„POLAND” New Development, Trends and In-Depth Information on Selected Issues
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2009 NATIONAL REPORT (2008 data) TO THE EMCDDA by the Reitox National Focal Point „POLAND” New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues REITOX Krajowe Biuro ds. Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii – National Bureau for Drug Prevention Warsaw, Poland 2009 Editors: Piotr Jabłoński – Director Bogusława Bukowska – Deputy Director Artur Malczewski – Head of NFP Authors: Centrum Informacji o Narkotykach i Narkomanii – Information Center on Drugs and Drug Addiction (Reitox National Focal Point) Artur Malczewski - Head of NFP Michał Kidawa Marta Struzik Ewa Sokołowska Anna Strzelecka Krajowe Biuro ds. Przeciwdziałania Narkomanii - National Bureau for Drug Prevention Anna Radomska – Head of Prevention and Rehabilitation Tasks Department Dawid Chojecki Bożena Bajerowska Danuta Muszyńska Łukasz Jędruszak External experts Waldemar Krawczyk Translation: Paweł Nowocień Proofreading: Sylwia Twardo DTP: Pracownia Graficzna “Dąbrowa” For bibliographical quotations: Malczewski, A., Bukowska, B., Jabłoński, P., Kidawa, M., Struzik, M., Sokołowska, E., Strzelecka, A., Radomska, A., Chojecki, D., Bajerowska, B., Jędruszak, Ł., Muszyńska, D., Krawczyk, W. (2009) Annual Report Poland. Drug Situation 2009. Warsaw. National Bureau for Drug Prevention List of Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Part A: New Developments and Trends ............................................................................ 11 1. Drug policy: legislation, strategies and economic analysis ......................................................... 11 2. Drug use in the general population and specific targeted groups ............................................... 23 3. Prevention ......................................................................................................................................... 38 4. Problem Drug Use ............................................................................................................................ 46 5. Drug-Related Treatment: treatment demand and treatment availability .................................. 51 6. Health Correlates and Consequences ............................................................................................. 65 7. Responses to Health Correlates and Consequences ..................................................................... 75 8. Social Correlates and Social Reintegration ................................................................................... 82 9. Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison ............................................. 85 10. Drug Markets ................................................................................................................................... 95 Part B: Selected Issue ................................................................................................................. 103 11. Cannabis markets and production .................................................................................................. 103 12. Problem amphetamine and metaamphetamine use, related consequences and responses .... 112 Part C ................................................................................................................................................... 127 13. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 127 Alphabetic list of all bibliographic references used ................................................................................. 127 Alphabetic list of relevant data bases ......................................................................................................... 130 Alphabetic list of relevant Internet addresses .......................................................................................... 131 14. Annexes ............................................................................................................................................. 131 List of Figures and Tables used in the text ......................................................................................... 131 List of abbreviations used in the text ................................................................................................... 134 Part D: Standard Tables and Structured Questionnaires ........................................ 135 Summary 5 Summary prepared by Marta Struzik, Artur Malczewski Monitoring the phenomenon of illegal psychoactive substance use and the related problems has been performed since the 1970s, i.e. from the beginning of drug problem in Poland. Despite methodological limitations related to this phenomenon, the availability and credibility of some data, it is still feasible to obtain a relatively reliable picture of the scale of the problem and its trends. School surveys in adolescents Demand for drugs is measured through the prevalence use rates. We have access to several sources of information in this respect, especially regarding data related to drug use in school youth. The most recent data come from the 2008 survey commissioned by the National Bureau for Drug Prevention to the Foundation of the Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS). It was a follow-up to the first edition of 2003. The project aimed at measuring current consumption rates for psychoactive substances in school adolescents. The survey was group-administered and included adolescents from final grades of post-middle schools. 1 400 questionnaires were completed in total. The participants were asked about using drugs in the last 12 months and then asked to list three psychoactive substances they had used. In 1992 5% of the participants admitted to using drugs. The proportion grew with every new edition of the project and reached the level of 24% in 2003. In 2008, 15% of the participants reported they had used drugs in the last year, which is a fall of 9 percentage points compared to the measurement of 2003. In the latest survey 12% of the participants had contact with cannabis (18% in 2003) and 2% with amphetamine (8% in 2003). An innovative element of the 2008 study was adding to the survey questionnaire questions about using drugs, which partly repeated the issues investigated before. Later in the survey the participants were asked to mark the substances they had used in a lifetime, in the last 12 months and in the last 30 days. While answering the questions the respondents could choose from the list of substances. The results of the survey based on the closed question show that the most prevalent psychoactive substances used by adolescents in a lifetime were marijuana and hashish (30.5%), OTC tranquilizers and sleeping pills (21.8%), and amphetamine (9%). The survey also featured questions about using legal highs. 3.5% of the respondents admitted to having used these substances, which is comparable to lifetime prevalence use rates for the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms (3.6%), anabolic steroids (3.4%) and cough syrups (3.2%). Moreover, the prevalence of polydrug use of alcohol and marijuana as well alcohol and tablets stood at 17.3% and 12.2%. The results of the above study confirm results of the earlier group-administered survey questionnaire on alcohol and drug use in adolescents in 2007. The study showed stabilization of the trend and in some cases even a downward movement. The study was another measurement conducted every four years on a representative sample of third from students of middle schools and second from students of post-middle schools under the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drug Addiction. The outcome of the 2007 measurement showed a fall by 3 percentage points compared to 2003 in lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. Cannabis was followed by amphetamine and ecstasy – 4% each. In the measurement of 2003 the rates stood at 6% for amphetamine and 3% for ecstasy. We can talk of a fall in amphetamine use and stabilization in the case of ecstasy. The most popular hallucinogenic substance in Poland, i.e. mushrooms, was used by 3% of the respondents. In 2003 the 6 Annual Report Poland. Drug Situation 2009 result was slightly higher and stood at 5%. In the case of the remaining drugs such as LSD and other hallucinogens (2%), cocaine (2%) and heroin (2%), Polish results are below the European average. In the measurement of 2007, 18% of the respondents at least once tried tranquilizers and sleeping pills for non-medical purposes. General population studies In November 2008 MillwardBrown SMG/KRC conducted a survey on a randomly selected nationwide sample of 1002 respondents aged 15-75. The study was commissioned by Hungarian Civil Liberties Union. The diagnostic tool was a 10-item questionnaire which was implemented according to a monthly SMG/KRC Omnibus. According to the study 7% of the respondents had contacts with marijuana and 3% with amphetamine. For comparison, in the survey carried out by the National Bureau for Drug Prevention in 2006 this proportion stood at 9% for the former and 3% for the latter substance (respondents aged 15-64). The survey was conducted in four other countries. In Poland lower drug use rates were recorded for most substances compared to Bulgaria, Denmark, Holland or Sweden. In the case of amphetamine and LSD Polish rates were slightly higher than those recorded in Bulgaria. Residential treatment data Based on statistical records of the residential psychiatric treatment we are able to