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Osteological Characteristics of Paraschistura Nielseni (Nalbant & Bianco, 1998) (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae)

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Osteological Characteristics of Paraschistura Nielseni (Nalbant & Bianco, 1998) (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) Iran. J. Ichthyol. (September 2015), 2(3): 155–164 Received: June 10, 2015 © 2015 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: August 27, 2015 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: http://www.ijichthyol.org Osteological characteristics of Paraschistura nielseni (Nalbant & Bianco, 1998) (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) Hoda AZIMI1, Hamed MOUSAVI-SABET1*, Soheil EAGDERI2 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran. 2Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. *Email: [email protected] Abstract: Paraschistura Prokofiev, 2009 is a newly described genus based on osteological characters, but detailed information for all species of the genus is not available. To describe osteological characteristics of the endemic species of Paraschistura nielseni, twelve specimens were collected from the Shapur River of Persis basin which drains to the Persian Gulf and their osteological characteristics were examined. According to the results, P. nielseni is characterised by bearing a square-shaped prevomer, four basibranchials, a semi-ossified sesamoid, a non- alveolar bony swim bladder capsule, and separated pelvic bone bases. Based on these features, P. nielseni could be distinguished from other loaches species. Keywords: Osteology, Fish skeleton, Neurocranium, Loach, Persis basin. Introduction ascribed to it or related genera (Coad 2015). Recently The members of the family Nemacheilidae, with Vatandoust and Eagderi (2015) described about 72 genera and 651 species, are found across P. ilamensis from Tigris River drainage as first Eurasia with one species in northeast Africa (Nelson species of the genus of Paraschistura from Iranian 2006; Eschmeyer & Fong 2015; Mafakheri et al. part of this basin. Freyhof et al. (2015) reviewed the 2015). This family has a great diversity in Iranian genus Paraschistura from Iran and described six new interior waters (Coad 2015). Classification of these species, including P. abdolii (from the Sirjan basin taxa are complex and researches are trying to and the western tributaries of the Hamun-e Jaz determine their phylogenic status (Prokofiev 2010; Murian basin), P. aredvii (from the Zohreh drainage), Mafakheri et al. 2015). Recent classifications of P. hormuzensis (from the Minab drainage), members of the family Nemacheilidae have been P. naumanni (from the Kol and Mond drainages and merely based on external morphology and to a small Lake Maharlo basin), P. pasatigris (from the Karun extent on anatomy, osteology and molecular data and Karkheh drainages) and P. susiani (from the (Bănărescu & Nalbant 1995; Freyhof et al. 2015). Jarahi drainage) based on the morphological and The first osteological work on this group of molecular (the mtDNA COI barcode region) data set. fishes was performed by Regan (1911), who Freyhof et al. (2015) provided the diagnostic separated the subfamily Nemacheilinae from characters for all eleven recognized species including Cobitidae. The only comprehensive phylogenetic Paraschistura nielseni and treated Metaschistura study based on the osteology of nemacheilid fishes Prokofiev, 2009 as a synonym of Paraschistura was carried out by Prokofiev (2010). Among the Prokofiev, 2009. members of nemacheilids, Paraschistura Prokofiev, Many members of this genus were previously 2009 is a newly described genus, and therefore, not described in the genus Schistura (McClelland 1838). all of its species have been fully examined and Species of the genus Paraschistura are small and 155 Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (September 2015), 2(3): 155-164 Fig.1. Paraschistura nielseni, 55.7 mm SL, collected from Shapur River, in the Persis basin, southern Iran. found in inland waters of Turkmenistan, east of and stained using alcian blue and alizarin red based Baluchistan in Iran, and the Indus River in Pakistan on Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). The skeletal and Afghanistan (Coad 2015; Freyhof et al. 2015). structures were dissected and photographed using a Paraschistura nielseni (Nalbant & Bianco 1998) (Fig. scanner (Epson v600) equipped with a glycerol bath. 1) is endemic to Iranian inland waters commonly The skeletal structure of cleared and stained called sagmahi-ye Nielseni (Coad 2015). In 1966, specimens were observed and studied by an this species was described by Bărănescu and Nalbant MS5Leica stereomicroscope. The skeletal elements as Nemacheilus bampurensis (Coad 2015; Freyhof et were drawn based on digital pictures using al. 2015). Paraschistura nielseni is known from the CorelDrawX6 software. Nomenclature and Helleh and Mond River drainages (Persis basin) abbreviation of the skeletal elements were based on which drain to the northern Persian Gulf (Freyhof et Prokofiev (2009). al. 2015). Due to difficulties in using external morphology of the members of this genus for Results studying their taxonomy and limited information on Neurocranium: The anterior part of the neurocranium these species, the present study was conducted to is narrower and its posterior part is approximately provide a detailed description of osteological oval-shaped. The maximum width of the skull is characteristic of P. nielseni. Since, osteological formed at the level of the pterotic. The ethmoid features are important in the taxonomy of the family region comprises of the paired lateral ethmoid and, Nemacheilidae; the results of this study can be used unpaired prevomer and supraethmoid-ethmoid (Fig. as a reference to more accurately compare and 2a). The supraethmoid-ethmoid is a stretched bone distinguish different species of the genus. that is vertically fused to the prevomer and firmly connected to the frontal by a zigzag gap posteriorly. Materials and Methods In the anterior part of the neurocranium, the paired L- Twelve specimens of P. nielseni (38-65 mm in shaped lateral ethmoids are present. The lateral standard length) were collected by electrofishing ethmoid possesses a well-developed anterior process from the Shapur River (Helleh drainage, Persis basin, and also possesses a rod-like processes posteriorly. Fars Province, Iran) (51°33'06"E, 29°45'44"N). The The prevomer is almost square-shaped and connected collected specimens were anesthetized in 1% clove to the orbitosphenoid and parasphenoid posteriorly solution and then fixed in 5% buffered formalin. For (Fig. 2b). osteological examination, specimens were cleared Several small and free bones are connected to the 156 Azimi et al.-Osteological characteristics of Paraschistura nielseni of Cobitis avicennae Fig.2. Neurocranium of Paraschistura nielseni (from the dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) sides): pr-Bo: basioccipital process; Bo: basioccipital; Epo: epiotic; Exo: exoccipital ; fon: fontanelle; Fr: frontal; fr-Exo: foramen exoccipital; Let: lateral ethmoid; Orb: orbitosphenoid; Pa: parietal; Pe: prevomer; Pro: prootic; Ps: parasphenoid; Pto: pterotic; Pts: pterosphenoid; Se: supraethmoid-ethmoid; Soc: supraoccipital; Spo: sphenotic. ethmoid part of the neurocranium, including the connecting to the prepalatine laterally (Fig. 3a). Also, unpaired kinethmoid, paired preethmoids-II and this bone is connected to the anterior edge of the prepalatines (Fig. 3). The preethmoid-II is rod-like prevomer posteriorly and to the maxilla anteriorly. 157 Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (September 2015), 2(3): 155-164 Fig.3. The lateral view of the preethmoid-II, kinethmoid and prepalatine bones in Paraschistura nielseni. Peth-II: preethmoid-II (a); Ke: kinethmoid (b); Ppl: prepalatine (c). Fig.4. The lateral view of the upper (a) and lower (b) The kinethmoid is a small and free bone that it is jaws in Paraschistura nielseni. Art: articular; Cm: positioned between the two maxilla bones (Fig. 3b). coronomeckelian; Den: dental; Mx: Maxilla; Pmx: Premaxilla; Rar: retroarticular. The prepalatine is a small bone connecting to the preethmoid-II dorsally and maxilla anteriorly (Fig. and separated from each other by the fontanel (Fig. 3c). The paired sesamoids are semi-ossified in the 2a). The pterotic is quarter-circle in shape and ethmoid region. connected to the epiotic and sphenotic posteriorly The orbital region is composed of the frontal, and to the prootic and exoccipital ventrally. The orbitosphenoid, pterosphenoid, parasphenoid, and sphenotic forms part of the lateral wall of the skull sclerotic bones. The paired frontals are the largest and connected to the pterotic ventrally and to the bones of the skull roof and connected to the parietal postero-dorsally (Fig. 2b). The prootic is the orbitosphenoid, pterosphenoid and sphenotic largest bone of the skull base. Its anterior part laterally, and parietal posteriorly (Figs. 2a‒2b). contacts the parasphenoid, its upper edge contacts the These bones include about half of the length of the sphenotic and its posterior part contacts the pterotic, neurocranium which are separated by the fontanel exoccipital and basioccipital (Fig. 2c). There is a posteriorly. The orbitosphenoid is connected to the foramen in the antero-lateral part of the prootic (Fig. parasphenoid ventrally and pterosphenoid postero- 2c). The epiotic is the posterior most element of the dorsally (Fig. 2b). The pterosphenoid is connected to otic region, and positioned between the occipital the frontal dorsally and sphenoid postero-laterally. region and pterotic (Fig. 2c). The posterior margin of the pterosphenoid is curved, The occipital region comprises of the creating a cavity with the prootic and parasphenoid exoccipital, supraoccipital, and basioccipital. The (Fig.
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