students here on the program. While, at the same totals reveal that Clark College exchange — Charlene K. Wil­ time, there are seven exchange is ranked sixth nationally with liams, Stephen Earl Hiltner and a net sum of $6,100.00 and a students here at Clark. David Wilson Buller. Charlene per capita ratio of $6.79. Mary Alice Stevenson and Williams is a sophomore with Miss Omega Tucker, a soph- Maryjo Clark, Clark students, a major in German. Stephen more pharmacy major and Miss are attending Depauw Univer­ Hiltner, also a sophomore, has UNCF of Clark College for the sity in Greencastle, Indiana. a major in Sociology. And, Da­ year 1966-67, will attend the Mary Stevenson, a native of At­ vid Buller, a junior, has a major 22nd Annual United Negro Col­ lanta, Georgia, is a sophomore lege Fund Convention on Feb­ with a major in Elementary in Psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter Reso 1..3
    *LRB09714685GRL59732r* HR0622 LRB097 14685 GRL 59732 r 1 HOUSE RESOLUTION 2 WHEREAS, The members of the Illinois House of 3 Representatives are pleased to congratulate the Alpha Phi Alpha 4 Fraternity on the occasion of its 105th anniversary and the 5 Theta Mu Lambda Chapter of the fraternity on its 22nd Annual 6 Black and Gold Ball; and 7 WHEREAS, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc. has supplied 8 voice and vision to the struggle of African-Americans and 9 people of color around the world since its founding on December 10 4, 1906; and 11 WHEREAS, Alpha Phi Alpha was founded at Cornell University 12 in Ithaca, New York by 7 college men who recognized the need 13 for a strong bond of brotherhood among African descendants in 14 the United States; the visionary founders, known as the 15 "Jewels" of the Fraternity, are Henry Arthur Callis, Charles 16 Henry Chapman, Eugene Kinckle Jones, George Biddle Kelley, 17 Nathaniel Allison Murray, Robert Harold Ogle, and Vertner 18 Woodson Tandy; and 19 WHEREAS, Alpha Phi Alpha initially served as a study and 20 support group for minority students who faced racial prejudice, 21 both educationally and socially, at Cornell University; the 22 Jewel founders and early leaders of the Fraternity succeeded in -2-HR0622LRB097 14685 GRL 59732 r 1 laying a firm foundation for Alpha Phi Alpha's principles of 2 scholarship, fellowship, good character, and the uplifting of 3 humanity; and 4 WHEREAS, True to its form as the "first of firsts", Alpha 5 Phi Alpha has been an interracial fraternity since 1945; and 6 WHEREAS, Alpha Phi Alpha recognizes the importance of 7 stressing academic excellence among its members, as well as the 8 need to help correct the educational, economic, political, and 9 social injustices faced by African-Americans; Alpha Phi Alpha 10 has long stood at the forefront of the African-American 11 community's fight for civil rights through civil rights leaders 12 such as W.E.B.
    [Show full text]
  • H.Doc. 108-224 Black Americans in Congress 1870-2007
    Keeping the Faith: AFRICAN AMERICANS RETURN TO CONGRESS, 1929–1970 With his election to the U.S. House of Representatives from a Chicago district in 1928, Oscar De Priest of Illinois became the first African American to serve in Congress since George White of North Carolina left office in 1901 and the first elected from a northern state. But while De Priest’s victory symbolized renewed hope for African Americans struggling to regain a foothold in national politics, it was only the beginning of an arduous journey. The election of just a dozen more African Americans to Congress over the next 30 years was stark evidence of modern America’s pervasive segregation practices. The new generation of black lawmakers embarked on a long, methodical institutional apprenticeship on Capitol Hill. Until the mid- 1940s, only one black Representative served at any given time; no more than two served simultaneously until 1955. Arriving in Washington, black Members confronted a segregated institution in a segregated capital city. Institutional racism, at turns sharply overt and cleverly subtle, provided a pivotal point for these African-American Members— influencing their agendas, legislative styles, and standing within Congress. Pioneers such as Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., of New York, Charles C. Diggs, Jr., of Michigan, and Augustus (Gus) Hawkins of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., of New York, a charismatic and determined civil rights proponent in the U.S. House, served as a symbol of black political activism for millions of African Americans. Image courtesy of Library of Congress California participated in the civil rights debates in Congress and helped shape fundamental laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
    [Show full text]
  • Memo, Jim Connor to Max Friedersdorf
    The original documents are located in Box C52, folder “Presidential Handwriting, 11/18/1976” of the Presidential Handwriting File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box C52 of The Presidential Handwriting File at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON November 18, 1976 ;- ADMINISTRATIVELY CONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM FOR: MAX FRIEDERSDORF FROM: JIM CONNOR&!?.-~ SUBJECT: Congressional Mail The President reviewed your memorandum of November 16 concerning the Congressional Mail received on November 15 and made the following notation in connection with the letter received from Senator James McClure:regarding attendance at annual Republican Gala in Idaho: "Should I? " Please follow-up with appropriate action. cc: Dick Cheney • THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON November 16, 1976 MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT V FROM: MAX L. FRIEDERSDof¥\ \ SUBJECT: Congressional Mail For your information, I am attaching the log of Congressional mail received on November 15, 1976. This mail is being handled routinely by my office.
    [Show full text]
  • Crp 2 B 2 0 0
    Neil Parsons Neil Parsons Willie Henderson ThomasTlou With an Epilogue by Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60208-2300 DL SERETSE KHAMA 1921-80 Hills, x I~ Nokareng, ZIMBAB NGAMILAND outheir R1 (Tawana Rse've) Maun * Lake Ngami * Orapa Francistown L thakane Thnota DCNTRAL ISTRICT (Ngwato Res e) Seeihkw " CNRLSerowe Moeng CENTRAL Moijabane * Palapye/ KALAHARI Paapye/ GAME Shoshong RESERVE Pl e .i" Kang Kwena Reserve K'gat Lehututue Resefe" ;[[ ~~~~~Molepolole t "'~*. rnva *[ MJwanen AB RONE .,77o Reserve 1-Ngwaketse Reserve Ramnotswa Kandayet (Capey.olonyete Reserve RI RESEk E , ~~~~(Union 0of) - a , ~~AFRICA '.- . Cape Provincerigkof -. S(Cape Colony) Kurumnan 0 100 200 300 kinmI Johd;nn_.,, Pre-Independence detail is shown in brackets. SEREISE KHAMA 1921-80 by Thomas Tlou, Neil Parsons & Willie Henderson with an Epilogue by Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere MACMILLAN Copyright main text The Authors 1995 Copyright Epilogue Julius K. Nyerere 1995 First published in Botswana by The Botswana Society P O Box 71, Gaborone First Published 1995 Published in South Africa by Macmillan Boleswa P 0 Box 32484, Braamfontein 2017 Illustrations by John Berry Cover design by Robin Stuart-Clarke Cover photograph: Margaret Bourke-White, Life Magazine © Time Warner Inc. ISBN 0 7978 0580 X 6,Ai THE AUTHORS Thomas Tlou, whose research concentrated on the early years of Seretse Khama, is Vice-Chancellor of the University of Botswana and a former diplomat. His books include History of Botswana (Macmillan, 1985). Neil Parsons, whose research concentrated on the middle years of Seretse Khama, is a historian who has taught and researched in Botswana. His books include A New History of Southern Africa (Macmillan, 1982 & 1993).
    [Show full text]